| 释义 |
Turkish, a. (n.)|ˈtɜːkɪʃ|
[f. Turk n.1 + -ish1; the usual adj. from Turk, Turkey, taking the place of the earlier Turkeys from French.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of, pertaining or belonging to the Turks or to Turkey; commonly (now Hist.) = Ottoman.
1545R. Ascham Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 81 Surely no Turkyshe power can ouerthrowe vs, if Turkysshe lyfe do not cast vs downe before. 1546P. Ashton tr. Jovius (title) A shorte treatise vpon the Turkes Chronicles;..The begynnyng of the turkysshe empyre. The lyues of al the Turkyshe Emperours. 1552–3Inv. Ch. Goods, Staffs. in Ann. Lichfield (1863) IV. 44 Itm: a cope of turkishe saten. a1568R. Ascham Scholem. i. (Arb.) 61 This opinion is not French, but plaine Turckishe. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xvii. 19 b, To weare armes against the Turkish nation. Ibid. iii. ii. 71 To learne the turkish language. 1604Shakes. Oth. i. iii. 8 Yet do they all confirme A Turkish Fleete, and bearing vp to Cyprus. a1658J. Durham Exp. Rev. ix. ii. (1680) 385 The first Turkish Government being by four Souldans. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. v. §18 Free-thinkers, who at present applaud Turkish maxims and manners. 1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 209 The Turkish tribes have been often erroneously termed Tartars. 1870Dickens E. Drood iii, ‘I want to go to the Lumps-of-Delight shop.’ ‘To the ―?’ ‘A Turkish sweetmeat, sir.’ 1896A. Mackay Hist. Fife & Kinross ii. 32 His Arab charger with his Turkish trappings was led to the high altar.
b. Like or resembling the Turks, their character, or that attributed to them; cruel, savage, barbarous.
1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 242 Turkish, Iesuitish, Puritanian, and barbarous designements. Ibid. 246 There is no mischiefe or villany, which they [Jesuits] will not attempt, to further their most sauage and Turkish designements. 1603Dekker Wonderfull Yeare F iij b, They seeme by their turkish and barberous actions to belieue that there is no felicitie after this life. 1648Ld. Ormond in Milton Observ. Art. Peace Wks. (1847) 259/1 To constitute an elective kingdom..then..to establish a perfect Turkish tyranny. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Turkish Treatment, very sharp or ill dealing in Business.
2. In special collocations.
a. Turkish bath: a hot bath introduced from the East and once extensively used, inducing copious perspiration, followed by soaping, washing, shampooing, massage, and cooling. Also attrib.
1644Digby Nat. Bodies xxvii. §2. 243 The Turkish bathes..that seemeth chilly cold att his returne; which appeared melting hoat att his going in. 1867F. W. Newman in Mem. ix. (1909) 200 Turkish-bath keepers find it [smallpox] a most tractable disease. 1876J. S. Bristowe The. & Pract. Med. (1878) 745 For diaphoretic purposes we must not forget the value of the hot bath, the vapour bath, and the Turkish bath. 1908Daily Chron. 5 Oct. 5/7 The Turkish bath conditions in which London has been living for the past few days were not so pronounced, and a drier heat seems to have taken the place of the vapour.
b. Turkish bean, Turkish cock, Turkish hen, Turkish horse, Turkish red, Turkish stone, Turkish wheat: see Turkey1 3 a, 3 c, turkey-cock, etc.; Turkish cigarette (or Turkish cig), Turkish tobacco; Turkish carpet = Turkey carpet; Turkish coffee, the strong (usu. sweet) black coffee commonly drunk in the East, in which the ground beans are boiled thrice over and the liquid is served with the grounds; a cup of such coffee; Turkish crescent Mus. = Chinese pavilion s.v. Chinese a. 2; cf. jingling Johnny (a) s.v. jingling ppl. a.; Turkish delight, a sweetmeat consisting of gelatine boiled, cubed, and dusted with sugar, rahat lokum; cf. delight n. 4; Turkish music, rug: see quots.; Turkish slipper, a soft heelless slipper with turned-up toe, a babouche; Turkish stitch, a kind of stitch used in Turkish and other Oriental embroideries; Turkish towel: see quot. 1882; Turkish trousers, baggy oriental pantaloons.
1894E. Eggleston in Century Mag. Apr. 849 The beans..found here were called ‘*Turkish-beans’ by the first Dutch and Swedish writers on America.
1886S. W. Mitchell Roland Blake v. 42 The room..was luxuriously comfortable with a heavy-piled *Turkish carpet and easy-chairs. 1977Fleming & Honour Penguin Dict. Decorative Arts 805/2 Turkish carpets..differ from Persian carpets..stylistically in that their design seems invariably to have been created by weavers rather than painters.
1897Kipling Capt. Cour. i. 6 Any gen'elman got a real *Turkish cig on him?
1903A. Bennett Truth about Author xiii. 172 The aroma of coffee, the odour of *Turkish cigarettes. 1950G. Greene Third Man vii. 56 The Turkish cigarettes that Harry always smoked. 1982T. Keneally Schindler's Ark ix. 102 Oskar Schindler—in his coat with the fur lapels..reaching for another Turkish cigarette.
1849D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 51 Aldrovandi [1599–1603] in describing a *Turkish cock and two *Turkish hens, says: ‘The cock, whose likeness we now give, is called the Turkish cock’.
1854F. Duberly Let. 17 Aug. in E. E. P. Tisdall Mrs. Duberly's Campaigns (1963) ii. 54 Rum and water till bedtime, or the very strongest *Turkish coffee. 1898G. B. Shaw Arms & Man ii. 22 (stage direction), A small table..is laid for breakfast with Turkish coffee pot, cups, rolls, etc. 1958L. Durrell Mountolive xiv. 267 She was sitting in the lounge of Shepheards Hotel under the clock with an untouched Turkish coffee before her. 1978H. Kaplan Damascus Cover xv. 155 Ari ordered a second cup of thick Turkish coffee.
1891C. R. Day Descr. Catal. Mus. Instruments R. Military Exhib., London, 1890 xii. 233 There were specimens of the old *Turkish Crescent (chapeau chinois), once a favourite adjunct to military bands, and known in former years by the familiar nick-name of ‘Jingling Johnny’. They consisted of brass hoops, hung with little bells.., and ornamented with gilded crescents and long streaming tails of horse-hair. They were carried upon poles. 1938Oxf. Compan. Mus. 965/1 Turkish crescent or Turkish jingle.., a noise maker introduced into military bands..at a time when there was a craze for ‘Turkish music’. 1961J. Blades in A. Baines Mus. Instruments through Ages xiv. 338 The middle of the eighteenth century when European military bands were being increased to include percussion instruments on the lines of the Turkish military music—bass drum, cymbals, triangle, and sometimes also tambourine and the Jingling Johnny or Turkish Crescent.
[1870Turkish delight: see quot. from Dickens in 1.] 1877Porcupine 31 Mar. 843/2 Arabs and Greeks vended *Turkish delight (horrible compound). 1888Boy's Own Paper Summer 38/1 Instead of the usual boxes of..Turkish delight,..there was little to tempt the youthful appetite but piles of fruit. 1901F. Hume Golden Wang-ho x, The thrusting forward of the Turkish delight box.
a1648Ld. Herbert Henry VIII (1683) 184 He got hastily upon a *Turkish and swift Horse.
1889Grove Dict. Mus. IV. 191 *Turkish Music.., the accepted name for the noisy percussion instruments—big-drum, cymbals, triangle—in the orchestra.
1900Jrnl. Soc. Dyers XVI. 4 Dyeing in Adrianople or *Turkish Red.
1901R. B. Holt Rugs ii. (Chicago) 52 *Turkish Rugs includes all those rugs that are manufactured within the Turkish Empire, whether [by] Kurds or Circassians or Christians;..Turkish rugs are not so finely woven as Persian.
1865Dickens Mut. Fr. II. iii. i. 3 Mr. Fledgeby's appearing erect at the foot of the bed in *Turkish slippers, rose-coloured Turkish trousers..and a gown and cap to correspond. 1971‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Doctor Bird v. 65 He [sc. a Turkish dancer] wore a cinnamon tunic and trousers with gold Turkish slippers.
c1890T. de Dillmont Encycl. Needlewk. 94 Triangular two-sided *Turkish stitch worked diagonally. Ibid. 96 Triangular two-sided Turkish stitch worked horizontally. Ibid. 115 The triangular Turkish stitch..is particularly effective when combined with other kinds of embroidery.
1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 737 His bodie..was like the *Turkish or Iasper stone.
1827M. Wilmot Let. 10 Oct. (1935) 305 If you add a pipe and some *turkish tobacco..you will have the portrait of most of our beaux. 1981A. Mackay Death on Eno 68 The Turkish tobacco is added for aroma.
1862Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 3648 Royal *Turkish towels. 1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework 504 Turkish Towels..are cotton cloths, having a long nap, cut or uncut.
[1612W. Strachey Trav. Virginia (1849) v. 66 A kynd of leather breeches and stockings, all fastened together..which they tye and wrappe about the loynes after the fashion of the Turkes or Irish Trouses.] 1821Byron Juan iii. lxxii. 39 Her orange silk full *Turkish trowsers furl'd About the prettiest ankle in the world. 1865[see Turkish slipper above]. 1928V. Woolf Orlando iv. 140 The Turkish trousers which she had hitherto worn. 1973Guardian 10 Apr. 13/2 Twinsets..allied to jersey wrapover skirts, loose lopped-off pants, Turkish trousers.
1670Covel in Early Voy. Levant (Hakl. Soc.) 120 They make some [bread] of pure good wheat,..some of what we call *Turkish wheat. 1894Century Mag. Apr. 849 Henry Hudson..called the maize ‘Turkish wheat’.
B. n.
1. The Turkish or Turk's language.
1718Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Lady Rich 16 Mar., In Pera they speak Turkish, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Russian [etc.]. 1753[see Russ n. 2]. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 662/1 The relative pronoun has been borrowed from the Persian in many dialects; it is absent in the original Turkish.
2. ellipt. for Turkish fashion, people, etc.; also colloq. for Turkish delight, Turkish tobacco, etc.
a1674Milton Hist. Mosc. i. Wks. 1738 II. 132 The rest..ride with a short Stirrup after the Turkish. 1859A. J. Munby Diary 2 Mar. in D. Hudson Munby (1972) 24 Long clays also, & a tall jar..of real Turkish. 1898Century Mag. Feb. 558/1 The best ‘Turkish’ [sc. tobacco] the town provided. 1901F. Hume Golden Wang-ho x, Feeling for another lump of ‘Turkish’ [sc. delight].
Hence † ˈTurkisher, a Turk; cf. Britisher. Obs.
1607R. C[arew] tr. Estienne's World of Wonders 13, I soone perceiued that it was my onely course to preuent these turkishers, by being mine owne interpreter. |