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▪ I. harquebus, arquebus, n.|ˈhɑːkwɪbəs, ˈɑːk-|
Also † harquebut, † harquebush. Forms: α. 6 harquebutt(e, -but. β. 6 arkbussh, 6–7 harga-, hargu-, harguebush(e, harquebush. γ. 6–7 harga-, hargu-, hargue-, -buse, buze, hargwebusse, harkaboize, harquebuz(e, -busse, 7 hargebuse, harguebus(s)e, 7–8 harquebuse, 7– -buss, 6– harquebus. δ. 6 arcubos(e, 7 -buse, arquebwze, 7–9 arquebuss, 8–9 -bus, -buse.
[a. 16th c. F. (h)arquebuse (-bute, etc.). The MHG. hake(n)bühse, MLG. hakebusse (see hackbush), was transformed in It., by popular etymology, into arcobugio, -buso (arco bow + bugio, buso ‘hollow, hole’, in reference to the hollow barrel, and to its taking the place of the bow or arbalest), also later archibugio, -buso (cf. Sp. arcabuz); under the influence of the It., the earlier French name haquebute (see hackbut) was changed through the intermediate harquebute, harquebuse, to arquebuse. These French forms were in turn adopted in English, where also the influence of the earlier hackbush, hagbush, gave rise to the mixed forms harquebush, hargubush, harguebusse, etc.]
1. The early type of portable gun, varying in size from a small cannon to a musket, which on account of its weight was, when used in the field, supported upon a tripod, trestle, or other ‘carriage’, and afterwards upon a forked ‘rest’. The name in German and Flemish meant literally ‘hook-gun’, from the hook cast along with the piece, by which it was fastened to the ‘carriage’; but the name became generic for portable fire-arms generally in the 16th century, so that the type with the hook was subsequently distinguished as arquebuse à croc: see 2.
According to Wendelin Boeheim, Handbuch der Waffenkunde (Leipzig 1890) 447, 455, the hook of the original hakenbühse was intended to hold on to a wall or other fixed object, partly to support the weight of the barrel and partly to diminish the recoil. Maximilian I (early 16th cent.) introduced the portable tripod which could be put together in the field. The forked rest came in about 1520, with the Spanish musket.
α1574Lanc. Lieutenancy i. (Chetham Soc.) 42 Sir Thomas Hesketh Knight to furnishe..Harquebuttes ij.
β1532Elyot Let. to Dk. Norkolk 14 Mar. in Gov. (1883) Life 80 Arkbusshes and crossebowes, I thowght theim innumerable. a1557Assault of Cupid in Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 173 The hargabushe.. dims the ayre with misty smokes. 1625Markham Souldiers Accid. 5 If you haue Harquebushes (which are now out of vse with vs). 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 153/1 Wounds..either with Arrows, or with the Harquebush, or Gun-shot.
γ1555Eden Decades 4 Crossebowes, bylles, hargabuses. 1562J. Shute tr. Cambine's Turk. Wars Ep. Ded. * * j b, Yf he vse the harquebuze he is..shotte to deathe with harquebuzes. 1575Churchyard Chippes (1817) 85 As you see..crowes flie out of a wood, when a harkaboize is shotte of. 1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons C j b, Caliuers..being of a greater length and heighth of bullet, and more ranforced than Harquebuzes. 1622F. Markham Bk. War i. ix. 33 Harquebusses I cannot allow in this place, because they are grown out of vse, and can by no means make their encounter good where the Musquet is opposed against them. 1634T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xi. (1678) 270 Harquebuse, a word..borrowed from the Italians, be reason of the touch⁓hole by which you give fire to the Piece. a1674Milton Hist. Mosc. iv. (1851) 494 A Peal of 170 Brass Ordnance..and 20000 Harquebuzes twice over. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) II. vi. ii. 153 A kind of harquebuses, which carry a handful of musket balls. 1805Scott Last Minstr. iv. xxix, Level each harquebuss on row; Draw, merry archers, draw the bow. a1864Hawthorne S. Felton (1879) 23 The heavy harquebus.
δc1540Pepwell in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. II. 64 They do ocupy her now..with Arcubozys, wiche gyvythe doble the stroke of a hand gon. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 982 In battell they use the arcubuse and scimitar. 1605Camden Rem. (1657) 208 Chambers, slinges, arquebwze. 1813Byron Giaour 521, Each armed, as best becomes a man, With arquebuss and ataghan. 1829W. Irving Chron. Conq. Granada II. lxx. 178 A chance medley combat ensued, with lances, arquebuses, cross-bows, and cimeters.
†2. harquebus à croc (corruptly of crock): ‘An arquebuss supported on a rest by a hook of iron fastened to the barrel. From the size of its calibre it was used to fire through loop-holes’ (Meyrick Anc. Armour 1824). Obs.
(As this was exactly the original hakenbühse, the addition à croc, ‘with hook’, was doubtless made after the etymological meaning of haquebute or arquebuse was forgotten, and the name extended to fire-arms which had no haken or croc. Littré identifies the croc with the fourchette or rest, but one of his quotations has ‘chacun une harquebuse à croc sans fourchette’ and another explains the use of the croc: ‘harquebuses à croc, que l'on ne peut bien tirer si elles ne sont liées et accrochées sur du bois’, tied and hooked upon wood.)
[1547, etc. see hackbush, -but] .1572Inv. in Whitaker Hist. Craven (1812) 334, 11 harquebusses of crocke. 1611Cotgr., Arquebuse à croc, an harguebuse a-crocke (somewhat bigger than a musket). 1625Sir J. Glanville Voy. Cadiz 27 Oct. (Camden) 75 By the faire carrieng of their peices Itt was manifest that some of them were Harque-bush of Crocke. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xiv. 69 For Curriours, Hargabusacrocks [1653–92 Harquebuses]..Bastard-muskets, Coliuers. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. lxix. 280 All the Elephants carried wooden castles on their backs, from whence they shot with Musquets..and a great number of Harquebuses a crock, each of them ten or twelve spans long. 1678tr. Gaya's Arms of War 87 The Arquebuss a Crock is made of Iron, in form of a great Musket. It may be fired three hundred times a day..The Bullet of it weighs three ounces. a1693Ludlow Mem. (1771) 31 A great wall⁓gun called a Harquebuz de Croq being fired from the top of the castle.
3. collectively. Soldiers armed with harquebuses.
1594Peele Alcazar iv. E ij, Garded about With full fiue hundred hargubuze on foote. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. i. iii, Maine squares of pikes, millions of harguebush. 1638Ford Lady's Trial iv. ii, Yongster Brogen-foh, with four⁓score hargubush.
4. attrib. and Comb., as harquebus shot, harquebus-man.
1574G. Baker Oleum Magistr. title-p., The which Oyl cureth..Wounds, Contusion, Hargubush Shot [etc.]. 1598Barret Theor. Warres 134, 600 quintals of hargubuze powder. 1600J. Dymmok Ireland (1843) 34 Towards the northeast not more than halfe an hargubuz shott. 1687Knolles' Hist. Turks (1787) 829/1 Grasold, General of the Italians, there slain with a Harquebuse Shot.
▪ II. † harquebus, v.
To shoot as a harquebus.
a1693Urquhart Rabelais III. xxvi. 217 Harcabuzzing. |