| 释义 |
▪ I. hoarse, a.|hɔəs|
Forms: α. 1 hás, 3–4 hos, 4–5 hose, hoos, hoose, (4 hois), 5 hooce, hoce, (hoost), 8–9 dial. hoast; north. and Sc. 4–5 haase, hase, 5 hayse, 5–6 Sc. hace, 6 hays, hais, (hess). β. 4–5 hors, -e, hoors, 5–6 hoorse, 6 horce, (hourse), 6–7 hoarce, (7 hoars), 6– hoarse; Sc. 8 hers, 8– hearse, 9 herse, hairce, hairse, dial. hairsh, hearsh.
[A word of which the stem varies, not only in Eng., but in the other Teut. langs. The recorded OE. type was hás (ME. hôs, Sc. hāse), corresp. to OHG., MHG., OLG. heis, OS. hês, MDu. hees, LG. hês:—OTeut. *haiso-. But beside this ME. had hôrs, hoors, now hoarse, Sc. hairse, hairsh, hearsh. Although written evidence for the r forms goes back only to c 1400, the correspondence of mod.Eng. hoarse and Sc. hairse implies the existence of an unrecorded OE. *hárs beside hás.
The ON. normal repr. of OTeut. *haiso-z would be *heiss, instead of which ON. had háss, app. to be explained as for *hárs:—*hairso- (orig. ai before r gave á in ON.). The OFl. heersch, recorded by Kilian beside heesch, appears to go back similarly to an OLG. *heirs. For these and other reasons it is now generally held that *hairso- was the orig. OTeut. type, and that the r subseq. disappeared at different times in most of the dialects. The southern Scotch hairsh, hearsh, appears to exemplify a frequent Sc. interchange of rs and rsh, seen e.g. in farce, farsch, scarce, scairsh, Erse, Ersch, etc.]
1. Rough and deep-sounding, as the voice when affected with a cold, or the voice of a raven or frog; harsh and low in pitch; not clear and smooth like a pure musical note; husky, croaking, raucous.
a. Of the voice (of persons or animals).
αc1000ælfric Gram. xxx. (Z.) 190 Raucus and rauca, has. a1250Owl & Night. 504 Þu..pipest al so doþ a mose Mid cokeringe mid stefne hose. c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 1119 (1147) With brokyn vois, al hois [Campsall MS., hoors; MS. Gg. 4. 27, hors] for shright. c1440Promp. Parv. 248/1 Hoos (K. hors, P. hoorse), raucus. c1450Henryson Test. Cres. 338 Thy voice..unplesand, hoir, and hace. 1468Medulla in Promp. Parv. 248 note, Raucus, hoost. 1483Cath. Angl. 177/1 Hase (A. Hayse), raucus. 1876Mid-Yorksh. Gloss., Hôast,..hoarse.
βc1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 59 A wood hound..if þat he..berke, his vois is ful hors. c1450Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xii. xviii. (MS. Bodl.), An henne..clokkinge wiþ an horse [ed. 1495 hoars] voice. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. i. ii. (1886) 5 His voice was hoarse and lowe. 1625Donne Anat. World, Progr. Soul (Song of Sorcerers), She feigns hoarse barkings, but she biteth not! 1762Beattie Bat. Pigmies & Cranes 70 He [a frog]..mourns in hoarsest croaks his destiny. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. iii, His voice was hoarse and coarse.
b. Of other sounds. (Chiefly poetic.)
1513Douglas æneis ix. iii. 109 The ryver brayt with hais [ed. 1710 hers] sovnd. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. ix. 52 The Tides with their hoarse Murmurs. 1699Garth Dispens. vi. 72 Where with hoars dinn imprison'd tempests rave. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 233 This Drum, whose hoarse heroic bass Drowns the loud clarion of the braying Ass. 1883Ouida Wanda II. 40 The hoarse sound of the sea surging amongst the rocks.
2. transf. Having a hoarse voice or sound.
a. Of persons and animals, or of the vocal organs.
αa1000ælfric Colloq. in Wr.-Wülcker 90/40 Ic hæbbe sumne cnapan..þe eac swilce nu has ys for cylde and hreame. c1330King of Tars 599 Ofte he criyede, and ofte he ros, So longe that he wox al hos. a1340Hampole Psalter lxviii. 4 Thai vndirstode me noght na mare than man may do a hase man. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 3620 So was he hase and spak ful law. 1513Douglas æneis iii. Prol. 21 Chyde quhill thair heidis rife, and hals worth hais [v.r. hace, rimes place, face]. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 315 How⁓beit that I am hais [v.r. hess] I am content to beir a bais.
β1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvii. 324 Til he be blere-nyed or blynde and hors [v. rr. hoos, hos] in þe throte. 1538Bale Brefe Com. John Baptist in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 207, I oft haue bene horce Cryenge for custome. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, v. ii. 7 Warwicke is hoarse with calling thee to armes. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. i. 25 The hoarse Raven..croaking. 1728Pope Dunc. i. 330 The hoarse nation croak'd, ‘God save King Log!’ 1786Burns Earnest Cry 7 Alas! my roupet Muse is hearse! 1826Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life II. x. 231 Charles Kemble is at present as hoarse as a crow. 1887J. Service Dr. Duguid vii. 41 He..was now as hairse and roopit as a craw.
b. Of inanimate things. (Chiefly poetic.)
c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 347 Tassay hys horne, and for to knowe Whether hyt were clere, or horse of sovne. 1570B. Googe Pop. Kingd. iv. (1880) 56 With Bagpipe hoarce he hath begon his Musicke fine. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 661 The hoarce Trinacrian shore. 1765Beattie Judgem. Paris cxxxiii, Raves the hoarse storm along the bellowing main. 1870Dickens E. Drood iii, Cloisterham, with its hoarse cathedral bell.
3. quasi-adv. = hoarsely.
1709Tatler No. 121 ⁋1 He catched Cold, and..began to bark very hoarse. 1808Scott Marm. i. Introd i, Now, murmuring hoarse..An angry brook, it sweeps the glade.
4. Comb.
a. parasynthetic, as hoarse-throated, hoarse-voiced;
b. adverbial, as hoarse-resounding, etc.
1598Florio Ital. Dict. To Rdr. A vj b, An vnluckie, hoarce-voist..night-rauen. a1729Congreve Hymn to Harmony vi. (Jod.), Loud trumpets..And hoarse-resounding drums. a1743Savage Wks. (1775) II. 75 (Jod.) Hoarse-echoing walls. 1791Cowper Iliad ii. 888 The hoarse-throated war. 1836–48B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Clouds i. iv, The hoarse-roaring Ocean's fountains. 1887Bowen Virg. æneid vi. 327 The hoarse-voiced torrents of doom.
Hence † ˈhoarsehead, hoarseness.
c1440Promp. Parv. 248/2 Hooshede, or hoosnesse (K. hoshed, P. hoorshede), raucitas.
▪ II. hoarse, v.
[f. prec.]
a. intr. To be or become hoarse.
b. trans. To make hoarse. Obs. exc. with up (dial. and U.S.).
c1000ælfric Gram. xxx. (Z.) 190 Raucio, ic hasiᵹe, rausi, rausum. 1483Cath. Angl. 177/2 Hase, ravcio. 1629T. Adams Sinner's Passing Bell Wks. 1861–2 I. 355 When his voice is hoarsed. 1877Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 4) s.v., He's got a bad cold and is all hoarsed up. 1886S.W. Linc. Gloss. s.v., I'm hoarst on my chest—hoarst up, a'most. 1897Voice (N.Y.) 23 Dec. 5/1 My voice seems good when I begin, but I very soon ‘hoarse up’. |