| 释义 |
household|ˈhaʊshəʊld|
Forms: 4–7 housholde, houshould, 4–8 houshold, 5 houshoold, housold, 5–6 howsold(e, householde, north. hous-, howshald(e, 5–7 howshold(e, 6 houssold, howseholde, howshould, 5– household.
[f. house n.1 + hold n.1 Cf. MDu. huushoud, huysholt, Ger. haushalt housekeeping, Sw. hushåll household, family; also Ger. haushaltung in senses 1, 2, 3.]
I.
†1. The ‘holding’ or maintaining of a house or family; housekeeping; domestic economy. (In quot. 1585, Dwelling, residence: see also 5.) Obs.
1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. i. 2 To spynne on the distaf & ocupie theim in thynges of houshold. 1529Wolsey in Four C. Eng. Lett. 10 Evry thyng mete for houssold vnprovydyd and furnyshyd. 1542Boorde Dyetary i. (1870) 242 That he begyn howseholde. 1576Newton Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 76 The pleasant and delightfull furniture in every point for household, wonderfully rejoyced me. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xv. 129 Tharse..being the place of birth and houshold of S. Paul.
†2. The contents or appurtenances of a house collectively; household goods, chattels, or furniture; household-stuff. Obs.
1382Wyclif Ezek. xxxviii. 13 And take pertenaunce of houshold and substaunce. 1420E.E. Wills (1882) 52 Also I will þat my wyffe haue all my housholde holy. 1484Caxton Fables of Poge (1889) 1 Dysshes, pottes, pannes, and suche other houshold. 1621Bury Wills (Camden) 167 Desiringe him..he would bestowe some of my howsholde of my brother Nicke. 1709E. W. Donna Rosina 110 Devout Souls..have sent their Beds hither and some other Household.
3. a. The inmates of a house collectively; an organized family, including servants or attendants, dwelling in a house; a domestic establishment.
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. iii. (Skeat) l. 126 In to myne housholde hastelye I woll that thou entre. c1400Mandeville (1839) xix. 209 In on House men maken 10 Housholdes. c1440Promp. Parv. 250/2 Howsholde, familia. 1529More in Four C. Eng. Lett. 12 Be of good cheere, and take all the howsold with you to Church. 1584D. Powel Lloyd's Cambria 105 With all his children and houshold to be murthered. 1624Sanderson 12 Serm. (1637) 113 To give to every one of the houshold his appointed portion at the appointed seasons. 1719Young Busiris iii. i, The gates are barr'd, And all the houshold is compos'd to rest? 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. 87 The pomp of the vice-regal household was no small addition to the other national burdens. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 103 The master of the household should be up early and before all his servants.
fig.1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 90 b, Certaynly they be y⊇ housholde of Sathan and progeny of pryde. 1526Tindale Gal. vi. 10 Vnto them which are off the housholde of fayth. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer Collect 22nd Sund. after Trin., To kepe thy housholde the churche in continuall godlines.
b. spec. the Household = the royal or imperial household.
c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxiii. 108 To kepe þat nane entre in at þe dure bot þai þat þe emperour will, oless þan he be of þe houshald. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. iii. §213 The earl of Pembroke..Lord Chamberlain of the household. 1707Chamberlayne's St. Gt. Brit. ii. xiv. 183 (heading) Of the Troops of the Houshold. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 121 He had two good places, one in the Treasury, the other in the household. Ibid. xxii. IV. 776 Retaining his place of Comptroller of the Household. 1880Disraeli Endym. lxx, Gentlemen expecting high places in the Household, and under-secretaryships of state.
4. techn. Elliptically for household bread, coal, etc.: see 8.
1638Penkethman Artach. C ij b, The 1d. houshold (being Bread made of common wheat,) ought to weigh two penny white of the same course Cocket. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. I. Pref. 6 [Coal] Household 19,000,000, Iron Works 13,000,000. 1863S. L. J. Life in South I. xv. 301 Such a display of ‘households’ and ‘calicos’, as coloured prints are called. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts I. 477 Batch bread is made of best flour and of households, or flour of second quality. 1886Fallows Suppl. Dict., Households, a technical name among millers for the best flour made from red wheat, with a small portion of white wheat mixed.
†5. Phrases. to hold or keep (a, one's) household: to ‘keep house’; to keep open household = to keep open house (see house n.1 18 a, b). in or of household with: in or of the same household with; familiar with. Obs.
c1430Hymns Virg. 61 Þanne comeþ þe .vij. deedli synnes With þe wickid aungil housholde to holde. 1463Paston Lett. No. 469 II. 129 Ther to dwelle and abide, and kepe howsold. 1467Ord. Worcester c. 33 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 389 Eny craftiesman, artificer, or other, dwellynge or holdynge houshold, in Cites, Boroughez. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. iv. 33 Desire to haue in houshold with them, men, &c. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 215 At Christmasse, at which tyme she promissed to keepe open houshold. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ii. (1586) 52 Those that be of householde with us.
II. attrib. and Comb.
6. attrib. passing into adj.
a. Of or belonging to a household, domestic.
1382Wyclif Matt. x. 25 Ȝif thei han clepid the husbonde man Belzebub, hou myche more his housholde meynee? 1535Coverdale Ecclus. vi. 11 Deale faithfully with thy housholde folke. 1578Timme Caluine on Gen. 301 Abram..with his housholdarmie, fell upon their enemies. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 524 All their most precious houshold furniture. 1643Milton Divorce To Parlt. Eng., This houshold unhappines. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 338 A Legacy of Housholdgoods or Furniture. 1738Wesley Ps. lxxx. vii, Our bitter Household Foes abound. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 299 Statues, mosaics, household utensils, and other antique treasures. 1847Emerson Poems, Saadi 176 That blessed gods in servile masks Plied for thee thy household tasks.
b. Of or belonging to the royal household, as household appointment, household office, etc.; household troops, troops specially employed to guard the person of the sovereign: in Great Britain the Life Guards, the Royal Horse Guards, and the Grenadier, Coldstream, Scots, Irish, and Welsh Guards; so household brigade, household cavalry, household infantry, etc.
1711Lond. Gaz. No. 4843/2 The Houshold Troops are under the Gates of Cambray. 1841Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 183 In most Asiatic despotisms, the king first trusts to the army against the people, and then to a body of foreign household troops, or Mamlúks, against the rest of the army. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 295 The household infantry consisted of two regiments.
c. fig. Familiar, intimate, homely. arch.
c1450tr. De Imitatione iii. xxiv. 95 Þine familiars & householde men. 1592R. D. Hypnerotomachia 39 b, Growing into some houshold familiaritie. 1761Sterne Tr. Shandy III. 94 Good plain houshold judgment. 1840De Quincey Style iv. (1860) 291 More household, more natural, less elaborate. 1852Hawthorne Tanglew. T., Circe's P. (1879) 182 What a domestic, household, homelike sound it is!
7. Objective Combs., as household-keeper, household-keeping (see 5), household-orderer, household-ordering.
1479Bury Wills (Camden) 51 Euery housold keper in the town that I dwelle jnne. 1552Huloet, Housholde kepynge, familiam fouens. Ibid., Housholde orderer, or gouernor, oeconomicus. Ibid., Houshold orderyng,..oeconomia.
8. Special Combs.: household appliance, a piece of equipment (e.g. a vacuum cleaner) used in the house; household beer, beer of ordinary quality for household use; household book, a book in which household accounts are noted; household bread, bread for ordinary household use: the application has changed several times between the 16th c., when it was brown bread, and the end of the 19th, when it is white bread made of a second or third quality of flour; household effects, the movable contents of a house; household franchise, suffrage, the right of voting in parliamentary or other elections, consequent upon being a householder within an electoral division: see householder; household gods (Rom. Antiq.), the Lares and Penates, divinities supposed to preside over the household, whose images were kept in the atrium or central room of the house; fig. the essentials of home life; household linen, linen for the bedroom, table, etc.; household loaf, a loaf of household bread; † household-man, a domestic male servant or attendant; household management, the art of running a house; household name, a name familiar to everyone; household science orig. N. Amer. = domestic science; household servant, a servant belonging to the household, a domestic servant; household snake = house snake 2; household word, a word or saying in familiar use; a name familiar to everybody.
1926Encycl. Brit. II. 375/2 The outstanding feature in the development of *household appliances..has been the greatly extended use of those operated electrically. 1935Discovery Sept. 247/2 The fame of Norwich is also spread by its mustard and starch, electrical machinery and household appliances, aircraft, ironwork and other progressive industries. 1957Encycl. Brit. XI. 813/2 Modern household appliances can be divided into two main headings, electrical and nonelectrical.
1599M. Hoby Diary 18 Feb. (1930) 104 Then to supper: after, I looked of the *Houshould book, and then went to priuat praers. 1780S. Pegge in Forme of Cury p. xxxv, The present dean of Carlisle, to whom I stand indebted for his useful notes on the Northumberland-Household Book. 1866Trollope Belton Est. (ed. 3) II. vi. 145 Though she could not succeed in making retrenchments, she could and did succeed in keeping the household books. 1931S. Jameson Richer Dust xviii. 503 Mrs. James, pen stirring the clotted ink at the bottom of the bottle, bent close over the pages of her Household Book.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 10 b, Two Ovens, one serving for *householde bread, the other for manchet for myne owne table. 1620Venner Via Recta i. 18 A browne houshold bread agreeable enough for labourers. 1737Ozell Rabelais I. 256 A Loaf of Houshold (or Brown) Bread. 1818Todd, Household-bread, bread not of the finest quality: see Cheat-bread. 1859–60Ure's Dict. Arts s.v. Bread (L.), Our household bread [is made], of the whole substance of the grain without the separation either of the fine flour or coarse bran.
1891[see effect n. 4 b]. 1933Burlington Mag. May p. xv/2 The English furniture generally is of better quality than that associated with ‘*household effects’.
1866Bright Sp. Ho. Com. 13 Mar., If..he approved a 10l. *household franchise in boroughs he must do so also in the counties. 1884Gladstone Sp. Ho. Com. 28 Feb., The household franchise..now..the principal franchise of the cities and towns of this country.
1614T. Adams Devil's Banquet 32 Those [Lares et Lemures] *household-Gods, or rather household-Goblins and Deuils. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 535 And with him all his Patrimony bears: His House and Houshold Gods! 1818Byron Lett. 10 Sept., The deliberate desolation piled upon me, when I stood alone upon my hearth, with my household gods shivered around me.
1642Lady Sussex Let. in F. P. Verney Memoirs (1892) I. xi. 253 She gives all her linen to to of hur grand⁓children not naminge hur *householde linen, but in generly hur linen. 1811Jane Austen Sense & Sens. I. v. 56 Household linen, plate, china, and books. 1967E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage iii. 72 (caption) A basically simple design which could be adapted to almost any article of household linen.
1594Crompton Jurisdiction 226 b, A penie wheaten loafe, A halfe⁓penie *houshold loafe. 1710Abstr. Act 8 Anne c. 19 in Lond. Gaz. No. 4681/1 The White Loaves are One Half, and the Wheaten Three Quarters of the Weight of Houshold Loaves.
1477Norton Ord. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 49 Take never thereto no *Houshold-man, Thei be soone weary as I tell cann. 1591Lambarde Archeion (1635) 195 The like [penaltie] upon the taker of any Liverie, except he were his Household-man.
1742Richardson Pamela (ed. 3) III. ix. 50 Let your Servants, under your Direction, do all that relates to *Houshold Management. 1801Jane Austen Let. 14 Jan. (1932) I. 111 It will be an amusement to Mary to superintend their Household management, and abuse them for expense. 1861Mrs. Beeton (title) The book of household management.
1862Tennyson Idylls, Dedication l. 40 A Prince indeed, Beyond all titles, and a *household name, Here⁓after, thro' all times, Albert the Good. 1907W. Russell Arterial Hypertonus v. 34 The names of Claude Bernard, Brown-Séquard, Waller, and Schiff are ‘household names’ in this connection. 1958Times 27 Feb. 11/2 Our first encounter with so many household names in his list which were then unknown. 1969New Yorker 29 Nov. 166/2 Spiro Agnew was then a household name only in his own household. 1970Times 11 Mar. 21/1 (Advt.), We produce packs for a lot of household names.
1938Univ. Toronto Cal. 1938–39 (verso of title-p.), In the Faculty of *Household Science, the University offers courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Household Science. 1953Univ. London Cal. 1953–54 464 Queen Elizabeth College... Admitted in 1928 as a School of the University for the B.Sc. Degree in Household and Social Science and for the Degree of B.Sc. (Nutrition) and B.Sc. (Household Science) in 1953. 1963F. F. Laidler Gloss. Home Econ. Educ. 46 Household science, a comprehensive study of the scientific, technological and sociological aspects of the household.
1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. vi. xxii. (W. de W.), *Housholde seruauntes besyly helpe and folowe eche other. 1840Thirlwall Greece VII. 335 He sent back his brother Menelaus..together with his private baggage, and household servants.
1894W. Crooke Pop. Relig. & Folk-Lore N. India vii. 276 (heading) The *household snake. 1921A. Evans Palace of Minos I. 509 Such a household snake is known, indeed, as domachitsa or ‘house-mother’. Ibid., In its homely origin, from the religious tending of the household snake, the cult itself may be supposed to be of old indigenous tradition. 1962R. W. Hutchinson Prehist. Crete viii. 208 The cult of the household snake has not entirely died out even now.
1866Bright Sp. at Manchester 20 Nov., *Household or rating suffrage has existed for centuries in our parishes.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iii. 52 Our Names, Familiar in his mouth as *household words. 1833L. Ritchie Wand. by Loire 157 The children of genius, whose names are as house-hold words in the mouths of their fellow⁓men. 1888Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men I. iv. 375 A household word wherever the English language is spoken.
Hence (nonce-wds.) † ˈhouseholdment, a piece of household furniture. ˈhouseholdness (see 6 c), domestic quality. † ˈhouseholdy a. [cf. early mod.Du. huyshoudigh (Kilian)], belonging to or befitting a household.
1557Tusser 100 Points Husb. v, At no tyme to much, but haue alway ynough: is housholdy fare, and the guyse of the plough. 1717N. Riding Rec. VIII. 171 One oak chest, one arm chair with some other odd householdments within the Township. 1833Lytton England iv. ii, Wordsworth is German from his singular householdness of feeling. |