| 释义 |
▪ I. image, n.|ˈɪmɪdʒ|
Forms: 3–6 ymage, (4 ymag, 6 ymadge), 4– image.
[a. F. image (13th c. in Littré), in 11th and 12th c. iˈmagene = Pr. image, emage, It. im(m)agine, Sp. imagen, Pg. imagem, ad. L. imāgo, imāgin-em imitation, copy, likeness, statue, picture, phantom; conception, thought, idea; similitude, semblance, appearance, shadow; app. containing the same root as im-itārī to imitate.]
1. An artificial imitation or representation of the external form of any object, esp. of a person, or of the bust of a person.
a. Such an imitation in the solid form; a statue, effigy, sculptured figure. (Often applied to figures of saints or divinities as objects of religious veneration.)
a1225Leg. Kath. 1476 Ichulle lete makie þe of gold an ymage. a1300Cursor M. 2298 For freind ded þat þam was dere did make ymage o metal sere. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Agnes 387 Þan vent he to þe ymag in hy, & mad hire prayere deuotely. 1388Wyclif Exod. xx. 4 Thou schalt not make to thee a grauun ymage..thou schalt not herie tho, nether thou schalt worschipe. c1400Mandeville (1839) xv. 164 An ymage, þat haþ .iiij. hedes. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 1316 With the ymage of godde Hamone yrin wroght craftily. 1526Tindale Acts xv. 20 Abstayne them selves from filthines of ymages [Wyclif symulacris; 1611 Idoles]. 1563Homilies ii. Agst. Idolatry i. (1859) 178 We should not have images in the temple for fear and occasion of worshipping them. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 8 The Inchantresse having made two Images of her beloved, the one of clay, the other of waxe. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. iv. 384 Gregory the second [was] strenuous for the worship of images. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 379 Graven and molten images, the idols which men adore..shall be their destruction.
b. (Less usually) Such an imitation delineated, painted, executed in relief, etc. upon a surface; a likeness, portrait, picture, carving, or the like. (Now rare or Obs. exc. in allusions to Matt. xxii. 20.)
c1305Pilate 142 in E.E.P. (1862) 115 Anon þo he þe ymage [on Veronica's kerchief] iseȝ he was [h]ol anon. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. i. 48 God..asked..whom þe ymage was lyk þat þer-Inne [on the penny] stod. 1382Wyclif Matt. xxii. 20 Whos is this ymage, and the wrytyng aboue? 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 207 b, The one clothe was embraudered with the image of an old man. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 97 Hee gave them a red banner with the image of the crucifixe painted therein. 1713Steele Guard. No. i. ⁋1 Mr. Airs..has taken care to affix his own image opposite to the title-page. 1839J. Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. ii. (1847) 22 Their coinage of gold and silver with Cæsar's image.
†c. Applied to the constellations, as figures or delineations of persons, etc. Obs.
1481Caxton Myrr. iii. xx. 178 The sterres whyche be named ben all fygures on the heuene and compassed by ymages. 1594Blundevil Exerc. vii. xxxviii. (1636) 714 The 48 Images of the fixed stars..otherwise called Constellations. 1674Moxon Tutor Astron. i. §10 The Images called Constellations, drawn upon the Celestial Globe.
d. fig. Applied to a person: (a) as simulating the appearance of some one, or considered as unreal; (b) as compared in some respect to a statue or idol.
1548Hall Chron., Hen. VII 37 b, Hearyng that this feyned duke was come, and had heard that he [Perkin Warbeck] was but a peinted ymage. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 1 Those most miserable men (yea, rather Images, and pictures of men, then very men in dede). [1599Shakes. Much Ado ii. i. 9 The one is too like an image and saies nothing.] 1741Richardson Pamela (1824) I. xxiii. 35 Can the pretty image speak, Mrs. Jervis? I vow she has speaking eyes! 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xx. 204 ‘How old are you, Topsy?’ ‘Dun no, missis’, said the image, with a grin that showed all her teeth.
(c) In pregnant use, a person attracting amused or contemptuous glances, a ‘sight’. colloq.
1851H. Mayhew London Labour I. 193/1 One boy, whose young woman made faces at it, got quite vexed and said, ‘Wot a image you're a-making on yourself!’ 1880Punch 25 Dec. 298/2 Uncle Bowpot, the florist, lives here. Sech a rummy old image he is. 1898Conrad Tales of Unrest 138 How goes it, you old image? 1937Partridge Dict. Slang 420/2 You little image, a term of affectionate reproach.
2. a. An optical appearance or counterpart of an object, such as is produced by rays of light either reflected as from a mirror, refracted as through a lens, or falling on a surface after passing through a small aperture.
Such an appearance may also be a mere subjective impression on the sense of sight, as an after-image (q.v.), and the negative image or accidental image seen after looking intently at a bright-coloured object, and having a colour complementary to that of the object.
An image produced by reflexion or refraction is called in Optics a real image when the rays from each point of the object actually meet at a point, a virtual image when they diverge as if from a point beyond the reflecting or refracting body.
c1315Shoreham 27 In a myrour thou myȝt fol wel thiselve se, Bote nauȝt the ymage schefte. 1548Hall Chron., Rich. III 34 b, As perfectely as I sawe my awne Image in a glasse. 1563W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 41 b, Appearing as though there were manny Sunnes, whereas indeed there is but one, and all the rest are images. 1651Hobbes Leviath. i. ii. 6 From gazing upon the Sun, the impression leaves an image of the Sun before our eyes a long time after. 1674Boyle Excell. Mech. Hypoth. 7 When we see the Image of a Man cast into the Air by a Concave Spherical Looking⁓glass. 179.Cowper Poplar Field 4 Nor Ouse on his bosom their image receives. 1833N. Arnott Physics II. ii. 211 The size of an image formed behind a lens is always proportioned to the distance of the image from the lens.
b. transf. (a) A collection of heat-rays concentrated at a particular point or portion of space, analogous to an image formed by light-rays. (b) Electr. (See quot. from Maxwell.)
1873Tyndall Lect. Light v. 181 The substantial identity of light and heat..[is proved by] the formation of invisible heat-images. 1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. xi. 191 An imaginary electrified point, which has no physical existence..but which may be called an electrical image, because the action of the surface on external points is the same as that which would be produced by the imaginary electrified point if the spherical surface were removed. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. & Magn. I. 115 Every electrified system within the sphere has its image outside of the sphere... No closed surface except a sphere or infinite plane generally gives rise to an image.
3. a. abstractly. Aspect, appearance, form; semblance, likeness. (Now only in allusions to, or uses derived from, biblical language, esp. Gen. i. 26, 27.)
c1300Cursor M. 12371 Ye þat he has wroght to men..efter his aun ymage. 1382Wyclif 1 Cor. xv. 49 Therfore as we han born the ymage of the ertheli man, bere we and the ymage of the heuenly. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 92 b, Whiche child was judged..to have the very ymage..and lovely countenaunce of his noble parent. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 77 By the image of my Cause, I see The Portraiture of his. 1611Bible Gen. i. 27 God created man in his owne Image, in the Image of God created hee him. a1700Dryden (J.), The face of things a frightful image bears. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 43 The affability of his manners displayed the image of his mind. 1857–8Sears Athan. xi. 99 We grow into the image of what we love.
†b. concr. A visible appearance; a figure; an apparition. Obs. or arch.
1530Tindale Prol. Deut. Wks. (1573) 22/1 Ye saw no image when God spake vnto you, but heard a voyce onely. 1548Hall Chron., Rich. III 53 b, Yt semed to hym beynge a slepe yt he sawe diverse ymages lyke terrible develles. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. i. 81 Our last King, Whose Image euen but now appear'd to vs. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 588 The slipp'ry God will..various Forms assume, to cheat thy sight; And with vain Images of Beasts affright. 1832Tennyson Mariana in South vi, An image seem'd to pass the door, To look at her with slight.
4. a. A thing in which the aspect, form, or character of another is reproduced; a counterpart, copy. living image, a person with a striking resemblance to another; similarly spit and image: see spit n.2 3 b and spitting image.
a1300Cursor M. 1116 (Gött.) He [God] wil þat he by þe vtrage, Þat murtherrt sua his aun ymage. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xxi. 328 As þow by-gyledest godes ymage. a1540Barnes Wks. (1573) 346/1 It were better for you to burne those Idolles and to warme this true image of God there by. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, ii. ii. 50, I haue bewept a worthy Husbands death, And liu'd with looking on his Images. 1620Granger Div. Logike 147 Sleepe is the image of death. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 70 Hollow Rocks that..double Images of Voice rebound. 1821Byron Sardan. i. ii. 400, I have loved, and lived, and multiplied my image. 1829G. Griffin Collegians (ed. 2) I. ix. 187 Sure I'd know that face all over the world,—your own liven' image, ma'am. 1884in N. & Q. (1963) Mar. 106/1 (title) Her living image. 1889Kipling Life's Handicap (1891) 28 At the end..stood the livin' spit an' image o' mysilf worked on the linin'. 1895Spit and image [see spit n.2 3 b]. 1896Duke of Argyll Philos. Belief 184 In ourselves the external and the internal worlds meet, and we are the image and embodiment of both. a1899Mod. He is the very image of his father. 1931R. Campbell Georgiad i. 15 Here's the first number—see, upon the cover, The living image of a country lover. 1961L. Woolf Growing iv. 232 When I saw the priest—I have seen his spit and image in many cathedrals,..—I had no doubt that he was God's financial adviser.
b. A thing that represents or is taken to represent something else; a symbol, emblem, representation.
(In mod. use scarcely distinguishable from prec.)
c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World E ij, Bloud..whiche is..the image and figure of sinne. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. ii. 248 This Play is the Image of a murder done in Vienna. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 13 The silent Moone..constant image of the worlds inconstancie. 1620Granger Div. Logike 164 The name is a note, signe, image, or symboll noting, and representing the nature of the thing. 1804W. Tennant Ind. Recreat. (ed. 2) II. 248 This noisome dungeon..affords..an image of the gate of Tartarus, rather than the porch of Paradise.
c. A thing in which some quality is vividly exhibited, so as to make it a natural representative of such quality; a type, typical example, embodiment. (Now always of the quality; formerly also of a person: see quots. Cf. ‘the picture of health’.)
1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 174 b, [He] sawe that Andrewe..of his frend was sodainly transformed, into the image of his extreme enemy. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, i. iii. 179 Image of Pride, why should I hold my peace? 1605― Lear ii. iv. 91 They are sicke, they are weary, They haue trauail'd all the night? meere fetches, The images of reuolt and flying off. 1691tr. Emilianne's Obs. Journ. Naples 127 Never in my life did I see such an Image of Devotion. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 296 An awful image of calm power. 1879M. E. Braddon Clov. Foot x, Mr. Sampson dropped his cigar, and sat transfixed, an image of half amused astonishment.
5. a. A mental representation of something (esp. a visible object), not by direct perception, but by memory or imagination; a mental picture or impression; an idea, conception. Also, with qualifying adj.: a mental representation due to any of the senses (not only sight) and to organic sensations.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. met. iv. 129 (Camb. MS.) Stoyciens..wenden þat ymagis and sensibilitees, þat is to seyn sensible ymaginacions..weeren empreynted in to sowles, fro bodies with-owte forth. 1390Gower Conf. III. 255 So as him thought on his corage Where he portreieth her ymage. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xix. §3 Conceipts are images representing that which is spoken of. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. iv. 19 Such..all true Louers are, Vnstaid and skittish..Saue in the constant image of the creature That is belou'd. 1704Addison Italy Pref. (1733) 12, I have only cited such Verses as have given us some Image of the Place. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i. (1826) 6 She endeavoured to dismiss his image from her mind. 1874Sully Sensat. & Intuit. 87 The current of images that daily sweep through consciousness. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. ix. 266 A deaf and dumb man can weave his tactile and visual images into a system of thought quite as effective and rational as that of a word-user. Ibid. xiv. 592 We then saw no need of optical and auditory images to interpret optical and auditory sensations by. 1897tr. Ribot's Psychol. of Emotions xi. 145 In the two following cases the ‘olfactory image’ only exists in a single instance. 1899Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. Oct. 25 Haptical images, beside being vague and ill defined, offer peculiar difficulties. 1904E. B. Titchener in Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 21 Jan. 38, I have no doubt, in my own case, of the existence of visual and auditory images... I have no doubt, from the reports of others, of the existence of free kinaesthetic images, verbal or other. 1923H. G. Baynes tr. Jung's Psychol. Types xi. 554 When I speak of image in this book, I do not mean the psychic reflection of the external object, but a concept essentially derived from a poetic figure of speech; namely, the phantasy-image, a presentation which is only indirectly related to the perception of the external object... Although, as a rule, no reality-value belongs to the image, its significance for the psychic life is often thereby enhanced, i.e. a greater psychological value clings to it.
b. A concept or impression, created in the minds of the public, of a particular person, institution, product, etc.; spec. a favourable impression; esp. in phr. public image. Cf. brand-image. Also attrib. and Comb., as image-builder, image-building. Cf. image-maker.
Quots. 1908 are isolated uses. This sense developed from advertising parlance in the late 1950s.
1908Chesterton All Things Considered 179 When courtiers sang the praises of a King they attributed to him things that were entirely improbable... Between the King and his public image there was really no relation. 1908G. Wallas Human Nature in Politics ii. 84 The origin of any particular party may be due to a deliberate intellectual process... But when a party has once come into existence its fortunes depend upon facts of human nature of which deliberate thought is only one. It is primarily a name, which, like other names, calls up when it is heard or seen an ‘image’ that shades imperceptibly into the voluntary realisation of its meaning... Emotional reactions can be set up by the name and its automatic mental associations.
1958J. K. Galbraith Affluent Soc. xiii. 152 The first task of the public relations man, on taking over a business client, is to ‘re-engineer’ his image to include something besides the production of goods. 1959I. Ross Image Merchants (1960) i. 17 The whole breed may be called the Image Merchants—the men who endlessly ‘create’, ‘delineate’, ‘adumbrate’ and ‘project’ the most flattering ‘images’ of their clients. ‘Image’ is perhaps the favorite noun in public relations..whether the image be that of a corporation, an industry, a product. 1960Punch 16 Mar. 379/2 What..is the image of chemical warfare which you are projecting to the public at the moment? 1961Listener 2 Nov. 732/2 He [sc. John Reith] created what in modern jargon would be called a public image of the B.B.C. Programmes moved with smooth efficiency..behind a screen of anonymity. 1962Ibid. 27 Sept. 460/2 Mr Gaitskell has improved his image by his determination at Scarborough and after. 1964Economist 3 Oct. 49/1 Mr Goldwater's professional image-builders. 1965New Society 22 Apr. 7/1 An image is a surface presentation intended to elicit favourable responses, whether..justified by the actual reality or not; a reputation was related to the actual and enduring characteristics. 1966G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising xx. 182 The relation between metaphor and image-building can be seen in extracts from a campaign for Kellogg's Corn Flakes. 1966‘C. E. Maine’ B.E.A.S.T. v. 61 ‘Are you warning me off or telling me to join the queue?’ ‘Neither, I'm just image building.’ 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour vii. 125 Butlers, Lord Mayors, and film stars, as well as teachers, psychotherapists, and salesmen, all need to project a certain image of professional competence. 1967Economist 28 Jan. 347/2 In these soft, image-conscious days (in Britain anyway) not many of the big ones would care to abuse this position. 1967Daily Tel. 21 Feb. 16/4 This master-stroke of image-building, the climax of a long campaign, can mean one of two things. 1969New Yorker 27 Sept. 86/3 About the only piece of image advertising I did at Bates was for the Chase Manhattan Bank. 1971Physics Bull. Jan. 12/3 The ivory tower image dies hard even though few academic physicists can succeed these days in research without establishing wide contacts outside their own departments. 1973Listener 15 Nov. 662/3 [Princess] Anne:..The trouble with horses—this is why one has such a terrible image, horsey image—is that if you have anything to do with them they do take up an awful lot of time.
6. A representation of something to the mind by speech or writing; a vivid or graphic description.
1522More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 84/2, I shal put the a more ernest ymage of our condicion. 1578J. Derricke (title) The Image of Irelande. 1717Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Pope 1 Apr., Theocritus..has only given a plain image of the way of life amongst the peasants. 1817Coleridge Sibyl. Leaves (1862) 129 In a casual illustration [he] introduces the image of woman, child, or bird.
7. Rhet. A simile, metaphor, or figure of speech.
1676[see icon 3]. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 4 ⁋7 Incongruous combinations of images. 1846Trench Mirac. vi. (1862) 188 To speak of death as a sleep, is an image common to all languages. 1896Duke of Argyll Philos. Belief 260 The image of the Creator walking in the garden..the angels with flaming swords to prevent return—all these are splendid..images, but they are images none the less.
8. Math. The element or set into which a given element or set is mapped by a particular function or transformation; const. of the element by or under the function. inverse image, the set of all elements that are mapped into a given element or set by the function or transformation.
1889Cent. Dict., s.v. Image. When imaginary quantities are represented by points on a plane, a point representing any given function of a quantity represented by another point, the former point is said to be the image of the latter. 1905J. Pierpont Lect. Theory Functions Real Variables I. iv. 146 Let u1 = f1(x1{ddd}xn) {ddd}um = fm (x1{ddd}xn) be defined over a domain X... When x ranges over X, u..runs over the domain U. It is convenient for brevity to call U the image of X. 1959E. M. Patterson Topology (ed. 2) ii. 19 Any correspondence which associates with each element of a set A a unique element of a set B is called a function or transformation from A to B, and is denoted by f:A → B... If a {elem} A, the element of B corresponding to a is called the image of a by or under f, and is denoted by f(a). If C ⊂ A, the elements of B related to elements of C by f form a set f(C) called the image of C by f. If b {elem} f(A), the set of all elements a {elem} A such that b = f(a) is called the inverse image of b by f. 1965J. J. Rotman Theory of Groups ii. 17 Let f:G → H be a homomorphism. Prove that the image of f = {ob}h {elem} H:h = f(x) for some x {elem} G{cb} is a sub-group of H. 1972E. Hille Methods Classical & Functional Analysis ii. 56 A mapping T from 𝔛 into 𝔜 is a collection of ordered pairs (x, y), x {elem} 𝔛, y {elem} 𝔜, such that every x of 𝔛 belongs to one and only one pair (x, y). Here y = T(x) is called the image of x induced by T... Note that y may be the image of several points x and it is not excluded that all of 𝔛 may be mapped on a single point y.
9. Radio. An undesired signal whose frequency is as much above that of the local oscillator of a superheterodyne receiver as the signal sought is below it, so that if allowed to reach the frequency converter it too will give rise to the intermediate frequency (and consequently be heard as interference). Freq. attrib., as image frequency, image interference.
1932F. E. Terman Radio Engin. xiii. 467 One of the chief functions of the tuned radio-frequency input amplifier is to prevent simultaneous reception of two stations in this way. By tuning this amplifier to the desired signal, the undesired or ‘image’ frequency is discriminated against. 1940Amat. Radio Handbk. (ed. 2) 24/2 Interference is still likely to result from an incoming signal of such a frequency as to produce the correct intermediate frequency. This is known as ‘image’ or ‘second channel interference’. 1950K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 4) xvii. 802 Since the function of the converter is to produce the difference between applied frequencies, it cannot distinguish between the signal and the image and produces i-f output from each. 1962B.B.C. Handbk. 130 The selectivity of the receiver is improved and this reduces ‘second channel’, alternatively called ‘image’, interference. This is generally characterized by an irritating whistle of constantly changing pitch, sometimes accompanied by unwanted morse signals and programme modulation. Much of the interference experienced in the short-wave broadcast bands is due to such image effects. 1967R. L. Shrader Electronic Communication (ed. 2) xviii. 392/1 A second RF amplifier will reject the image very well. However, at frequencies in the 30-MHz range, for example, even the two RF amplifiers may not reject images satisfactorily.
10. Comb., as image-apprehension, image-association, image-bearer, image-brilliance, image-complex, image-field, image-formation, image-graver, image-monger, image-motif, image-pattern, image-sound, image-substitute, image-type, image-war, image-work, image-world; image-bearing, image-crowded, image-laden, image-like, image-ridden, image-seeing adjs.; image cluster (see cluster n. 3 b); image converter, an image tube, esp. one for converting an invisible image formed by infra-red or other invisible radiation into a visible one; image dissector, a kind of television camera tube in which a photo-emissive surface receives the image and the corresponding pattern of emitted electrons is deflected in a scanning pattern to and fro across a point anode, producing the video signal; † image-doter, one who dotes on or is superstitiously devoted to images or idols; so † image-doting a.; † image-douly [Gr. δουλεία: see dulia]; image frequency: see sense 9 above; image iconoscope, a kind of television camera tube combining the iconoscope and the image dissector, the target plate receiving not the optical image (as in the former) but a pattern of emitted electrons produced by the image at a photo-emissive surface (as in the latter); image intensifier, an image tube or other device in which an image is formed by light or other radiation on a photo-emissive or photoconductive surface and the resulting flow of electrons utilized to produce a corresponding visible image of increased brightness; image interference: see sense 9 above; image-man, a man who makes or sells images; image-mug, a mug or pitcher in the form of an image or bust; image orthicon, a kind of television camera tube in which a flow of electrons, produced as in an image tube, strikes a thin glass sheet and forms on it a pattern of positive charges corresponding to the picture, the video signal being derived from the variation this produces in a scanning electron beam that strikes the other side of the sheet (neutralizing the charge at that point) and returns to the electron gun and associated electron multipliers with an intensity reduced in accordance with the magnitude of the neutralized charge; image toy, a small decorative figure in earthenware, esp. one made in the 18th century by John Astbury (see Astbury) or Thomas Whieldon; image tube, an electron tube in which an image, formed by light or other electromagnetic radiation on a photo-emissive surface, causes it to emit a corresponding flow of electrons which may be used to reproduce the image in a different form (as in an image converter or an image intensifier). Also image-breaker, -maker, -worship, etc.
1962I. M. Crombie Exam. Plato's Doctrines I. iii. 120 The criteria employed in calling things ducks do not constitute more than an *image-apprehension of duckdom.
a1930D. H. Lawrence Apocalypse (1932) 97 The curious *image-association. The oriental loved that. 1950Essays & Stud. III. 39 The striking image-associations of this passage were noted by W. Clemen in Shakespeares Bilder.
1884A. Murray Like Christ xxxi. 238 *Image-bearers of God..live a Godlike, live a Christlike life.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 137 In removing the skin with the accompanying *image-bearing film from the waxed plate, be sure that the whole is uniformly dry.
1946Nature 19 Oct. 533/2 Under the title ‘geometrical properties of visual instruments’ are discussed such questions as field-size..and *image-brilliance in different parts of the field.
1946E. A. Armstrong Shakespeare's Imagination 184 As no two poets employ the same *image clusters, therefore works of doubtful provenance can be assigned to a poet with certainty if it contains clusters..characteristic of writings known to be authentic. 1961N. & Q. Apr. 156/2 Particular stress is put on imagery and image-clusters in the cases of Edward III and The Two Noble Kinsmen. 1963Ibid. Sept. 332/1 One's faith in image-clusters as evidence for authorship tends..to be diminished by such a coincidence.
1966English Studies XLVII. 302 A Bible-inspired *image-complex in Vaughan's poems.
1946Electronic Engin. XVIII. 157/1 The principle of the infra-red *image convertor is fairly well known. 1950P. Parker Electronics xvii. 843 An image converter is a device which converts an image formed by light-rays on a photo-cathode into one formed by electron beams... The name image converter is generally kept, however, for tubes in which the electron image is formed on a fluorescent screen. 1952Electronic Engin. XXIV. 307/1 The case of an image convertor of the ME1200 type will enable infra-red photographs to be taken using normal high-speed emulsions. 1959Proc. IRE XLVII. 905/1 A group of American astronomers have undertaken the development of an image-converter tube which permits the electron image to emerge through a thin membrane or foil to expose an external photographic plate. 1968L. Levi Appl. Optics vi. 266 Image converters greatly enhance night vision..and have in this capacity served in both military and zoological applications.
1911W. B. Yeats Plays for an Irish Theatre p. ix, We feel our minds expand convulsively or spread out slowly like some moon-brightened *image-crowded sea.
1934P. T. Farnsworth in Jrnl. Franklin Inst. CCXVIII. 411 Means for producing these saw-tooth currents and means for synchronizing them between the ‘*Image Dissector’, or transmitting tube, and the..receiving tube, are discussed. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 261/2 A non-storage camera tube of the type known as an ‘image dissector’ also possesses some very favourable properties, particularly in so far as resolution is concerned.
1629Sir W. Mure True Crucif. 1139 *Image-doatars God's decreit Striue to make Irrite.
1649Milton Eikon. xxviii, An inconstant, irrational and *Image-doting rabble.
1579Fulke Confut. Sanders 623 Confesse that your *Image-Douly is no better then Idolatrie.
1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 261/1 The only instruments of real interest at the moment seem to be those capable of automatic measurement of optical density at many different points of an *image field.
1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist ii. 81 Even in the most ‘intelligent’ of birds or mammals, the power of *image-formation is very probably absent, and the power of concept-formation..certainly so. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVII. 37 Mental imagery and image formation have recently become a topic of concern again.
1579–80North Plutarch 629 (R.) Cephisodotus the *image-graver.
1939Proc. IRE XXVII. 547/1 These *image iconoscopes are practical working tools, advanced well beyond the laboratory stage. 1957Amos & Birkinshaw Television Engin. (rev.) I. iv. 75 Image iconoscopes, in common with all high-velocity tubes, have tended to be superseded by image orthicons in nearly all television services.
1939L. M. Myers Electron. Optics viii. 449 We might term the device an *image intensifier. Ibid. 450 An image intensifier was indeed the unrealised and unrealisable dream of the mechanical optical television engineer. 1954Radiology LXIII. 870 An ideal image intensifier would receive only information-bearing X-ray signals from the subject and construct therefrom an image of arbitrary size and brightness. 1959Proc. IRE XLVII. 909/1 An entirely different principle of image amplification is used in the solid-state image intensifier... In the simplest form of this device, a phosphor layer is placed between two conducting plates to which an electric field of about 100 v is applied. If an ultraviolet image is focused on the screen thus formed, a marked increase in light emission is produced. 1967New Scientist 25 May 485/2 At Herstmonceux experiments are in progress on a number of different types of image intensifier to find the most suitable system to be used in conjunction with the 100-in. Newton telescope.
1904Westm. Gaz. 27 Aug. 6/2 This heavily-scented, *image-laden atmosphere. 1943D. Gascoyne Poems 1937–1942 33 Blows back With long-held burning breath through eyeholes bored By image-laden rays.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 266 They do proue their righteousnes with obedience and good workes, not with a bare & *image-like visor of fayth.
1827Hone Every-day Bk. II. 313 The board of the ‘*image-man’.
1553Becon Reliques of Rome (1563) 92 S. Athanasius proueth euidentlye agaynste all *Image-mongers [etc.].
1937U. Ellis-Fermor Some Recent Res. Shakes. Imagery 25 This [sc. Kolbe's Shakespeare's Way]..has some illuminating suggestions about the underlying *image-motifs in the plays.
1945Birmingham (Alabama) News 29 Oct. 9/1 The product of RCA engineers..the device is known as an ‘*image orthicon’. 1946Proc. IRE XXXIV. 428/2 The image orthicon derives its increased sensitivity over the iconoscope and orthicon from (1) the higher photosensitivity of a conducting photocathode relative to that of an insulating mosaic; (2) the multiplication by secondary emission of the electron image at the target; and (3) the use of an electron multiplier for the signal current. 1953Amos & Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. v. 101 The image orthicon tube may be regarded as a combination of an orthicon tube with an image stage similar to that used in the image iconoscope. 1971H. E. Ennes Television Broadcasting i. 20 There are three basic types of pickup tubes used in television cameras: the image orthicon, the vidicon, and the lead oxide. The image orthicon is used primarily in monochrome studio and field cameras for live pickups.
1947C. Day Lewis Poetic Image 84 Its *image-pattern is so skilfully composed from certain theme-images. 1949A. M. Farrer Rebirth of Images i. 22 The evidence for the unity of the Johannine writings..lies in the identity of image-pattern in the Gospel and the Apocalypse.
1935Auden & Isherwood Dog beneath Skin i. 33 Our impulses are unseasonal and *image-ridden.
1929A. Huxley Holy Face 21 *Image-seeing and poetical. 1929D. H. Lawrence Pornogr. & So On (1936) 73 It is, for him, complete for he is void of image-seeing imagination.
1925I. A. Richards Princ. Lit. Crit. 119 But the degree of correspondence between the *image-sounds, and the actual sounds that the reader would produce, varies enormously.
Ibid. 120 Something takes the place of vivid images in these people and..provided the *image-substitute is efficacious, their lack of mimetic imagery is of no consequence.
1957Mankowitz & Haggar Conc. Encycl. Eng. Pottery & Porcelain 115/1 *Image toys, earthenware, stoneware or porcelain figures. 1960H. Hayward Antique Coll. 147/1 Image toys, contemporary designation of mid-18th cent. Staffordshire pottery figures. 1971Country Life 2 Dec. 1505/1 Pioneer maker of image toys in Staffordshire was John Astbury (1688–1742), his colours restricted to the browns and whites of his burnt clay.
1936Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. XXVI. 187/2 The construction of the photosensitive cathode to be used in any given *image tube will, of course, depend upon the spectral region in which maximum sensitivity is desired. 1940Zworykin & Morton Television iv. 91 The image tube is of importance because it can be combined with the Iconoscope to make a television pick⁓up tube which is many times more sensitive than the normal Iconoscope. 1969New Scientist 10 July (Optics Suppl.) 21/1 Objects illuminated with non-visible radiation..can be seen with the aid of these devices. The image tube can also intensify very faint images..so that they become visible. 1971Nature 3 Sept. 37/1 The difficulties associated with studying very faint [celestial] objects are very great, because of the increasing difficulty in detecting photons against the natural and man-made noise, even with the use of image-tube techniques.
1925I. A. Richards Princ. Lit. Crit. 123 If this were not the case the absence of glaring differences between people of different *image-types would be astonishing.
1751–73Jortin Eccl. Hist. (1846) II. 179 The history of the *image-war is written by Maimburg.
1904Daily Chron. 8/2 Immersed in this innocent, harmless, *image-world. 1953R. Manheim tr. Cassirer's Philos. Symbolic Forms I. 78 All live in particular image-worlds, which do not reflect the empirically given, but which rather produce it in accordance with an independent principle.
Add:[10.] image processing, the electronic analysis and manipulation of an image, esp. in order to improve its quality; freq. attrib.
1959RCA Rev. XX. 739 The incorporation of intra-panel logic provides a powerful *image-processing tool. 1968Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. LVIII. 1272 It has been traditional to constrain image processing to linear operations upon the image. 1989C. Stoll Cuckoo's Egg xlviii. 260 We've got a dedicated artificial intelligence group, active robotics researchers, and our image-processing lab really cooks.
hence image processor n., a device or system for performing image processing.
1968IEEE Trans. Computers XVII. 635/1 A need for a special-purpose electronic computer to process visual images arose... For these and other reasons, a special-purpose computer, the Visual *Image Processor (VIP), was built. 1969Med. & Biol. Engin. VII. 393/1 These conclusions..yield guides for the future design of circuits to improve the performance of image processors. 1989B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) iv. 142 By using video systems linked to image processors, contrast can be greatly enhanced so that the eye's limitations in detecting small differences are overcome.
▸ image consultancy n. chiefly Brit. the business or practice of advising on ways of improving the image of a person, company, etc.; an agency which specializes in this; cf. image consultant n. at Additions.
[1982R. N. Bolles What Color Is Your Parachute? (rev. ed.) vii. 177 You may find John T. Molloy's famous Dress for Success helpful... His books are representative of a..fast-growing field called Personal Image Consultancy.] 1987Courier Mail (Brisbane) 10 Nov. 18/2 Eye-catchingly dressed in a terracotta outfit with matching accessories, [she] looked good. But there is also no doubt that..[she], partner in a Melbourne *image consultancy firm, didn't look that good by accident. 1997Daily Tel. (Electronic ed.) 5 Dec. He will unveil a new logo for the presidency—drawn up by the image consultancy that redesigned the British Airways tail-fins. 2006E. Hartney How to manage Stress in FE x. 123 While image consultancy may cost a fortune, fortunately there are many excellent books on this subject.
▸ image consultant n. a person or company employed to advise on how to convey a favourable or desired public impression, esp. on how to ensure positive media portrayal and good public relations, on personal appearance and style, or on how to improve brand recognition through a change of name, logo, product packaging, etc.
1962N.Y. Times 11 Feb. ii. 17 Program balance normally is determined by the network sales department. During the biennial hearings of the F.C.C., however, the duty is assigned temporarily to..*image consultants. 1978Washington Post (Nexis) 28 Aug. (Final ed.) c1 Lee's image consultants are relatively unconcerned about his negative portrayals in newspapers. 1988Financial Times (Nexis) 16 Sept. i. 19 The company calling itself Arthur Daly boilers, after the TV conman character, probably should have hired a different image consultant. 1997B. Rowlands Which? Guide Complementary Med. 125 Image consultants use hair, eye and skin colour as the key to determining which colours suit you.
▸ image consulting n. orig. N. Amer. the business or practice of advising on ways to improve the image of a person, company, organization, etc.
1978Chicago Tribune 27 Oct. i. 4/2 *Image consulting is complicated and don't think specialists in the field have it easy. 1980Washington Post (Nexis) 1 Dec. c5 Barbara Blaes..runs her own image consulting service. 1997San Diego Union-Tribune (Electronic ed.) 19 Jan. f14 A $6 million spa..offers a range of revitalizing treatments (massages, body scrubs, body wraps, herbal baths, nutritional therapy and image consulting). 2002Us Weekly 23 Dec. 23 Will these drug allegations hurt her chances for a comeback? ‘Probably not’, says Tom Alderman, the founder of MediaPrep, an LA image consulting firm.
▸ image editing n. the editing of images, esp. by means of a computer; freq. attrib.
1980Yale French Stud. No. 60. 124 We might also expect to find the filmmakers cutting their soundtracks with the rapidity and disjunctions they had developed in their *image editing during the silent period. 1993MacUser Oct. 50/2 You'll be pleased with the results. They're usually so good that you won't be tempted to rescan or tweak the image with an image-editing program. 2004Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 12 June 14 Choosing the right image-editing package depends on the way you work and where you want your work to be displayed. The package that comes with your digital still camera may be all you need.
▸ image editor n. a piece of software or a device used for editing images.
1979Science 27 Apr. 398 g (advt.) *Image Editor Pen (optional) used on problem specimens. 1997K. Reichs Déjà Dead xxxix. 465 Selecting the resize function in the image editor I clicked on one edge of the B on the Rue Berger cup, dragged the cursor to the far border, and clicked again. 2005Digital Photographer No. 31. 118/2 To get a 49Mb file, you'll have to interpolate the file using Photoshop or some other image-editor.
▪ II. image, v.|ˈɪmɪdʒ|
[f. image n.: in the 15th c. instances (in sense 4) app. a. F. imager (13–14th c.).]
1. trans. To make an image of; to represent or set forth by an image (in sculpture, painting, etc.); to figure, portray, delineate. Also fig.
a1790Warton Ecl. iv. (R.), Shrines of imag'd saints. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. iii. iv. 173 Those imaged to the pride of kings and priests. 1844Mrs. Browning Drama of Exile Poems 1850 I. 84 He images his Master's wounds! 1856Froude Hist. Eng. x. II. 408 Traces of the fair beauty of the monastic spirit we may yet see imaged in the sculptured figures..upon the floors of our cathedrals. 1957A. C. Clarke Deep Range xv. 129 The familiar rocky terrain was imaged on TV and sonar screen. 1970Physics Bull. Nov. 490/2 Figure 1a shows the simplest possible optical system which includes both a parallel beam in which the working space can be placed (B) and a lens which can image it on to a receptor.
2. To form an optical image of, esp. by reflexion; to reflect, mirror.
1792S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. ii. 159 Hail, noblest structures imaged in the wave. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iv. 35 The houses on the margin of the lake were also imaged to a certain height.
3. a. To form an image or counterpart of; to copy, imitate, rare.
c1611Chapman Iliad Ep. Ded. 83 They his clear virtues emulate, In truth and justice imaging his state.
b. To be an image or counterpart of; to resemble. rare.
1701Norris Ideal World i. v. 231 The Divine Ideas..are not imaging or imitative, but archetypal representatives. 1725Pope Odyss. xix. 445 None imag'd e'er like thee my master lost.
4. To form a mental image of; to conceive.
†a. something to be executed: To devise, plan. (The earliest sense: now Obs. or merged in next.)
c1440Jacob's Well 1 He ymagyth and castyth beforn in his herte, how he wyll makyn it. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 200 Thei..told him who Mortimer had ymaged his deth. [1855Browning Grammarian's Funeral 69 Image the whole, then execute the parts.]
b. an object of perception or thought: To imagine, picture in the mind, represent to oneself.
a1708J. Philips (J.), Image to thy mind How our fore⁓fathers to the Stygian shades Went quick. 1781J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. xli. 447 We image to ourselves the Tarpeian Rock as a tremendous precipice. 1847J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) I. 245 Image to yourselves the scenery of rivers and lakes. 1860J. McCosh Intuitions i. i. 11 The mind of man has the power of imaging or representing in old forms by the memory, and in new forms by the imagination, whatever it has at any time known or experienced. 1924T. H. Y. Trotter Music & Mind v. 56 Whether or not it is necessary for the listener to image in his mind the scene to be represented is a moot point. 1972Science 16 June 1208/1 Some recall past events by imaging the scene.
5. To represent or set forth in speech or writing; to describe (esp. vividly or graphically).
a1628F. Grevil Hum. Learning cv, Hence striue the Schooles, by first and second kinds Of substances, by essence, and existence, That Trine and yet Vnitednesse diuine To comprehend, and image to the sense. 1712Addison Spect. No. 315 ⁋5 Satan's Approach to the Confines of the Creation, is finely imaged in the beginning of the Speech. 1796W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XX. 513 Who can describe her charms, who can image forth her beauty? a1853Robertson Lect. ii. (1858) 64 If only his Redeemer had been differently imaged to him.
6. To represent by an emblem or metaphor; to symbolize, typify.
1816Shelley Alastor 505 O stream!.. Thou imagest my life. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 37 He..shews forth His resistless power, imaged by His creatures in whom the quality of power is most seen, ‘I will be as a lion’. 1871Smiles Charact. i. (1876) 26 The heathen deities at least imaged human virtues.
Hence ˈimaging vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1666Dryden Ann. Mirab. Pref., Wks. (Globe) 40 The delightful imaging of persons, actions, passions, or things. 1701[see 3 b. above]. 1880G. Meredith Tragic Com. (1881) 290 The sun-tracing would not deceive, as her own tricks of imageing might do. 1920S. Alexander Space, Time & Deity I. 25 In imaging the act of mind is provoked from within. 1920J. Laird Study in Realism iv. 67 Imaging has a different bodily margin from perceiving. 1943Mind LII. 333 ‘Imagination’ sometimes means the forming and contemplating of mental images, visual, auditory or other; this is more appropriately called ‘imaging’. 1953H. H. Price Thinking & Experience viii. 236 All these people, whose thoughts are concerned with the spatial relations of things..would be completely at a loss if the power of visual imaging suddenly deserted them. 1971Sci. Amer. Aug. 83/1 ‘Imaging’ is a control process in which verbal information is remembered through visual images; for example, Cicero suggested learning long lists (or speeches) by placing each member of the list in a visual representation of successive rooms of a well-known building. |