| 释义 |
vicarious, a.|vaɪ-, vɪˈkɛərɪəs|
[f. L. vicāri-us adj. and n., f. vic-is change, turn, stead, office, etc.: see -arious.]
1. a. That takes or supplies the place of another thing or person; substituted instead of the proper thing or person.
1637Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. iii. iv. 56 If I..religiously adore before the Pastor, as the Vicarious Signe of Christ himself. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 319 The Interreges are necessarily reducible to the Regal Power, being but a vicarious Appendage thereto. 1688Boyle Final Causes Nat. Things ii. 70 Gravel and little stones..are often found..in their stomachs, where they prove a vicarious kind of teeth. 1709T. Robinson Vind. Mosaick Syst. 29 God..made it [sc. the moon] a vicarious Light to the Sun, to supply its absence in this lower World. 1785Burke Sp. Nabob Arcot's Debts Wks. 1842 I. 320 These modern flagellants are sure..to whip their own enormities on the vicarious back of every small offender. 1829I. Taylor Enthus. vii. 161 Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned minister of religion is..in..a real sense..a vicarious person. 1850Blackie æschylus II. 68 This, And worse expect, unless some god endure Vicarious thy tortures. 1853Abp. Thomson Laws Th. §30 (ed. 3) 59 The cry or exclamation..would be consciously reproduced to represent or recal the feeling on another occasion; and it then became a word, or vicarious sign.
b. Const. of (something). rare.
1831Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 404 The University and Colleges are thus neither identical, nor vicarious of each other. 1836–7― Metaph. viii. (1870) 131 If the science be able to possess no single name vicarious of its definition.
2. Of punishment, etc.: Endured or suffered by one person in place of another; accomplished or attained by the substitution of some other person, etc., for the actual offender. Freq. in Theol. with reference to the suffering and death of Christ.
1692Bentley Boyle Lect. ix. 319 Some means of Reconciliation must be contrived; some vicarious satisfaction to Justice. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 137 But as Precious as it was, it was not the very thing that the Law required, but a Vicarious Punishment. 1736Butler Anal. Relig. ii. v. 211 Vicarious Punishments may be..absolutely necessary. 1781Johnson in Boswell 3 June, Whatever difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious punishments. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852) 80 The Christian doctrine of vicarious expiation. 1850Blackie æschylus II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice, or punishment by substitution,..does not seem to have been very familiar to the Greek mind. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 12 The manifold harvest, which He..should bring forth..by His vicarious Death. 1883Gilmour Mongols xvii. 202 Vicarious suffering too seems strange to them, their own system teaching that for his sin a man must suffer, and there is no escape.
3. Of power, authority, etc.: Exercised by one person, or body of persons, as the representative or deputy of another.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Vicarious, belonging to a Vicar, subordinate; as A Vicarious Power. 1777Johnson in Boswell (1904) I. 126, I shall be considered as exercising a kind of vicarious jurisdiction. 1807J. Barlow Columb. i. 5 Who sway'd a moment, with vicarious power, Iberia's sceptre. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 285 Such vicarious powers were conferred upon His Majesty's Courts at all the Indian Presidencies. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 487 He had..held, during some months, a vicarious primacy.
transf.1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 322/1 Redi's opinion, that the pebbles [swallowed by birds] perform the vicarious office of teeth.
4. a. Performed or achieved by means of another, or by one person, etc., on behalf of another.
1806R. Fellowes tr. Milton's 2nd Defence Wks. VI. 377 He had not the courage..to prefix a dedication to Charles without the vicarious aid of Flaccus. 1822Lamb Elia i. Bachelor's Complaint, I must protest against the vicarious gluttony of Cerasia, who..sent away a dish of Morellas..to her husband at the other end of the table. 1846Edin. Rev. LXXXIV. 68 The increasing laxity of the Mussulman world, and the practice of vicarious pilgrimage, have greatly diminished the numbers of the sacred caravans. 1877Gladstone Glean. (1879) IV. 347 May we never be subjected to the humiliation of dependence upon vicarious labour. 1894H. Drummond Ascent Man 301 Unconscious of their vicarious service, the butterfly and the bee..carry the fertilizing dust to the waiting stigma.
b. Of qualities, etc.: Possessed by one person but reckoned to the credit of another.
1842Pusey Crisis Eng. Ch. 136 To confound..individual duties with vicarious merits. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vi. 36 A system..where sin was expiated by the vicarious virtues of other men.
c. Of methods, principles, etc.: Based upon the substitution of one person for another.
1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. iii, It may be called the vicarious method; it obtained amongst big fellows of lazy or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever boys..do their whole vulgus for them. 1870J. H. Newman Gram. Assent ii. x. 400 On this vicarious principle, by which we appropriate to ourselves what others do for us, the whole structure of society is raised.
d. Experienced imaginatively through another person or agency.
1929R. S. & H. M. Lynd Middletown xvii. 237 To Middletown adults, reading a book means overwhelmingly what story-telling means to primitive man—the vicarious entry into other, imagined kinds of living. 1948E. Waugh Loved One 31 He had lived his twenty-eight years at arm's length from violence, but he came of a generation which enjoys a vicarious intimacy with death. 1976A. Powell Infants of Spring ix. 146 My father, between spasms of grumbling about school bills, and occasional resistance to attitudes of mind inevitably acquired at Eton, had taken a fair amount of vicarious pleasure in my being there.
5. Physiol. Denoting the performance by or through one organ of functions normally discharged by another; substitutive.
1780Encycl. Brit. VI. 4747 The Vicarious Hæmoptysis. 1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) I. 650 With a view of exciting a vicarious action, I opened an issue in one of the arms. Ibid. 668 Where the complaint is strictly idiopathic and uncombined, it has often been found to give way to some local irritation or vicarious drain. 1846Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. II. 170 The vicarious action of the skin and lungs. 1877Foster Physiol. (1878) 477 Vicarious reflex movements may also be witnessed in mammals.
6. Ecol. Of two or more species, etc.: similar to one another and occurring without the other(s) in different areas; usu., = vicariant a.
1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociol. vi. 160 Closely related species found upon lime and clay slates he [sc. Unger] called substitute or vicarious species. 1937R. Hesse et al. Ecol. Animal Geogr. vi. 77 Transitional variation may be wanting at the boundary between the ranges of vicarious forms which are then considered specifically distinct. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. vii. 201 With higher groupings—and even families and whole communities may in a sense be vicarious—there is less reason to suppose that their mutual exclusiveness is due to competition. 1981P. Stott Hist. Plant Geogr. viii. 115 Vicarious evolution has been invoked..to explain the distribution [in the Canaries] of endemic species in Centaurea sect. Cheirolophus subsect. Flaviflorae. |