| 释义 |
viral, a.|ˈvaɪərəl|
[f. virus + -al1.]
Of the nature of, caused by, or pertaining to a virus or viruses.
1948Diagnostic Procedures for Virus & Rickettsial Diseases (Amer. Public Health Assoc.) 15 Viral agents belonging to the psittacosis group. 1955[see parrot fever s.v. parrot n. 4]. a1974R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 371 She said the viral pneumonia seemed to have cleared up, and the only area of danger was his bronchial tubes. 1976Edington & Gilles Path. in Tropics (ed. 2) xi. 577 Although many viruses may cause hepatitis there are two main types—infectious hepatitis and homologous serum jaundice. It is now recommended that these conditions be redesignated viral hepatitis type A and viral hepatitis type B respectively (WHO, 1973). 1983New Scientist 10 Mar. 642/1 If chemicals can be found that inhibit the activity of these viral enzymes, while leaving cellular enzymes unaffected, then the path to anti-viral drugs will have been cleared.
Hence ˈvirally adv., by a virus or viruses.
1968Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Communications XXXIII. 563 The normal and the virally transformed cells differ in regard to the quantity of glycolipids. 1977Proc. R. Soc. Med. LXX. 559/1 Gradually interest in the viral theory was restored as examples of virally-induced tumours were discovered in mammals. 1982Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LXXIX. 6822/1 Virally transformed rat embryo cells.
▸ Chiefly Marketing. Of, designating, or involving the rapid spread of information (esp. about a product or service) amongst customers by word of mouth, e-mail, etc. to go viral: to propagate in such a manner; to (be) spread widely and rapidly.
Recorded earliest in viral marketing n. at Additions
1989PC User (Nexis) 27 Sept. 31 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’ 1992Independent 9 May 33/8 In hardline CVT [= Cultural Virus Theory] all ideas, beneficial or harmful, rational or irrational, are viral entities. 1998Washington Post (Nexis) 6 Aug. b1 Chiat/Day refers to such tactics as ‘viral’ campaigns, in which the consumer becomes the transmitter. 2001N.Y. Times (National ed.) 30 Aug. d1/4 Many of the new games are viral, meaning that they permit players to spread the games by e-mail to friends. 2004A. Boyd in A. M. Brown et al. How to get Stupid White Men out of Office xxi. 168 Their petition also went viral, gathering half a million signatures in a few weeks.
▸ viral load n. chiefly Med. the amount of a virus in a sample of water, tissue, etc., esp. (in a blood sample) as an indication of the activity of HIV infection.
1968Water Res. 2 86 In order to assess the performance of these stabilization ponds with reference to ‘*viral load’ reduction, samples of both raw sewage (influent) and treated sewage (effluent) were collected from the ponds. 1976Cancer Res. 36 3622 Evidence points to an overriding host factor in this situation that is dominant with respect to tumor resistance and furthermore independent of the viral load. 1998S. Fried Bitter Pills iii. xxi. 359 With the new test, it was possible to measure the actual [HIV] viral RNA itself, or what would come to be referred to as ‘viral load’. 2005Jrnl. Clin. Virol. 34 Suppl. 1 5109/2 The best results were obtained in patients with a viral load of less than 200 pg/mL.
▸ viral marketing n. an approach to marketing which relies on customers to spread information about a product or service, esp. by e-mail.
1989PC User 27 Sept. 31/2 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's *viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’ 2001F. Popcorn & A. Hanft Dict. Future 259 Another kind of viral marketing is when an application is so cool—a game, for example—that you can't resist emailing it to your entire address book. |