| 释义 |
infra-, prefix|ˈɪnfrə|
repr. L. infrā adv. and prep. ‘below, underneath, beneath’ (in med.L. also ‘within’), used in numerous recent formations, chiefly adjectival.
This use of infra- is scarcely a Latin one, though infrāforānus ‘situated beneath the forum’ occurs in an inscription (Lewis and Short), and infrāmūrāneus ‘lying within the walls’ in Gregory of Tours (Du Cange). Its recent employment is after the analogy of other prepositions; it is regularly opposed to supra-, sometimes to super-: the second element ought strictly to be one of Latin origin; but it is not always so.
A. In prepositional relation to the n. represented in second element.
1. Denoting ‘below’, ‘beneath’ (i.e. ‘lower down than’) in respect of local situation or position. Chiefly in terms which are the adjectival representatives of phrases in which L. infrā would be followed by a n. in the accusative, e.g. infra-axillary ‘that is infrā axillam, below the axilla or axil’; infra-mammary, ‘that is infrā mammās, below the breasts’. The majority of these are anatomical terms. In a few cases the second element appears to be a n., as infraclavicle. More rarely infra- is simply prefixed to an adj., as inframedian, infra-red.
2. Denoting ‘below’, ‘beneath’ in respect of status or condition, as infrabestial ‘lower than bestial’, ‘beneath the brutes’. In these, infra- seems to be directly prefixed to an adjective.
3. Denoting ‘within’ (as in med.L.), as inframercurial, -territorial (see these words below): here the formation is as in 1.
B. In attributive or adverbial relation to the second element: ‘lower’, ‘inferior’, ‘under-’, as infraconstrictor, infraposition, etc.
Such compounds can be formed at will when required; the following are the principal ones in use. For the etymology of the second element see the simple words axillary, bestial, cortical, etc.
In most of these compounds, practice varies as to the use of the hyphen; the hyphen is usual when the compound is new, or more or less of a nonce-word, e.g. infra-red, infra-human, infra-natural; but it is usually omitted in recognized terms, as inframaxillary, infrascapular, except when the following element begins with a vowel, as in infra-axillary, infra-inguinal, infra-orbital. It may however be used for the nonce, whenever emphasis is placed either on the prefix, or on the composite character of the word.
† infra-ˈannuated a. [L. annus year: cf. superannuated], below the proper age, too young. ˌinfra-aˈtomic a., subatomic. Obs. infra-aˈxillary a., (a) Anat. lying below the axilla or armpit; (b) Bot. situated below the axil of a leaf or branch. infraˈbasal Zool., any of a series of plates forming a ring beneath the basals in crinoids; also as adj. infra-ˈbass Mus., = sub-bass (1909 in Cent. Dict. Suppl.); also transf. infraˈbestial a., lower than the beasts. infraˈbranchial a. Zool., situated below the branchiæ or gills (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). infraˈbuccal a., situated below the buccal mass (of a mollusc). infraceˈphalic a. Anat., situated below the head (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infra-ˈChristian a., somewhat less than Christian. infraˈclavicle = infraclavicular bone. infraclaˈvicular a. Anat., situated below the clavicle or collar-bone, as in infraclavicular bone, infraclavicular region (see quot. 1879); also as n. = infraclavicular bone. infraconˈstrictor Anat., the lower constrictor muscle of the pharynx. infraˈcortical a. Anat., situated below the cerebral cortex. infraˈcostal a. Anat., situated beneath the ribs, as in infracostal artery, infracostal muscles (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infraˌdiaphragˈmatic a. Anat., situated below the diaphragm (ibid.). infraˈgenual a., under the knee, as in infragenual bursa. infraˈglacial a., subglacial. infraˈglenoid a. Anat., situated below the glenoid fossa. infraˈglottic a. Anat., situated below the glottis; also, relating to the parts of the larynx below the glottis. infraˈgular a. Anat., situated below the gula or throat. infraˈhuman a., below the human level. infraˈhyoid a. Anat., lying below the hyoid bone (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infra-ˈinguinal a. Anat., situated below the groin. infraˈlabial a. Anat., situated below the lips. infraˈlittoral a., pertaining to the zone or region of the sea below the littoral region. infraˈmammary a. Anat., situated below the breasts. infraˈmarginal a., situated beneath the margin or border: spec. (a) inframarginal cell, an outer cell in the anterior wing of certain aphides, lying behind the marginal cell; (b) inframarginal convolution, the superior temporal convolution; (c) inframarginal shield, one of the shields between the marginal and plastral in certain chelonians. infraˈmaxillary Anat., (a) a., situated below the jaw, as in inframaxillary nerve; (b) n., the lower jaw-bone. infraˈmedian a., applied to the zone of the ocean below the median zone: see quot. inframerˈcurial a. Astron., lying within the orbit of the planet Mercury; intramercurial. ˌinfra-moˈlecular a., at a level of organization below that of a molecule. infraˈmontane a., situated beneath a mountain. † infraˈmundane a., lying below the world (Bailey, fol., 1730–6). infraˈnatural a., below what is natural; also as n.; hence infraˈnaturalism. infraˈnodal a., lying beneath a node or joint in a stem. infra-ocˈcipital a. Anat., situated under the occiput (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infraœsoˈphageal a. Anat., situated under the œsophagus. infra-ˈorbital a. Anat., situated below the orbit of the eye; so also infra-ˈorbitar, -ˈorbitary adjs. infra-ˈordinary a., below what is ordinary. infraˈpapillary a. Anat., situated below the biliary papilla. infrapaˈtellar a. Anat., situated below the knee-cap. infraperiˈpherial a., situated below the periphery. infraˈposed a., placed below something else [cf. superposed]; so infrapoˈsition, the condition of being so placed. infraˈpubian, -pubic a. Anat., situated below the pubes; sub-pubic. infraˈradular a., situated under the radula or lingual ribbon of a mollusc. infra-ˈrational a., below what is rational. infraˈrenal a. Anat., situated beneath the kidneys; hence infraˈrenally adv. infraˈrimal a. Anat., situated beyond the rima or opening of the glottis. infraˈscapular a. Anat., situated below the shoulder-blade. infra-speˈcific a., (applied to a category) at a lower taxonomic level than a species. infraˈspinal a. Anat., situated beneath the spine of the scapula. infraˈspinate a. = prec. infraspiˈnator, -spiˈnatus Anat., a muscle of the dorsum of the scapula, arising from the infraspinal fossa; also attrib. infraˈspinous a. = infraspinal. infrastaˈpedial a., situated below the axis of the stapes of the middle ear in birds. infraˈsternal a. Anat., situated below the sternum or breast-bone (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infraˈstigmatal a. Entom., situated below the stigmata or breathing-pores of an insect. infraˈstipular a. Bot., situated below the stipules in plants. infraˈsutural a. Anat., situated below the suture. infraˈtemporal a. Anat., situated below the temples (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infratenˈtorial a. Anat., situated below the tentorium of the brain. infrateˈrrene a., situated below the earth, subterranean, hypogean. infraterriˈtorial a., lying within a territory (Webster, 1856). infrathoˈracic a. Anat., situated below the thorax (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infraˈtonsillar a. Anat., situated below the tonsils. infratrochanˈteric a. Anat., situated below the trochanter (Syd. Soc. Lex.). infraˈtrochlear a. Anat., situated beneath the trochlea or pulley of the trochlearis muscle in the eye. ˌinfra-umˈbilical a. Anat., situated below the umbilicus. infravaˈginal a. Anat., situated below the vagina, or its junction with the uterus.
1650Fuller Pisgah v. Ep. Ded. 140, I know it will be objected, that your Lordship is *infraannuated to be the Patron of a Book in the strict acception thereof.
1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist i. 55 The *infra-atomic world of electrons. 1966I. Asimov Fantastic Voyage viii. 90 It was not merely radioactivity that had to be sensed, but radioactive particles that had themselves been miniaturized; and that, because of their incredibly tiny, infra-atomic size could pass through any ordinary sensor without affecting it.
1858Gray Struct. Bot. (1880) 416/2 *Infra-axillary, below the axil. 1862H. W. Fuller Dis. Lungs 4 The infra-axillary [region] has the axillary region for its upper, and the edges of the false ribs for its lower boundary.
1890Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. V. 318 The atrophy of *infrabasals is we see a very gradual process. Ibid., The distinction between an infrabasal ring of 5 plates and one of 3, is of far inferior importance. 1962D. Nichols Echinoderms ii. 22 In some forms an additional whorl, the infrabasals, is intercalated between the basals and the centro-dorsal.
1958J. Blish Case of Conscience (1959) ii. x. 104 The *infrabass of the buried city's thunder shook the glass in front of him.
1888J. Rickaby Mor. Philos. 267 Writers who..picture primitive mankind as living in this *infrabestial state.
1906W. R. Inge Truth & Falsehood in Relig. ii. 63 It is not justifiable to take examples of *infra-Christian survivals in Christianity, and use them to discredit the religion of Christ. 1917J. Denney Christian Doctrine of Reconciliation ii. 51 As an infra-Christian mode of thinking, it sometimes curiously flawed what was otherwise pure Christian truth.
1878Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 474 The two lower ones I have shown to be the clavicle and *infra-clavicle.
1839F. H. Ramadge Curability Consumpt. (1861) 52 The want of clearness in the respiratory murmur was most obvious in the *infraclavicular region of the right side. 1879Khory Princ. Med. 45 Infra⁓clavicular [region] extends from below the clavicle down to the lower margin of the third rib.
1890Cent. Dict., *Infracortical. 1895Psychol. Rev. Mar. 117 In man the consciousness attached to infra-cortical centres is altogether subliminal, if it exist. 1925Lancet 8 Aug. 274/2 Tremor is an involuntary movement belonging to the old motor system (infra-cortical, subpallial).
1858Gray Anat. 732/2 (Index), *Infra-costal muscles. 1867Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 7) I. 243 The subcostal or infracostal muscles are small bundles lying on the inner aspect of the thoracic wall. 1922Joyce Ulysses 695 A cicatrice in the left infracostal region below the diaphragm.
1894J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age (ed. 3) vii. 91 All such *infra- or intra-glacial deposits..occur somewhat partially. 1957J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. xliv. 1253 The British infraglacial beach, though much narrower than the Norwegian strandflat, marks a steady level of the sea over a considerable time.
1872Cohen Dis. Throat 45 In *infra-glottic laryngoscopy we find the lower surface of these cords to be reddish in color.
1855Knight Cycl. Nat. Hist. III. 65 The under part of the *infra-gular ganglion.
1847J. Wilson Lands of Bible I. iv. 105 The gods of the Egyptian pantheon, human, superhuman, and *infrahuman. 1874Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece ii. 39 She is rather infra⁓human than superhuman. 1883W. Arthur Fernley Lect. 72 This infra-human thinker, to whom it is hard to turn the eye upward. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. July 42 Motor responses in infrahuman level. 1972Science 5 May 541/2 Microelectrode recording has shown that tilt detectors in the infrahuman visual system are each turned 20 deg or so on either side of a preferred orientation.
1850E. Forbes in Brit. Ass. Rep. 192 (title) The *Infra-littoral Distribution of Marine Invertebrata on the Southern, Western, and Northern Coasts of Britain.
1862H. W. Fuller Dis. Lungs 4 The *infra-mammary [region] is that portion of the anterior surface of the chest which lies below the mammary. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 183 Heaving impulse over left side of chest, strong in inframammary region.
1857Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. §611. 539 Dictyoxiphium has simple..fronds, *infra⁓marginal sori. 1872Nicholson Palæont. 109 Anus supra-marginal or infra-marginal.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Inframaxillaris, situated under the jaw; *inframaxillary. 1872Humphry Myology 46 The infra-maxillary [nerve]..emerges through a large hole at the front of the base of the suspensorial projection for the jaw.
1865Page Hand-bk. Geol. (ed. 2) 468 In the British seas, naturalists (following the late Edward Forbes)..distinguish five belts of depth—viz. 1, the Littoral; 2, Circum-littoral; 3, Median; 4, *Infra-median; and 5, the Abyssal or Deep-sea zone.
1899Phil. Mag. XLVIII. 462 All her [sc. Nature's] activities at *infra-molecular degrees of proximity. 1919A. N. Whitehead Enquiry Princ. Nat. Knowledge ii. 18 We may penetrate below the molecule to the electrons and the core which compose it, and thus obtain infra-molecular equations.
1888Standard 13 Feb. 5/2 The Arlberg Tunnel, the latest of these *inframontane engineering efforts.
1851J. Martineau Stud. Chr. (1873) 336 The irresistible tendency of a wholly supernatural religion to produce an *infranatural morality. 1889F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) XLIX. 412/3 Patronizing a new set of supernaturals, infranaturals, or whatever they may be. 1896Goldw. Smith Guesses Riddle Exist. (New Ed.) 28 ‘Infra⁓natural’, or something implying degradation,..would be the right expression.
1843Blackw. Mag. LIV. 674 The sober supernaturalism of the German has more attractions with us, than the grinning *infra-naturalism of the Frenchman.
1878A. H. Green Coal iii. 81 The spaces in question differ altogether in character from the *infra-nodal canals.
1887L. Heitzmann tr. Carl Heitzmann's Anat. Descr. & Topogr. II. 146 The posterior division of the first cervical nerve, the *infra-occipital nerve.
1880Bastian Brain 95 A bilobed *infra-oesophageal ganglion.
1806Med. Jrnl. XV. 230 Dissection of the *infraorbital nerve. 1840E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. (1842) 33 Immediately above the fossa is the infra-orbital foramen,—the termination of the infra-orbital canal, and infra-orbital artery. 1880Gunther Fishes 54 The infra-orbital ring of bones consists of several pieces.
1741A. Monro Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 133 The *infra-orbitar Branch of the second Branch of the fifth pair of Nerves.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 221 The *infra-orbitary or maxillary branch of nerves.
1802–12Bentham Ration. Jud. Evid. (1827) I. 61 A mass or lot of *infra-ordinary or inferior evidence.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 723 When the growth is below the biliary papilla, or *infra-papillary, the bile and pancreatic juice tend to regurgitate through the dilated duodenum.
1881Watson in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XV. No. 85. 273 With a broadish *infraperipherial chestnut band.
1854Austen in Proc. Geol. Soc. (1855) XI. 116 Terrestrial surface *infraposed to the Drift-gravels.
1839Murchison Silur. Syst. i. ii. 25 A similar *infraposition of saliferous marls may be seen at Moss Hill farm. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xlii. (1856) 396 The infraposition and superposition of two fluids of differing densities.
1876Gross Dis. Bladder 133 Termed the *infrapubic puncture.
1885R. J. H. Gibson in Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. XXXII. 627 On the top of the muscles of the *infraradular sheet there are two ganglia united to each other and to their fellows on the opposite side.
1933Mind XLII. 265 In the concept of life, one may stress either its unconscious, *infra-rational, chaotic fecundity or the conscious order..of its historic manifestations. 1935Downside Rev. LIII. 451 Thus the indefinable element would be irrational in the sense of infra-rational.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 16 The largest of these receptacles are the *infrarenally-placed abdominal air-sacs.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Infrascapularis..*infrascapular. 1879Khory Princ. Med. 45 Infra-scapular [region], which extends from the angle of the scapula to the lower margin of the thorax below and to the spine behind.
1939Entomol. News L. 198 In practice they propose *infra-specific names—polynomials as well as trinomials—in proper Latin form. 1970Watsonia VIII. 42 The geographical significance of this variation should not be lost sight of and may eventually receive taxonomic recognition at some infra-specific level.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Infraspinatus, The..*infraspinal cavity, or fossa of the scapula. 1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 569/2 The spine is..so placed as to divide the dorsum of the scapula into a supra-spinal and infra-spinal depression. 1854Owen Skel. & Teeth in Circ. Sc., Organ. Nat. I. 251 The supraspinal fossa of the scapula is less deep than the infraspinal one.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Infraspinatus, applied to a muscle of the shoulder,..*infraspinate.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 974 Paralysis of the supra and *infra-spinators.
1855Holden Hum. Osteol. (1878) 142 Gives origin to the *infra-spinatus. 1872Mivart Elem. Anat. 154 The infra-spinatus fossa and subscapular fossa together forming its actual outer surface.
1879Khory Princ. Med. 45 *Infra-spinous [region] to the infra-spinous fossa.
1884Coues Key N. Amer. Birds 154 The stylo-hyal, will join the extra-stapedial plate, and the afterward chondrified band of union will be the *infra-stapedial. Ibid. 186 The stylo-hyal..represented by another claw of the stapes (an infra-stapedial element).
1879Khory Princ. Med. 44 *Infra-sternal [region], that which extends from the third cartilage to the lower end of the sternum.
1880Watson in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XV. No. 82. 97 Longitudinal puckerings stretching down from the *infrasutural row of beads.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 309 This [presence of glycosurin] is more especially the case in *infra-tentorial disease.
1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xlviii. (1856) 454 Some of Martin's imaginings of *infraterrene architecture.
1840G. V. Ellis Anat. 76 Very small filaments from the supra-trochlear..and from the *infra-trochlear. 1875H. Walton Dis. Eye 726 The nose gets its nerve twigs from the frontal, supra, and infra-trochlear branches.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 322/1 *Infra-umbilical. 1906Practitioner Dec. 781 A supra-umbilical and infra-umbilical zone. 1967Gray's Anat. (ed. 34) 641 In its infra-umbilical portion the linea alba is narrow.
1898G. E. Herman Dis. Women 121 Elongation of the *infra-vaginal portions of the anterior cervical wall. |