| 释义 |
vitriol, n.|ˈvɪtrɪəl|
Forms: 4–5 vitriole, 5 vit-, vytreole, 5–6 vytryol(e, 6–7 vitrioll (6 -olle), 5– vitriol; 5–7 vitriall, 6–7 vitrial, 7 vitraell.
[a. OF. (also F.) vitriol 13th c.; = Sp. and Pg. vitriolo, It. vetriolo, -iuolo, vitriolo, -iuolo, -ivuolo) or directly ad. med.L. vitriolum (Albertus Magnus) f. vitrum glass.]
1. One or other of various native or artificial sulphates of metals (see 2 and 3) used in the arts or medicinally, esp. sulphate of iron:
a. Used in sing. without article.
c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 255 Vnslekked lym, chalk,..Poudres diuerse, asshes,..Cered pottes, sal peter, vitriole. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 579 Draganti, vytryole, or coporose. a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula, etc. 40 Puluerez of alume, zucarine brent, of attrament, and of vitriol. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. Adm. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 190 Also I wrought in Sulphur and in Vitriall, Whych folys doe call the Grene Lyon. 1527Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters F j b, Halfe an ounce of vytryol wherof the ynke is made. 1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 317/1 Bloodstenchinge. Take of the best Vitriolle, beate it smalle, and boulte it through a fine cloth. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 210 Copperas or Vitriol..is a mineral salt which..doth farre excel many other kinds of salts. 1681tr. Belon's Myst. Physick Introd. 38 Those Acides, and acrimonious Particles of the Salt and Vitriol which had caused its Sublimation. 1718Quincy Compl. Disp. 8 The last is what is forced from Vinegar, Vitriol, and such like acid Substances. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., The Antients give the Name Chalcitis, or Chalcite, to native Vitriol;..which is a kind of mineral Stone, of a reddish Colour. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 124 Besides sulphur, vitriol is also made here, of a sapphire colour. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 359 The chloride of calcium melting easily in the still, enables the whole of the acetic acid to be evolved at a lower temperature than when vitriol is employed. 1879McCarthy Own Times xviii. II. 26 The use of vitriol was recommended among other destructive agencies.
b. In pl. (or with a).
a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula, etc. 79 Of atramentez, i. of vitriolez, bene many kyndez. 1605Timme Quersit. i. ix. 37 Some of these salts are bytter as wormewood, some sharpe as vitriolls. 1656J. Smith Pract. Physick 6 They that drink of them purge forth black excrements by reason of the vitrials. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., According to Boerhaave, Vitriols consist of a metallic Part with a Sulphur adhering, a menstruous Acid, and Water. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 395 Vitriols have been discovered buried in the ancient sandy bed of that sea. 1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 1004 The several vitriols being distinguished by their colours, or by the metals which they contain.
2. With distinguishing epithets:
a. With adjs. of colour. blue vitriol, green vitriol, red vitriol, white vitriol, sulphate of copper, iron, cobalt, and zinc respectively.
c1400tr. Lanfranc's Cirurg. 14 Grene vitriol, & he be do to a man of a drie complexioun, engendrith fleisch. [a1425tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula, etc. 79 Þer is a spice of vitriol þat is called vitriolum romanum, i. coporose; And it is of ȝalow colour in reward of þe grenner vitriol. And þer is one of white colour bot noȝt schynyng.] 1611Cotgr., Marcassin iaulne, Red vitrioll. 1676Phil. Trans. XI. 617 A salt that had some resemblance to white Vitriol. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., In Blue Vitriol, the Metal, where⁓with the Acid, etc. is join'd, is Copper. 1751Gibson Diseases Horses iii. iii. 193 In some cases it [sc. the horse's eye] may be touched with the blue Vitriol stone, or the Lunar caustic. 1758Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 66 Green Vitriol hath a saltish and astringent taste. 1819Brande Chem. 247 Copper and Sulphuric Acid—Oxysulphate of Copper—Blue Vitriol. 1837Dana Min. 180 Cobalt Vitriol..Red Vitriol. Sulphate of Cobalt. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., White vitriol is a combination of sulphuric-acid and oxide of zinc. 1887Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. IV. 224/2 Ferrous sulphate is the salt so well known as green vitriol, and also in the impure state as copperas.
b. With other adjs., as English vitriol, German vitriol, Hungarian vitriol, Roman vitriol.
1573Art of Limming 7 Then put in it two unces of greene Coporas, or els of Romayne Vitrial, which is beste. 1611Cotgr., Vitriol d'Allemagne, German Vitrioll. Ibid., Vitriol d'Hongrie, Hungarie Vitrioll. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 134 The English bring into France..Leade, Tynne, English Vitriall, or Shoemakers blacke. 1651French Distill. iii. 66 Take of Hungarian, or the best English Vitriall. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., Roman Vitriol is made by exposing these Pyrites to the Air, till such time as they calcine. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece i. i. 46 Take Hungarian Vitriol, Allum, of each half a Pound, Phlegm of Vitriol 10 Pounds. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 505/1 Sulphuric acid and copper form sulphate of copper, blue vitriol, or Roman vitriol, or blue copperas.
3. With term indicating the base, as vitriol of cobalt, copper, iron, lead, silver, etc.
1695W. W. New Light Chirurg. Put out 61 The Pouder consists of a Vitriol of Copper. 1699Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1715) 453/1 Of this opened Sol, to make Vitriol of Gold. 1704Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vitriol of Copper or Venus, is Blue Chrystals made by a Solution of Copper in Spirit of Nitre, Evaporation, and Chrystallization in a cool place. Ibid., Vitriol of Silver, or of the Moon. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v., Of this kind are the Vitriols of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. Ibid., Vitriol of Quicksilver, the name of a chemical preparation of quick⁓silver, with acid spirits. Ibid., Another method of making the Vitriol of mercury. 1791Phil. Trans. LXXXI. 381 Fused..on a plate of platina, with the vitriols of tartar and soda, it appeared entirely to resist their action. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 90 If they are considered..as Vitriols of Cobalt and Nickel, they are ranged among Ores. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 288 The patient bore large doses of the vitriols of copper and of zinc.
†b. vitriol of Mars, Moon, Venus, etc. (see quots. and 1704 in prec.). Obs.
1678Salmon Pharm. Lond. 836/2 Filings of Steel are digested in Spirit of Vitriol, to make Vitriol of Mars. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Vitriol of Mars, Iron and Spirit of Vitriol mix'd and distill'd together. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vitriol of Mars, or Salt of Steel, is made by dissolving Steel in some proper Acid Menstruum then Evaporating and Chrystallizing to gain the Salt as above in Copper. 1758Reid tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 66 These crystals are called Green Vitriol, and Vitriol of Mars.
4. a. oil of vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid.
1580Frampton tr. Monardes' Med. agst. Venome 117 b, In our time there hath been compounded and drawen out an Oyle, which they call Oyle of Vitrioll or Coporace. 1611Cotgr., Huile de vie, Oyle of Vitrioll. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxii. 176 This we fill'd with Oyl of Vitriol and fair water. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v., Oil of Vitriol, which comes out after the Spirit, by heightning the Fire wherewith that had been rais'd. 1779Phil. Trans. LXX. 31 Add, by a little at a time, as much vitriolic acid, commonly sold by the name of oil of vitriol, as will re-dissolve the whole. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xv. (1842) 391 Pouring in so much concentrated oil of vitriol as shall moisten the fragments. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 102 Water made slightly sour by addition of a little oil of vitriol.
b. spirit(s) of vitriol, a distilled essence of vitriol.
1671R. Bohun Wind 175 Such as Oyl of Tartar and spirit of Vitriol. 1674Phil. Trans. IX. 44 As for the Acid Saline Principle, I suppose no person who hath tasted the Spirit of Vitriol,..will question its abounding in that subject. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Salt, Spirit of Nitre,..Spirit of Salt,..and Spirit of Vitriol. 1771Encycl. Brit. II. 72/1 If the vitriolic acid contain much water, it is then called spirit of vitriol. 1789W. Buchan Dom. Med. (1790) 223 This may be sharpened with the spirits of vitriol. 1859Mayne Expos. Lex. 1336 Vitriol, Sweet Spirit of,..a term for..sulphuric ether.
fig.1679Alsop Melius Inq. ii. i. 174 The Medicine is the same; only Rome has added a few drops of the Spirits of Vitriol.
†c. colcothar, earth, salt, of vitriol: see quots.
Also elixir of vitriol: see elixir n. 4.
1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. i. 21 Comatous children are..cured by Vomitive Salt of Vitriol. 1699Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1715) 453/2 Terra Vitrioli dulcis, sweet Earth of Vitriol. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Sulphur, Colcothar, or fixed salt of vitriol. 1755Dict. Arts & Sci. s.v., A fine purple matter, called colcothar of vitriol. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 95 Take red calcined vitriol, or colcothar of vitriol.
5. fig. (In allusion to the corrosive properties of vitriol.) Virulence or acrimony of feeling or utterance.
1769Junius Lett. xv. (1788) 90 Flat and insipid in your retired state, but brought into action you become vitriol again. 1872Spurgeon Treas. David Ps. lv. 3 They..cast the vitriol of their calumny over me. 1895Literary World (Boston) 8 Nov. 359/1 This introduction, with its mixture of genius, shrewdness, and vitriol, is a piece of prose not to be missed.
6. attrib. and Comb., as vitriol bath, vitriol chamber, vitriol-maker, vitriol marcasite, vitriol-thrower, vitriol-throwing, vitriol water; vitriol ochre, a former name of glockerite; † vitriol stone, a native vitriol or sulphate.
1669Boyle Certain Physiol. Ess. (ed. 2) Absol. Rest Bodies 15 A bulky Marchasite that I procur'd from a Virtuoso that lives just by a Vitriol-work, whither these among other Vitriol-Stones are brought. 1670[see vitriolic a. 1]. 1675E. Wilson Spadacr. Dunelm. 43 Two vitriol waters in the Copper Mine of Herongrundt. 1676Wiseman Surg. Treat. v. ix. 378 If in the incarning the Wound the Flesh grows luxurious, touch it with a Vitriol⁓stone, and it will..dispose it to cicatrize. 1755Dict. Arts & Sci. s.v., The old iron, picked up by the poor people about our streets, is sold to the vitriol or copperas makers. 1843Thackeray Irish Sk.-bk. viii, We had a talk about the vitriol-throwers at Cork, and the sentence just passed upon them. 1849H. Martineau Hist. Peace v. v. (1877) III. 263 They mourned over the murders, and vitriol-throwing of the operatives, who were enslaved by mercenary delegates. 1867Bloxam Chem. 203 Reactions in the Vitriol Chambers. 1867A. J. Wilson Vashti iv, Compassion is about as welcome to my feelings as a vitriol bath to fresh wounds.
Hence ˈvitriol v. trans., to injure (a person) by means of vitriol; to expose (a thing) to the effects of vitriol.
1897Westm. Gaz. 16 Dec. 5/2, I do not want to be killed, and I have a particular objection to being vitrioled. |