| 释义 |
▪ I. jaw, n.1|dʒɔː|
Forms: α. 4–5 iow, 4–6 iowe; β. 5–7 iawe, 7– jaw; (5 geaw, gowe, gew, 7 gagh).
[c gray][A word of difficult etymology, on the origin of which the evidence known to us affords conflicting indications. It occurs in the form jow(e from c 1375; c 1483 we find jaw(e, which before long superseded jowe; from 1530 to c 1675 there was a collateral chawe. Chaucer rimed jowe with clowe (= jaw, claw), which shows that the sound was not (uː[/c]), and thus that the word was not the F. joue cheek.
If, notwithstanding the want of evidence, and in spite of the late exemplification of ch forms in chaw(e, it may be assumed that jowe was preceded by a ME. *chowe, representing an unrecorded OE. *céowe, ceówe wk. fem., this would be identical with OHG. kiuwa, chiuwa, early MHG. chiwe, chouwe, MHG. kiuwe, couwe, early mod. and dial. Ger. keu, käu, koie (Grimm); MDu. couwe, Kilian kouwe, keeuwe, Du. kieuw; going back to OTeut. *kewwôn, deriv. of kewwan to chew. The later chawe, jawe would then be parallel to mod.Ger. kaue, MDu. cauwe, Kilian kauwe, and to Ger. kauen, Du. kauwen, 16th c. Eng. chaw v., beside OHG. kiuwan, MHG. kiuwen, MDu. kouwen, and OE. céowan chew, the phonetic relations of which are not clearly settled. The spelling with j may have been influenced by association with F. joue cheek; though the frequent passage of ch into j in other words shows that this need not be assumed. Cf. the phonetic development of OE. céafl, ME. chavel, chaul, chol, chowl, jowl: also Marston's jawn for chawn n. and vb.]
1. a. One of the bones (or sets of bones) forming the framework of the mouth, and the seizing, biting, or masticating apparatus of vertebrates; in sing. more frequently the loweror under († nether) jaw, the inferior maxillary or mandible, than the upper († over) jaw, or superior maxillary; cf. jaw-bone.
The dropping or falling of the jaw is a mark of death, dejection, or chagrin: see jaw-fallen, chop-fallen.
α1382Wyclif Judg. xv. 16 In the cheek boon of an asse, that is, in the iow of the colt of assis, I haue doon hem awey. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xvi. (1495) 121 The Cocadryll meuyth the ouer Iowe [Bodley MS. þe ouer gowe] ayenste kynde of all other beestes and holdyth the nether Iowe [Bodley MS. þe neþir iowe] still and meuyth it not. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop 2 He had a grete hede large vysage longe Iowes. 1486Bk. St. Albans C vij a, For booches that growe in a hawkis Iowe.
βc1450Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. v. xlii. (Bodl. MS.), No beeste haþ an euen gut but he haue teeþ in ayþer iawe. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xliii. (Percy Soc.) 210 Dyd not kyng Davyd a lyons jawe tere? 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 270 The bullet hitting him under his right iawe. 1611Bible Job xli. 2 Canst thou..bore his iawe through with a thorne? 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 218 Their teeth are..numerous, and..perfectly inoffensive: they lie in either jaw. 1819Shelley Peter Bell i. x, There was a silent chasm Betwixt his upper jaw and under. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xxx. (1878) 528 The jaw fell, and the eyes were fixed.
b. The parts of certain invertebrates used for the ingestion of food.
1870H. A. Nicholson Man. Zool. 163 The Medicinal Leech (Sanguisuga officinalis)..has its mouth furnished with three crescentic jaws. 1877T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebr. Animals i. 56 In the Arthropoda, what are usually termed jaws are modified limbs. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 696/1 The jaws of Peripatus are formed by the axis or corm itself. 1932Borradaile & Potts Invertebrata xviii. 567 The lantern [of echinoids] consists of five composite jaws, each clasping a tooth. 1971J. E. Smith et al. Invertebr. Panorama iv. 55 The gut [of leeches] has a muscularized blood-sucking pharynx often armed with piercing jaws.
2. In pl. The bones and associated structures of the mouth including the teeth, regarded as instruments of prehension, crushing, and devouring; hence, the cavity formed by these parts; the mouth, fauces, throat.
αc1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. iv. 9 (Camb. MS.) Yit drowh I hym owt of the Iowwes of hem þat gapeden. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. xxiii. (Tollem. MS.), It abateþ swellynge of iowes [tumorem faucium sedat] and helpeþ woundes of þe longes. c1430Stans Puer 31 in Babees Bk. 29 To enbrace [v.r. enboce] þi iowis with breed, it is not dewe; with ful mouþ speke not lest þou do offence. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 195/1 There apperyd on hir no sygne of lyf sauf that hyr Iowes were a lytel reed. 1513Douglas æneis xi. xiii. 69 With ane hydduus wolfis gapand iowis.
βc1483Chaucer's H. Fame iii. 696 (ed. Caxton) Euyl thryft come on your Iawes [rime clawes; Fairf. and Bodl. MSS. Iowes, -ys, clowes, -ys]. 1573Gascoigne Hearbes, Voy. to Holland, At last the Dutche with butter bitten iawes..Gan aunswere thus. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. viii. 33 The hungry Spaniells..With greedy iawes her ready for to teare. 1608D. T[uvil] Ess. Pol. & Mor. 69 Many haue had the victory snatcht (as it were) out of their iawes,..for not making a..bridge for the..enemy to passe over. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. vii. 103 [No] form..discern'd but sparkling eyes and flaming jaws. 1735Somerville Chase iii. 147 From his wide Jaws His Tongue unmoisten'd hangs.
3. transf. chiefly in pl. The two sides of a narrow pass, fissure, gorge, or channel; the narrow ‘mouth’ or entrance into a valley, gulf, or sea; the fauces or entrance into the ‘throat’ of a flower, etc.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 167 Cesariensis, þat haþ..in þe west þe ryuer Malua, and in þe norþ þe gewes of þe grete see. 1618Bolton Florus (1636) 271 Being commanded by Cæsar to guard the jawes of the Adriatick gulph. 1655F. W. Obs. in W. Fulke's Meteors 165 The Ground perhaps open with those inundations, and the Gold fall into the gaping jaws of the Earth, and so stick there. 1776J. Lee Introd. Bot. Explan. Terms 395 Faux, the Jaws gaping between the Divisions of the Corollæ, where the Tube terminates. 1810Scott Lady of L. v. iii, The guide, abating of his pace, Led slowly through the pass's jaws. 1851Mayne Reid Scalp Hunters xxxvii. 283 The ridge that formed the southern jaw of the chasm. 1883Symonds Ital. Byways i. 4 The torrent, foaming down between black jaws of rain-stained granite.
4. pl. Applied to the seizing or holding members of a machine or apparatus, arranged in pairs, and usually capable of an opening and closing movement; spec. Naut. the semicircular, concave, or forked end of a boom or gaff which clasps the mast with its projecting ends or ‘horns’.
1789Trans. Soc. Arts VII. 209 Bringing the jaws of the cap to embrace the stern-post. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 370 The end of the paper is at that time lying even with the extremity of the teeth i i, and the jaws of the tongs closing immediately that the rod j is put in motion. 1830E. S. N. Campbell Dict. Mil. Sc. 39 Cock, that part of a musquet lock which sustains the two pieces of iron, called jaws, between which the flint is fixed. 1835Marryat Pirate viii, The jaws of the main-gaff were severed. 1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 421 Krom's laboratory crusher..In this machine (unlike any other) both jaws oscillate on centers, fixed some distance from the crushing faces. 1881Young Every man his own Mechanic 238 The joiner's vice..is furnished with 9 in. jaws to open 12 in.
5. fig. (in pl.) The seizing action or capacity of any devouring agency, as death, time, etc.
1563Mirr. Mag. Induction xxxii, And first within the portche and iawes of Hell. c1580Sidney Ps. xxx. iii, The graves moist hungry jawes. 1595Shakes. John v. ii. 116 To winne renowne Euen in the iawes of danger, and of death. 1654Fuller Two Serm. 41 Mustering of Men in this case, was but casting away so many into the Gaghs of Death. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 16 Which great strength has preserv'd it thus long from the jaws of time. 1855Tennyson Charge Light Brigade iii, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred.
6. Vulgar loquacity; esp. ‘cheeky’ or impudent talk; also, colloq., a talk, a speech, a lecture, an address; a long talk, incessant chatter. Frequent in the phrases to hold or stop one's jaw (where the sense may at first have been literal, as in to open, loose, or work one's jaws: cf. also to hold one's tongue).
1748Smollett Rod. Rand. iii, None of your jaw, you swab,..else I shall trim your laced jacket for you. 1753Foote Eng. in Paris i. Wks. 1799 I. 37 Hold your jaw and dispatch. 1772― Nabob iii. Wks. 1799 II. 318 Let's have no more of your jaw! 1800Ld. Metcalfe in Fortn. Rev. (1885) June 757 Tremendous jaw from my tutor. 1836P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 94 A rich jaw between..Read and Buckle, who met afloat after a previous quarrel. 1842F. J. Furnivall in F. J. Furnivall: Personal Rec. (1911) p. xi, Had a jaw with Young, which ended, as it began, in nothing. a1845Hood Tale Trumpet xx, Parliamentary jabber and jaw. 1846Swell's Night Guide 123/1 Jaw, abusive language. 1861D. G. Rossetti Lett. (1965) II. 387 We would go to a theatre afterwards or else have a jaw here. 1868Freeman in W. R. W. Stephens Life & Lett. (1895) I. 354 When they talk of right and law, we bid them hold their jaw. 1888D. C. Murray in Illustr. Lond. News Christmas No. 11/2, So long as a man has the sense to hold his jaw at the right time. 1916G. B. Shaw Pygmalion i. 115 Come with me now and lets have a jaw over some supper. 1964Guardian 2 Mar. 7/6 So before the show starts the promoter gives me a bit of a jaw. 1968J. R. Ackerley My Father & Myself viii. 79 He invited the two of us into the billiard-room of Grafton House..for a ‘jaw’. 1972Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Apr. 420/3 Without these things, committee work is just endless jaw and empty substitute.
7. attrib. and Comb., as jaw-arch, jaw-break, jaw-calipers, jaw-chasm, jaw-forceps, jaw-gape, jaw-line, jaw-man, jaw-muscle, jaw-opening, jaw-sheath, jaw-work; jaw-cracking, jaw-locked, jaw-tied adjs.; jaw-bit (U.S.), a short bar placed beneath a journal box to unite the two pedestals in a car-truck (Cent. Dict. 1890); jaw-chuck, a chuck in a lathe furnished with jaws for seizing an object; jaw clutch, a claw clutch or a dog clutch; jaw-crusher (Mining), an ore-crushing machine similar to the jaw-breaker; jaw-foot = foot-jaw (see foot n. 35); jaw-footed a., provided with a jaw-foot; jaw-jerk Med., a jerk (jerk n.1 2 b (a)) of the lower jaw elicited by a downward blow on it when the mouth is open; jaw-lever, a veterinary instrument for opening the mouth and administering medicine to cattle (Simmonds Dict. Trade 1858); jaw-piece (Arch.), † (a) = jowpy, jopy; (b) (see quot. 1886); jaw-process = gnathobase; jaw-rope (Naut.), the rope which fastens the two horns or prongs of the boom or gaff round the mast; jaw-smith, jawsmith U.S. slang, a talkative person; esp. a loud-mouthed demagogue; jaw-spring (U.S.), a journal spring; jaw-tackle (slang), the muscles of the jaws; the mouth, etc., as employed in talking; jaw-wedge (U.S.), a wedge to tighten the axle-box in an axle-guard (Webster, 1864).
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man II. xviii. 111 The foremost of these pairs of gill-arches changes into the *jaw-arch which gives rise to the upper and lower jaws.
1896A. Morrison Child Jago 311 His chin fell on his chest, as by *jaw-break.
1900Animal World XXXI. 18/2 They [larvæ of Libellula] then advance..until within half an inch of their prey, when out shoot the *jaw-calipers, and the object is seized.
1880G. Meredith Egoist II. 105 The gaping *jaw-chasm of his greed.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. s.v. Chuck, [figure] k is an independent *jaw chuck.
1893Langmaid & Gaisford Elem. Less. Steam Machinery vi. 62 A common form of this fitting is the *jaw clutch. 1907Jaw clutch [see change-speed (change n. 12 a)]. 1911Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 927/1 A clutch of this description can be made to engage without difficulty, there being no fixed positions or steps such as one associates with the ordinary jaw-clutch. 1936W. Staniar Mech. Power Transmission Handbk. vii. 267 Jaw Clutches.—This type of clutch is employed for moderate and heavy rough driving... It consists of a square or spiral jaw portion which is keyed to the driving shaft and a sleeve portion equipped with square or spiral jaws into which the driving portion can be engaged. With this type of clutch..the pick-up is instantaneous, resulting therefore in shock. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. III. 224/1 Although square jaw clutches are the strongest and most elementary to construct, the difficulty of engagement limits their use... A modification..to permit more convenient engagement and to provide a more gradual movement of the mating faces toward each other produces the spiral jaw clutch.
1883Illustr. Lond. News 8 Dec. 551/1 (Farmer) Such *jaw-cracking jokes.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 421 A similar manner to that in which the *jaw-crusher operates so effectually on large pieces of ore.
1871T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 422 The term *jaw-feet has now, by common consent, become the appellation by which they are distinguished. 1883A. Wilson in Longm. Mag. II. 48 The curious jaws, jaw-feet, and legs of the armoured crustacean.
1900Animal World XXXI. 18/2 The snatch of their *jaw-forceps is so quick it takes good eyesight to see it.
1898G. Meredith Odes Fr. Hist. 11 Lyrical on into death's red roaring *jaw-gape.
1886A. de Watteville in Brain VIII. 518 It does not appear to be generally known that a ‘*jaw-jerk’ can be readily elicited... The phenomenon is clearly of the same nature as that of the ‘knee-jerk’, and is due to the sudden stretching of the masseter and other muscles of mastication. Hence the name I have ventured to give to it, in preference to the longer and less accurate term mandibular (or masseteric) tendon-reaction (or reflex). 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxiv. 12/2 This jerk [sc. the knee jerk] is one of a whole family of tendon jerks... They include the Achilles tendon or ankle jerk..the biceps and triceps jerks.., and the masseter-temporalis or jaw jerk.
1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid xiv. 144 Perhaps his *jaw-line was a little tenser. 1971Chatelaine Aug. 41/2 Tweezing stragglers over nose bridge and applying tawny blusher from brows to jawline livened her skin and slimmed her face.
1807E. S. Barrett Rising Sun III. 130 Their tongues..were, for some minutes, *jaw-locked, after beholding this dismal portent.
1894Doyle Round the Red Lamp 203 He was himself a *jawman, ‘a mere jawman’, as he modestly puts it, but in point of fact he [a surgeon] is too young..to confine himself to a specialty.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 301 In effort of any sort, contractions of the *jaw-muscles and of those of respiration are added to those of the brow and glottis. 1929W. Faulkner Sound & Fury 140 My jaw-muscles getting numb.
1958E. Fischer-Jørgensen in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 131/2 Slow *jaw-opening might rather be combined with a fortis-lenis difference.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 73 b, The *iawe pece of the said selyng: whiche pece was guilte with fine Golde. Ibid. 156 b, The Iawe peces and crestes were karved wyth Vinettes and trailes of savage worke, and richely gilted with gold and Bise. 1886Willis & Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. I. 283 A ‘jaw-piece’ or triangular piece of wood..interposed between [the principal] itself and the spars forming the roof.
1881*Jaw process [see gnathobase]. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 697/1 The usual uni-ramose limb found in the various classes of Arthropoda..varies as to the presence or absence of the jaw-process.
1833Marryat P. Simple li, I..disengaged the *jaw-rope and small gear about the mast. 1886F. H. H. Guillemard Cruise ‘Marchesa’ I. 230 The jaw-rope had carried away.
1875Huxley in Encycl. Brit. I. 770/1 [The] horny *jaw-sheaths [of Siren] might be compared to those of the Anuran tadpole.
1887Chicago Tribune 13 May 5/2 George Schilling, Socialist and *jawsmith. 1910Jawsmith [see hot air 2]. 1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §422 Talker,..jawsmith (esp. a public speaker).
1831E. J. Trelawny Adv. Younger Son I. 290 Van would have countermanded this, had I not clapped my hand as a stopper on his *jaw-tackle. 1884Bread-winners 210 He had never worked a muscle in his life except his jaw-tackle.
1756W. Toldervy Hist. Two Orphans III. 75 My *jaw-ty'd tongue no speech could lend.
Ibid. III. 166 Come, come..no more of your *jaw-work here. 1802Morn. Her. in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1803) VI. 29 An event..conducive to jaw-work in every sense of the word.
▸ jaw-dropper n. an astonishing, amazing, or awe-inspiring person or thing; something likely to cause a person's jaw to drop.
1984EPCOT Center in net.travel (Usenet newsgroup) 25 Sept. I find these block-long monsters that chew the heck out of nature in the icy North Sea or the frozen tundra real *jawdroppers that go a long way to upstage the dinosaurs. 1994Sports Illustr. (Electronic ed.) 11 Apr. The shot that lifted North Carolina to a 60-59 victory and its first national women's basketball title was a jaw-dropper, even for a team whose outrageously gifted athletes found a different way to win all six of its games in the tournament. 2002Focus May 82/1 Even without the shock of the timeless jaw-dropper of an ending, The Usual Suspects SE is one of the most eagerly anticipated DVD releases ever.
▸ jaw-dropping adj. astonishing, amazing, awe-inspiring; such as causes a person's jaw to drop.
[1900Washington Post 7 Oct. 13/4 ‘How much yer gittin? Five hundred dollars a month?’ Whereupon their jaws would drop. Some of the survey boys stretched it to a thousand or several thousand dollars, in order to see the jaw-dropping.] 1962J. J. Kilpatrick Southern Case for School Desegregation i. 66 Myrdal then paints a picture of the South no Southerner would recognize... A *jaw-dropping example of the strange fabrications that have made Myrdal's work notorious. 1980Washington Post 9 May e7/6 It is, as AFI theater director Michael Clark notes, ‘truly a jaw-dropping motion picture’. 1997XL for Men Aug. 16/3 You're brought back to earth by the Land Rover slowing down, so there's no control on your part... It's a jaw-dropping experience.
▸ jaw-droppingly adv.
1987Washington Post 22 Mar. (Mag. section) 25/1 Even by Dinka standards, however, 7 feet, 6 inches is *jaw-droppingly tall. 2002Cheshire Life Aug. 164 The jaw-droppingly expensive wine list included a splendid..burgundy at {pstlg}2,000.
▸ Jaws of Life n. orig. and chiefly U.S. (a proprietary name for) a hydraulic apparatus used to free accident victims from wreckage.
1973San Francisco Chron. 9 Jan. 5/1 The tools, known as ‘*Jaws of Life’ are like big pliers. Hydraulically operated, they can be used to pry apart cars and other vehicles in which people are trapped. 1989C. Hiaasen Skin Tight (1990) x. 107 The second thing every noncomatose accident victim saw (after the Jaws of Life) was Kipper Garth's phone number in nine-foot red letters. 2002Morning Call 10 Jan. b6/3 Rescue crews used a Jaws of Life device to get Fallie out of her wrecked car.
▪ II. jaw, n.2 Sc. and north. dial.|dʒɔː|
[Goes with jaw v.2, the two appearing together early in 16th c. Origin unknown.]
1. The rush or dash of a wave; a surging or dashing wave, a billow.
1513Douglas æneis i. iii. 21 Heich as ane hill the iaw of watter brak. Ibid. viii. i. 136, I am God Tibris..Quhilk..wyth mony iaup and iaw Bettis thir brayis, schawand the bankis down. 1606tr. Rollock's Lect. 2 Thess. 118 The sey when it flowes on a rock, immediatelie the iaw returnes backe againe in the sey. 1768Ross Helenore (1866) 231 Sae we had better jook until the jaw Gang o'er our heads. a1800Sir Patrick Spence viii. (Child), They had not saild upon the sea A league but merely three, When ugly, ugly were the jaws That rowd unto their knee. 1868G. Macdonald R. Falconer III. 65 Tak guid tent 'at ye ride upo' the tap o' 't, an' no lat it rise like a muckle jaw ower yer heid; for it's an awfu' thing to be droont in riches. 1893Northumbld. Gloss., Jaa, Jaw.
2. A quantity of water or other liquid dashed, splashed, or thrown out; an outpour of water, etc.
a1816Picken in Whistle-Binkie (1890) I. 149 Wi' jaws o' toddy reeking hot Will keep the genial current warm. 1825–80Jamieson s.v., The cow has gi'en a gude jaw the day. 1899Crockett Kit Kennedy 57 Giein' a pot a bit syne [= rinse] wi' a jaw o' water.
Hence (or from jaw v.2) jaw-box, jaw-tub, Sc., a kitchen sink with sides; also jaw-hole.
1880Antrim & Down Gloss., Jaw tub, Jaw box, a scullery sink.
▪ III. jaw, v.1|dʒɔː|
[f. jaw n.1]
†1. trans. To seize or devour with the jaws; to use the jaws upon. Obs.
1612Two Noble K. iii. ii, I wreake not if the wolues would jaw me, so He had his fill.
2. slang.
a. intr. To use the vocal organs; to speak, talk. (A vulgar, contemptuous, or hostile equivalent for speak.)
1748Smollett Rod. Rand. xxiv, He swore woundily at the lieutenant..whereby the lieutenant returned the salute, and they jawed together fore and aft a good spell. 1760C. Johnston Chrysal (1822) III. 299 Will you stand jawing here? 1801M. G. Lewis Tales Wonder, Sailor's T. iv, In vain I begg'd, and swore, and jaw'd; Nick no excuse would hear. 1885T. A. Guthrie Tinted Venus viii. 98 What's the good of jawing at him?
b. trans. To address censoriously or abusively; to scold or ‘lecture’ (a person).
1810Sporting Mag. XXXVI. 262 He was then very abusive and noisy; he kept jawing us. 1833Marryat P. Simple xi, I have been jawed for letting you go. 1896Chicago Advance 30 July 141/1 In politics we jaw one another partly for the fun of it.
3. to jaw away: to cut to the shape of jaws, or in a concave curve.
1802Naval Chron. VIII. 470 The top-most part of the cap was cut to fit the rudder, and the after part jawed away, so as to work on the stern-post.
▪ IV. jaw, v.2 Sc.|dʒɔː|
Also 7 jae.
[See jaw n.2]
1. intr. To rush in waves; to dash or pour; to splash; to surge.
1513Douglas æneis v. Prol. 53 Bot my propyne coym fra the pres fuit hait, Vnforlatit, not iawyn fra tun to tun. a1800Sir Roland 91 in Child Ballads I. (1857) 345 For now the water jawes owre my head, And it gurgles in my mouth.
2. trans. To pour or dash (water) in waves; to throw or dash (liquid) in quantity.
c1680R. Law Mem. (1818) 177 When it [the elephant] drinks..it jaes in the water in it's mouth as from a great spout. 1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. i. i, Tempest may cease to jaw the rowan flood. 1787Burns American War i, Then up they gat the maskin-pat, And in the sea did jaw, man.
Hence ˈjawing ppl. a.
a1800Lass of Lochroyan 43 in Scott Minstr. Scot. Bord., The stately tower..Whilk stood aboon the jawing wave. |