| 释义 |
▪ I. whelm, n.|hwɛlm|
Also 6 whealme, 6–7 whelme.
[f. whelm v.]
1. A wooden drain-pipe: orig. a tree-trunk halved vertically, hollowed, and ‘whelmed down’ or turned with the concavity downwards to form an arched watercourse. Now dial.
c1576in Catal. Archives All Souls' Coll. (1877) 37 Quidam truncus vocatus a whelme. 1584Crt.-roll Wormingford, Essex (MS.), Cursus aquae vocat. The whealme est in decasu. 1613Ibid., [To place] sufficientem truncam (Anglicè a whelme) in regia via. 1797A. Young Agric. Suffolk 157, I strongly recommend these carrier ditches to be open, though at the expence of a whelm at the bottom of a field where a cart-way is necessary. 1823E. Moor Suffolk Words 478.
2. The overwhelming surge of waters. poet.
1842Blackw. Mag. LII. 287 Dark yawn'd a cleft in the midst of the whelm. 1888Swinburne Armada vi. iii. Poems 1904 III. 203 They sink in the whelm of the waters.
▪ II. whelm, v.|hwɛlm|
Forms: 3–5 quelm, 4 welme, 4–7 whelme, 5–6 Sc. quhelm, 8–9 'whelm, 5– whelm; 9 dial. whalm, whawm, welm. Also whemmel.
[? representing OE. *hwelman, parallel to *hwelfan whelve.]
†1. intr. To overturn, capsize. Obs.
In second quot. perh. pass. of sense 4.
a1300Cursor M. 24862 Þaa sori loked ai sua for-suonken, Quen þe scip suld quelm and drunken. a1513Fabyan Chron. vii. (1811) 599 By the mysgydynge of the sterysman, he was set vpon the pylys of the brydge, and the barge whelmyd.
2. trans. To turn (a hollow vessel) upside down, or over or upon something so as to cover it; to turn with the concave side downwards. Now dial.
c1340Nominale (Skeat) 360 Apres beyuer hanap endente, welme the cuppe. c1440Promp. Parv. 524/1 Whelmyn a vessel, suppino. 14..Med. Receipts in MS. Lincoln A. i. 17, lf. 285 (Halliw.) Tak a bryghte bacyne, and anoynte it with mylke reme, and whelme it over a prene. 1513Douglas æneis v. xii. 18 And, with that word, his helm Befoir thair feit all void down did he quhelm. 1530Palsgr. 780/2 Whelme a platter upon it, to save it from flyes. 1590Lucar Lucarsolace iv. i. 147 Whelme a new elme bole in the bottome of the said hole. 1604N. F. Fruit. Secr. 18 Whelme downe the maunds, emptying them gently, into small baskets. 1618Bolton Florus (1636) 201 The barbarous whelmed their shields over their heads. 1643Lightfoot Glean. Ex. (1648) 47 On the top..lay a golden dish whelmed downe. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 178 A tub..which as soon as you have emptied, suddenly whelm it upside down. 1687Settle Refl. Dryden 2 That the Earth is like a Trencher, and the Heavens a Dish whelmed over it. 1712Phil. Trans. XXVIII. 254 It was found with the Mouth whelm'd downward. 1796Troutbeck Scilly Isl. 171 Their ovens are large iron pots which they whelm over things to be baked, upon heated iron plates. 1842Florist's Jrnl. (1846) III. 24 Pansies that were planted out in the autumn, should be protected by whelming a small pot over each plant. 1854A. E. Baker Northampt. Gloss. s.v., Whelm that dish over them currants.
†b. gen. To turn downwards: in quots. with reference to Fortune's wheel. Obs.
c1470Gol. & Gaw. 1225 Quhan on-fortone quhelmys the quheil. 1532Chaucer's Wks., Troylus i. 139 And thus Fortune a lofte And vnder efte gan hem to whelmen [MSS. whielen, weyle(n] bothe.
†c. To cover (a thing) by turning a vessel, etc. upside down over it. Obs.
a1400–50Bk. Curtasye 703 in Babees Bk., A qwyte cuppe of tre þer-by shalle be, Þer-with þo water assay schalle he; Quelmes hit agayn by-fore alle men. 1532Tindale Expos. Matt. v. (c 1550) 24 b, As men lyghte no candle to whelme it vnder a bushell. a1651Gataker Parker in Fuller Abel Rediv. 524 Those that are wont to wrap up their talent in a towell, and whelm their light under a bushell.
d. To throw (something) over violently or in a heap upon something else, esp. so as to cover or to crush or smother it.
1624Donne Serm. xix. (1640) 185 Hill upon hill whelmed upon it. 1637J. Pocklington Altare Christianum 96 This Milstone of a consequence the Author has whelmed upon himselfe. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 166 Fig. 3. is to be whelmed upon Fig. 2. so that A. in Fig. 3. touch A. in Fig. 2. 1752Young Brothers i. i, Not seals of adamant, not mountains whelm'd On guilty secrets, can exclude the day. 1888Sheffield Gloss. s.v. Whawm, Whawm that cloth over that pancheon. 1894Blackmore Perlycross vi, With..a broad hat whelmed down upon his hairless white face.
†e. To turn over (soil, etc.) so as to expose the under parts. Also absol. Obs.
1652W. Blithe Eng. Improver Impr. xxviii. 193 The phin made broad, descending or whelming to the right hand. 1759Mills tr. Duhamel's Husb. i. ix. 49 In this plough, the place of breast-board must be supplied by an iron plate, which..is..carried back, and gradually brought to whelm, as if it would fall upon the furrow. 1795Vancouver Agric. Essex 180 To bury every weed by whelming the slice or furrow completely over.
†3. intr. (poet.) To come or pass over something so as to cover it. Obs.
c1440Bone Flor. 683 Garcy hyt Otes on the helme, That upon hys hedd hyt can whelme. 1690Dryden Don Sebastian i. i, The Waves whelm'd over him. 1697― æneis ix. 725 The Tow'r that follow'd on the fallen Crew, Whelm'd o're their Heads, and bury'd whom it slew. 1700Blackmore Job 98 Dismal floods of grief whelm o'er thy head.
4. trans.
a. To cover completely with water or other fluid so as to ruin or destroy; to submerge, drown; occas. to sink (a boat).
1555T. Phaer æneid. i. (1558) A ij, Let out thy windes & all their ships do drown wt waters wylde, Disperse them all to sondrie shores or whelme them downe wt deepe. 1598Shakes. Merry W. ii. ii. 143 Giue fire: she is my prize, or Ocean whelme them all. 1697Dryden æneis vi. 455 He saw his Friends, who whelm'd beneath the Waves, Their Fun'ral Honours claim'd. 1725Pope Odyss. iv. 658 Whelm'd in the bottom of the monstrous deep. 1818Scott Battle of Sempach xxxvi, He 'whelmed the boat, and as they strove, He stunn'd them with his oar. 1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 295 Marsh land..has at last been over⁓flowed, and thousands of the inhabitants whelmed in the waves. 1889Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 105 Flocks, and herds, and corn and hay being whelmed in the deluge.
b. To bury under a load of earth, snow, or the like.
1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions i. iii. 35 So whelmed in sande and grauell, that there is nothing but mere barreinesse. 1583B. Melbancke Philotimus X iv, Whelmed be the World with fire and brimstone, that [etc.]. 1601Holland Pliny xxxii. vi. II. 437 To coole oisters forsooth, they must needs whelme and cover them all over with snow. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xiii. §60. 601 A couragious Esquier of Yorkeshire, whom the sodaine ruine of a Tower..whelmed and slew outright. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. xiii. 32 The Pancreas doth lie out of the reach of Medicaments, being deeply whelmed among the Bowels. 1793–Aikin & Mrs. Barbauld Even. at Home (1805) IV. 3 He..dug over the whole bed, and whelmed all the relics of his flowers deep under the soil. 1801Farmer's Mag. Jan. 52 A size of furrow-slice is raised sufficient to overlap or whelm up all the weeds. 1883R. Broughton Belinda ii. viii, A day that wrecks ships by fleets;..that whelms trains in snowdrifts.
5. transf. To engulf or bear down like a flood, storm, avalanche, etc.; hence, to involve in destruction or ruin.
a. in material sense.
1667Milton P.L. vi. 141 Who..with solitarie hand..at one blow Unaided could have finisht thee, and whelmd Thy Legions under darkness. 1740Dyer Ruins Rome 529 The Goth and Vandal..Rush, as the Breach of waters, whelming all Their Domes. 1817Shelley Rev. Islam vi. vi, The files compact Whelmed me. 1847Tennyson Princess Prol. 45 Some were whelm'd with missiles of the wall. 1864― En. Ard. 668 Where either haven open'd on the deeps, Roll'd a sea-haze and whelm'd the world in gray. 1883Fortn. Rev. Feb. 162 The wind that would whelm the wilderness.
b. in immaterial sense.
1553Primer Edw. VI, Prayer for ryche menne, Lustes, whyche whelme men into perdicion and destruction. 1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xliii. 2 The light of lyfe driueth away the mist vnder which wee were whelmed in heauinesse. 1598R. Bernard tr. Terence, Andria v. iv, My minde is so whelmed with feare, hope, ioy. 1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d' Alf. ii. 265, I lay buryed and whelmed-over head and eares in a well of miseries. 1791Cowper Iliad ii. 204 Sorrow whelm'd his soul. 1832Campbell Ode to Germans ii, And the tyrants now that whelm Half the world shall quail and flee. 1860J. P. Kennedy Life W. Wirt I. xx. 302 Many other ladies were also whelmed in this awful catastrophe. 1891A. P. Peabody King's Chapel Serm., Acts xiv. 11. 138 Christ..whelmed with his forgiving love the penitent who wept at his feet.
Hence whelmed ppl. a., ˈwhelming vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1819Keats Otho i. i, In my grave, Or side by side with *'whelmed mariners. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 145 A common saucer and whelmed pot. 1898Meredith Odes Fr. Hist. 75 These tortures to distract her [sc. France] underneath Her whelmed Aurora's shade.
c1440Promp. Parv. 524/1 *Whelmynge, suppinacio. 1670Ray Prov. 282 (Scott. Prov.) If I can get his cairt at a whelming [1678, p. 379 at a wolter], I shall lend it a put.
1637Milton Lycidas 157 Under the *whelming tide. 1652W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. xxviii. 194 The Coumb or Wing so fixed..to the Share, with its true whelming, hollow, cross winding, compass, just answring the cast or turn of the Furrow. 1658W. Burton Itin. Antonin. 92 The all-whelming deluge of Time. 1725Pope Odyss. i. 210 Doom'd to welter in the whelming main. 1792Wordsw. Descrip. Sketches 207 By Him who saves Alike in whelming snows and roaring winds. 1799Cowper Castaway 13 Not long beneath the whelming brine, Expert to swim, he lay. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. cxviii, If he may live for joys or sink in 'whelming pain. 1861A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedr. 19th C. 166 At a crisis of growing darkness and whelming confusion. 1891Atkinson Last of Giant-Killers 145 Hidden by a whelming mass shot down from the hill above.
▪ III. whelm
variant of walm v. Obs. |