| 释义 |
kinetic, a. (n.)|kaɪˈnɛtɪk|
[ad. Gr. κῑνητικός moving: see -ic.]
A. adj.
1. Producing or causing motion. rare—0.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Kinetic..(Physiol.), exciting to move, or to act.
2. a. Of, pertaining or relating to, motion; due to or resulting from motion. kinetic energy: see energy 6. kinetic heating, heat generated by the compression and acceleration of air by a fast-moving body. kinetic theory of heat, of gases: the theory that heat, or the gaseous state, is due to motion of the particles of matter.
1864Reader 2 Apr. 429/3 Till and about the year 1780..the weightiest authorities inclined towards the kinetic theory of heat. 1866Lond. Rev. 2 June 615/2 Correct principles of kinetic science. 1870P. G. Tait in Nature 29 Dec. 163/2 The grand modern ideas of Potential and Kinetic Energy cannot be too soon presented to the student. 1871Sir W. Thomson in Daily News 3 May, The kinetic theory of gases, shadowed forth by Lucretius, definitely stated by Daniel Bernoulli, largely developed by Herapath, made a reality by Joule, and worked out to its present advanced state by Clausius and Maxwell. 1879Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. i. §357 If, from any one configuration, two courses differing infinitely little from one another have again a configuration in common, this second configuration will be called a kinetic focus relatively to the first: or..these two configurations will be called conjugate kinetic foci. 1881Stevenson Virg. Puerisque (ed. 8) 111, I still remember that the spinning of a top is a case of Kinetic Stability. 1954Aircraft Engineering XXVI. 138/3 Kinetic heating is caused by two related phenomena; first the adiabatic compression of the air as it is brought up to the velocity of the leading edge or nose of the body and second the frictional heating which takes place in the boundary layer as the air adjacent to the surface tends to accelerate the air, through which the plane is passing, up to the flying speed. 1959L. Broglio in Adv. Aeronaut. Sci. I. 216 The design of an aircraft or missile is often ruled by the transient-temperatures of its external surface, due to kinetic heating and radiation. 1970Progr. Aerospace Sci. XI. 64 Another effect which occurs in flight..concerns the influence of kinetic heating.
b. Biol. Of or pertaining to a kinesis (sense 2).
1905Amer. Naturalist XXXIX. 167 It has been found convenient to distinguish between two factors in the effect of light on Drosophila, a kinetic effect and a directive one. 1914Jrnl. Exper. Zool. XVII. 273 Animals, such as the blowfly larva, which respond phototactically to horizontal light show a simple kinetic response when subjected to uniform illumination from above. 1941S. O. Mast in Calkins & Summers Protozoa Biol. Res. v. 277 Kinetic responses.—If an amoeba is kept for some time in very weak light it becomes inactive; if the light is then increased, the organism gradually becomes active again.
c. transf. and fig., esp. active, dynamic, full of energy.
1931H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness of Mankind (1932) ix. 382 In every preceding phase where there has been a concentration of wealth it has been far less easily converted into kinetic purchasing power. 1934― Exper. Autobiogr. II. ix. 658 For the purposes of the state I proposed a division into four types of character, the poietic, the kinetic, the dull and the base. A primary problem of government was to vest all the executive and administrative work in the kinetic class. 1939― Holy Terror iii. i. 218 They were at least kinetic, they wanted to make things happen even if they did not quite know what or how. 1956N. Cardus Close of Play 89 His life was short and kinetic. 1957L. Durrell Justine ii. 134 It was these very defects of character—these vulgarities of the psyche—which constituted for me the greatest attraction of this weird kinetic personage. 1961Listener 20 Apr. 707/3 His was an aural and kinetic imagination, not a visual one.
3. Chem. Of, pertaining to, or governed by the kinetics of a reaction.
1882Nature 21 Dec. 183/2 What may perhaps be called the kinetic theory of chemical actions, the theory, namely, that the direction and amount of any chemical change is conditioned not only by the affinities, but also by the masses of the reacting substances, by the temperature, pressure, [etc.]. 1926C. N. Hinshelwood Kinetics Chem. Change Gaseous Syst. ii. 48 We are concerned now with the kinetic measurements only. 1964Roberts & Caserio Basic Princ. Org. Chem. xiii. 402 Carbon-deuterium bonds are normally broken more slowly than carbon-hydrogen bonds and this so-called kinetic isotope effect provides a very general method for determining whether or not particular carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken in slow reaction steps. 1968G. E. Coates et al. Princ. Organometallic Chem. i. 11 The ‘kinetic stability’ of carbon compounds has a variety of causes. 1968R. O. C. Norman Princ. Org. Synthesis xiv. 458 The para-derivative is formed the faster (kinetic control).
4. Cytology. Pertaining to or involved in mitotic division; undergoing division. (Cf. kinesis 1.)
1894Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 581 Nuclear division takes place under the control of the kinetic centres. 1910G. N. Calkins Protozoöl. i. 29 Definite, active, kinetic bodies closely associated with the mechanism of nuclear division and of locomotion. 1931J. Gray Test-bk. Exper. Cytol. viii. 141 The chromatic constituents of the kinetic nucleus. 1940G. S. Carter Gen. Zool. Invertebr. iii. 43 The centrosome seems to control the kinetic activities of the cell at division. 1960L. Picken Organization of Cells iv. 150 Navashin (1933)..suggested that the number of kinetic bodies (centromeres) is primary and conditions the number of chromosomes. 1965C. D. Darlington Cytology ii. i. 657 Holomastigotoides tusitala, whose giant chromosomes..are always attached to the kinetic body or centriole [during mitosis].
5. Phonetics. Of consonants, vowels, etc.: changing in quality during utterance as opposed to being held constant.
1931Programme for Vacation Course for Foreign Students Cambridge 3 Static and kinetic vowels. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. iii. 53 Consonants can be..static (or continuant), i.e. can be held continuously without changing quality..; or are kinetic, i.e., cannot be so held (plosives, affricates, and flaps). 1956English Studies XXXVII. 68 The rise can be continued until the next kinetic tone is reached. 1961Y. Olsson On Syntax Eng. Verb ii. 21 Kingdon distinguishes between two types of intonation, static, with pitch kept level, and kinetic, with pitch changed in the course of the same note.
6. Of, pertaining to, or producing an artistic construction which depends upon movement for its effect. Esp. in phr. kinetic art.
1957J. Lynch Metal Sculpture v. 105 It might be easier to define constructions, stabiles, mobiles and kinetic sculpture by what they are not. 1964Times Lit. Suppl. 3 Sept. 775/3 The ‘kinetic art’ which is occupying so many of the younger artists today..is largely based on a quasi-mathematical analysis of variation and motion. 1966Cambr. Rev. 28 May 449/1 Schöffer..claims that kinetic works of art are ‘man's biological and psychological extension’. 1967Listener 30 Mar. 434/1 At the Indica Gallery there is a kinetic exhibition. 1968S. Bann tr. Popper's Orig. & Devel. Kinetic Art vii. 156 The majority of kinetic works composed on plane surfaces bring white or coloured light into play. 1969Listener 16 Jan. 93/1 Modern developments fall more or less exactly into two groups which might roughly be called kinetic and psychedelic. 1971J. Willett in A. Bullock 20th Century x. 244/2 Serialism in every art owed an obvious debt to Schönberg and Webern; the kinetic artists to Calder and Moholy-Nagy. 1973Times 27 Nov. 12/6 A good deal of European kinetic art was mere flashy mechanics (the light machines of Nicolas Schöffer, for example) but one of the best kinetic artists has been the German, Gerhard von Graevenitz, who now works in Amsterdam. 1974Evening News (Edinburgh) 10 Apr. 1/8 The kinetic sculpture—the first of its kind in Scotland—was erected by Edinburgh Corporation and the Scottish Arts Council at a cost of {pstlg}11,000. The structure blends perfectly with the rows of scaffolding masking the north side of Picardy Place.
B. n. = kinetics 1.
1873Clifford Syllabus Lect. in Math. Papers (1882) 516 Dynamic..is divided into two parts; Static..and Kinetic..Properly speaking, Static is a particular case of Kinetic which it is convenient to consider separately. |