| 释义 |
▪ I. marsh1|mɑːʃ|
Forms: α. 1 mersc, mærsc, merisc, 3 mersche, 3–6 mershe, 4 merss, 4, (7) mersh, 5 mersch, merche, merssh(e; β. 6 mars(s)he, marche, 7–9 dial. march, 7–9 Eng. and U.S. dial. mash, 5– marsh.
[OE. męrsc, męrisc masc. = M.Du. mersch(e masc., fem., MLG. mersch, marsch, masch fem., neut., whence G. marsch fem., Da. marsk neut.; repr. W.Ger. *marisk- (whence med.L. mariscus and its Rom. forms: see marish n.) f. OTeut. *mari- sea, lake, mere n.: see -ish.]
I.
1. a. A tract of low lying land, flooded in winter and usually more or less watery throughout the year.
c725Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) C 140 Calmetum, mersc. 971Blickl. Gloss. 261/1 On s[a]ltne mersc, in salsilaginem. a1250Owl & Night. 304 Wenestu that haveck bo the worse, Thoȝ crowe bi-grede him bi the mershe? 1382Wyclif Gen. xli. 18 Seuen oxen..the which in the pasture of mershe [1388 marreis] the grene leswis cheseden. c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 796/17 Hoc marescum, a merche. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xviii, There were meruaylouse great marshes and daungerous passages. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, v. iii. 345 My Lord, the Enemy is past the Marsh. 1673Temple Obs. United Prov. Wks. 1731 I. 8 By..the Course of Waters from the higher into lower Grounds..the flat Land grows to be a Mixture of Earth and Water,..which is call'd a Marsh. 1770N. Nicholls in Corr. w. Gray (1843) 118 The marshes which I see from my bed⁓chamber window are become an ocean. 1835Thirlwall Greece i. I. 11 The lake is little more than a marsh, containing some deep pools. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 490 Like ants or frogs about a marsh.
β1671Coll. S. Carolina Hist. Soc. (1897) V. 336 About ye rivers mouth & up the river beyond ye mashes. 1840Knickerbocker XVI. 210, I reckon you won't get nothing for him without you turn him out on the mash. 1876W. Whitman Specimen Days (1882–3) 94 The sedgy perfume..reminded me of ‘the mash’ and south bay of my native island.
b. local. A meadow; a stretch of grassland near a river or the sea.
1787W. Marshall Rural Econ. Norfolk I. 320 The upper sides [of the fens] being frequently out of the water's way, afford a proportion of grazable land: hence, probably, they are provincially termed marshes. 1852L. A. Meredith My Home in Tasmania I. 163 (Morris), A marsh here is what would in England be called a meadow, with this difference, that in our marshes, until partially drained, a growth of tea-trees..and rushes in some measure encumbers them; but, after a short time, these die off..and a thick sward of verdant grass covers the whole extent. 1892J. E. Taylor Tourist's Guide Suffolk (ed. 2) 23 Some of the larger river-valleys, such as the Stour, Orwell, Deben, Alde, Blyth, and Waveney, have these soils laid down in grass, forming rich and well-known grazing land, or ‘marshes’ as they are locally termed. 1892P. H. Emerson Son of Fens iii. 23, I went back to the sheep... I used to drive 'em down to mash along with the cows.
II. attrib. and Comb.
2. a. Simple attrib. sometimes passing into adj. (cf. marish): Consisting of a marsh or marshes; existing, found, or constructed in marshes; arising from or caused by marshes or their exhalations.
11.., etc. [see marshland]. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. (Ellesm. MS.) Ther is in yorkshire..A merssh [other texts mersshy] contree called Holdernesse. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §54 Peny grasse..groweth lowe by the erthe in a marsshe grounde. 1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 44 On the other side of the River lieth all their Medow and Marsh-ground for Hay. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 110/1 Of all Marsh-water that is accounted the very worst which breeds horse-leeches. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 181 Not far dissimilar from marsh-miasmata. 1813Vancouver Agric. Devon 302 Should the marsh-ouze be required for ploughed ground. a1817T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) I. 183 The substance which here so rapidly accumulates is what in this country is called marsh-mud; the material, of which its salt marshes are composed. 1852J. Wiggins Embanking 75 In Essex..the soil is particularly favourable, both to sustain embankments, and as a material for making them, and is called Marsh clay. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 71 Villages placed under the same conditions as to marsh air.
b. Applied to persons, animals, and plants living in marshes.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 165 The same..driveth Gnats or marsh-flies out of a house. 1626Bacon Sylva §526 To take Marsh-Herbs, and Plant them upon Tops of Hills, and Champaignes. a1861Woolner My Beautiful Lady (1863) 109 Lone marsh-birds winged their misty flight. 1870Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 326 A tuft of marshlilies midway on a steep and bare hill-side. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right (1899) 122/2 Dismal waterlogged flats, where only the marsh-frogs made chorus.
3. Objective, instrumental, locative, etc., as marsh-dweller; marsh-dwelling, marsh-girt, marsh-like adjs.
1891J. A. Owen etc. Fishing Village 287 The slow thinking and acting graziers and old *marsh dwellers.
1889C. C. R. Up for the Season 259 Sad, *marsh-dwelling, porter-drinkers.
1889Doyle Micah Clarke 327 Its damp, *marsh-girt position.
1839Bailey Festus xix. (1852) 219 Doth not nature—All light in life, shine *marsh-like too, in death? 1888Rider Haggard Maiwa's Revenge iv. (1891) 40 We..took up the spoor..and followed it into the marsh-like land beyond.
4. a. Special combinations: † marsh butter, ? = bog-butter (see bog n.1 4); marsh fever, malaria fever; marsh-fire, -light, a will-o'-the-wisp; marsh hay, hay made from marsh grasses; † marsh mutton, mutton reared on Tilbury Marshes in Essex, from September to Christmas; marsh-poisoning, poisoning caused by the inhalation of vapours rising from marshes; marsh rod, a measure of length used for embanking work (see quots.); marsh spot, a deficiency disease of garden peas, caused by a lack of manganese; † marsh wall, a dike; marsh-work, work done on marshes; also † an establishment for making salt by evaporation of sea-water. See also marsh-gas, marshland, marshman.
c1450ME. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 217 Tak anote schale, & ful hyt wyþ *mersch butter.
1752Pringle Obs. Dis. Army (1765) 173 These *marsh-fevers are..apt..after intermitting for some days, to change again into continual fevers of a putrid and malignant nature. 1801Hamilton (title) On Marsh Remittent Fever. 1882Ouida Maremma I. 38 Her sons had died of the marsh fever.
1865Baring-Gould Werewolves 3 Its tongue out, and its eyes glaring like *marsh-fires.
1742W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman (1750) IV. 101 Curing coarse *Marsh-Hay. 1839Cultivator vii. 33 The common marsh hay is no better than the ‘bog meadow hay’ of the east. 1852Trans. Mich. Agric. Soc. III. 132 They feed well at the straw stack and thrive on marsh hay. 1895A. Patterson Man & Nature on Broads 50 A sack of sweet ‘mesh’ hay an' a blanket or tew to tuck yerself in. 1924Beaver Sept. 460/2 There is every indication of a poor [hay] crop... The Indians who depend upon the marsh hay have the same cry. 1961J. W. Anderson Fur Trader's Story iii. 24 Marsh hay was used at these posts to feed the cattle.
1870Morris Earthly Par. III. iv. 213 With gleaming, sand-choked, reed-clad pools, And *marsh-lights for the mock of fools.
1770H. Chamberlain Surv. Lond. 649/2 This is what the butchers call, by way of excellence ‘right *marsh mutton’.
1885–8Fagge & Pye-Smith Princ. Med. (ed. 2) I. 186 The remittent forms of *marsh-poisoning.
1790Trans. Soc. Arts VIII. 94 At the rate of thirty shillings the *marsh rod of twenty-one feet. 1852J. Wiggins Embanking 111 At 5s. per marsh rod of 18 feet forward.
1931J. Bryce in Essex Farmers' Jrnl. X. 71/1 *Marsh-Spot disease of peas..is carried in the seed. Ibid., Marsh-Spot is usually brought on to a farm in the seed peas. 1934Jrnl. Ministry of Agric. Dec. 833 From time to time complaints are raised concerning a defect in pea seeds to which the name Marsh Spot has been given. The term appears to have originated from the fact that the trouble is most common in seeds from crops grown in low-lying marsh land... The defect..shows itself mainly in the form of a dark, often slightly sunken spot..on the face of each seed-leaf. 1959New Biol. XXX. 91 Diseases such as..‘marsh spot’ of peas are caused by the low availability of manganese in the soil.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 9 Some building vpon Riuers, some without or within the *Marshe walles.
1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4453/3 A Dwelling-house and a *Marsh-work..with large Store-ponds, and Sun-ponds, for making of Brine. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. lix, Seeing thus no track of men, nor anything but marshwork, and stormwork. 1897Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. Dec. 614 The boots..are similar to those used for marsh-work.
b. In names of animals inhabiting marshes, as marsh blackbird, the American red-winged blackbird or starling, Agelæus phœniceus; marsh cow Palæont., a breed of cattle of which the remains are found in the Swiss lake-villages; marsh deer, a South American deer, Cariacus paludosus; marsh-diver, some kind of marsh-bird, ? the Water Rail, Rallus aquaticus; marsh-fish, the mudfish, Amia calva; marsh fritillary, a tawny butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia, formerly called the greasy fritillary (greasy a. 9); marsh-goose, the greylag goose, Anser cinereus; marsh harrier, the moor buzzard, Circus æruginosus; marsh hawk, the American marsh harrier, C. hudsonius; marsh hen, the moorhen, Gallinula chloropus; U.S. applied to other rails, esp. Rallus elegans and R. crepitans; marsh hog Palæont., a variety of the domestic swine of which the remains are found in the Swiss lake-villages; marsh quail U.S., the meadow lark, Sturnella magna; marsh ringlet, the butterfly Cœnonympha Davus (Stainton Brit. Butterflies 1867); marsh shrew, a North American aquatic shrew, Neosorex palustris; marsh tacky U.S., a small pony bred in marshy districts; marsh tern, the gull-billed tern, Sterna anglica, or the genus Hydrochelidon; marsh tit or titmouse, Parus palustris; marsh treader U.S., a water bug of the family Hydrometridæ; marsh worm, a worm used as a bait in angling (see quot. 1856); marsh wren U.S., a wren of the genus Cistothorus.
1831A. Wilson & Bonaparte Amer. Ornith. I. 199 They [red-winged starlings] are known by various names in the different States of the Union; such as..*marsh blackbird [etc.].
1863Lyell Antiq. Man 24 There were two races of cattle, the most common being of small size, and called by Rutimeyer..the *marsh cow.
1893R. Lydekker Horns & Hoofs 343 The *marsh-deer (C. paludosus).
1847Tennyson Princess iv. 105 *Marsh-divers, rather, maid, Shall croak thee sister.
1836J. Richardson Fauna Bor. Amer. iii. 236 Amia ocellicauda, *Marsh-fish.
1890C. W. Dale Hist. Brit. Butterflies 202 The *Marsh Fritillary varies more generally than any other British butterfly. 1958Listener 24 July 125/2 A series of observations on the Marsh Fritillary butterfly.
1768Pennant Brit. Zool. II. 448 The *marsh-goose, or grey⁓leg.
1802G. Montagu Ornith. Dict. (1831) 315 *Marsh Harrier.—A name for the Moor Buzzard.
1831A. Wilson & Bonaparte Amer. Ornith. I. 90 Formerly the *marsh hawk used to be numerous along the Schuylkill and Delaware.
1802G. Montagu Ornith. Dict. (1831) 188 Gallinule..Provincial.—Moor-hen. *Marsh-hen. a1849Poe Gold Bug, Jupiter..bustled about to prepare some marsh-hens for supper.
1863Lyell Antiq. Man 25 There were two tame races of the pig.., one large..the other smaller, called the *‘marsh-hog’, or Sus scrofa palustris.
1750J. Birket Some Remarks Voy. N. Amer. (1916) 32 Killd some Squirrels and some very pretty birds called *Marsh quails something bigger than a field fare. 1883Century Mag. 653 The meadow lark or marsh quail. 1935J. C. Lincoln Cape Cod Yesterdays 137 The Cape Cod market gunner of yesterday also shot upland birds for the market—quail, partridge, snipe,..‘marsh quail’ and an occasional pheasant.
1829J. Richardson Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 5 Sorex Palustris, American *Marsh-Shrew.
1838C. Gilman Recoll. Southern Matron xix. 131 An accident happening to my horse, I was obliged to hire one of the little animals called ‘*marsh tackies’ to carry me over a creek. 1937D. C. Heyward Seed from Madagascar 118 He could..gallop his ‘marsh tackey’ through thickets so dense that a rabbit could scarcely get through them.
1831A. Wilson & Bonaparte Amer. Ornith. III. 152 The *marsh tern is fourteen inches in length [etc.]. 1852Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds V. 658 Hydrochelidon nigra, the Black Marsh-tern.
1802G. Montagu Ornith. Dict., *Marsh Tit.
1676Willughby's Ornithol. 175 The *Marsh Titmouse or Black-cap.
1895J. H. & A. Comstock Man. Study of Insects xiv. 124 The *Marsh-treaders, family Limnobatidæ. 1902L. O. Howard Insect Bk. 282 The Marsh Treaders (Hydrometridæ). 1972Swan & Papp Common Insects N. Amer. 115 Marsh treader; Hydrometra martini.
1653Walton Angler iv. 94–5 The *marsh-worm. 1856‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 236/1 The Marsh-Worm, or Blue-Head, is found in moist and undrained localities..In colour they are of a light dirty or brownish-purple.
1831A. Wilson & Bonaparte Amer. Ornith. II. 194 The *marsh wren arrives in Pennsylvania about the middle of May.
c. In the names of many plants that grow in marshes, as marsh asphodel, Narthecium ossifragum; † marsh beetle (beetle n.1), the reed-mace, Typha latifolia; marsh bent (grass), Agrostis vulgaris; marsh centaury, Cicendia filiformis; marsh fern, Nephrodium Thelypteris; marsh flower, any species of Limnanthemum, esp. L. nymphæoides; marsh gentian, Gentiana Pneumonanthe; marsh gilliflower, ragged robin, Lychnis Flos-cuculi; marsh grass, any grass that grows in marshy land, spec. one of the genus Spartina; marsh-locks, Comarum palustre; marsh nut, the marking-nut, Semecarpus Anacardium; marsh orchis, Orchis latifolia; marsh penny-wort, Hydrocotyle vulgaris; † marsh pestle = marsh beetle; marsh reed, Phragmites communis; † marsh rocket, a kind of watercress; marsh rosemary, Ledum palustre, Andromeda polifolia, Statice Limonium, or S. caroliniana (Treas. Bot.); marsh samphire, glasswort, Salicornia herbacea; marsh tea, Ledum palustre (Cent. Dict.); marsh trefoil [tr. L. Trifolium palustre], the buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. Also marshmallow, marsh marigold, marshwort.
For marsh arrow-grass, m. bog-bean, m. cinquefoil, m. clover, m. daisy, m. elder, m. felwort, m. fleawort, m. hawk(s)-weed, m. helleborine, m. hog's fennel, m. horse-tail, m. lousewort, m. parsley, etc., see these words.
1863Prior Plant-n. 145 *Marsh Asphodel.
1578Lyte Dodoens iv. liii. 513 Turner calleth it..in Englishe, Reede Mace, and Cattes tayle: to the which we may ioyne others, as Water Torche, *Marche Betill, or Pestill.
1764Museum Rusticum II. lxxxviii. 300 The grass..proved to be the flote fescue, with a mixture of the *marshbent.
1857Miss Pratt Flower Pl. V. 70 *Marsh Bent-grass.
1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 194 Exacum filiforme..Least Gentian, *Marsh Centory.
1857Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. VI. 173 *Marsh Fern.
1866Treas. Bot., *Marsh-flower, Limnanthemum.
1722Quincy Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2) 349 *Marsh-Gentian.
1578Lyte Dodoens ii. vii. 157 The fourth..is called Vetonica syluestris: in English wilde Williams, *Marshe gillofers, or Cockow gillofers.
1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 180 Every appearance of a salt marsh, that is, *marsh grass, marsh mud, and brackish water. 1868Putnam's Mag. May 592/1 Clumps..begin to make their appearance above the reeds and tall marsh-grass. 1936D. McCowan Animals Canad. Rockies xix. 169 His supper was often of coarse marsh grass. 1972Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 23 Jan. 6/1 Acres of marsh grass where animals and birds feed.
1776Withering Bot. Arrangem. Vegetables I. 310 Comarum..Palustre, *Marshlocks.
1866Treas. Bot. 1047/2 Malacca-beans or *Marsh-nuts.
1857Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. V. 210 *Marsh Orchis.
1578*Marche Pestill [see marsh beetle]. 1761Stillingfleet Cal. Flora 27 June, *Marsh pennywort, Hydrocotule vulgaris. 1885Outing VII. 179/1 All the ground about is carpeted with the light-green leaves of the marsh-pennywort. 1960Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 46/2 Marsh Pennywort or White-rot (Hydrocotyle vulgaris). This small, creeping or floating plant..differs from other Umbellifers in having undivided round leaves, with the leaf stalk attached at the centre of the leaf blade.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 384/1 The phragmitis, or common *marsh-reed, grows by the sides of rivers and in standing waters.
1739Miller Gard. Dict. II. Sisymbrium palustre minus..the lesser *Marsh-rocket.
1787tr. Linnæus' Fam. Plants I. 294 Ledum. *Marsh Rosemary. 1845–50A. H. Lincoln Lect. Bot. v. App. 173 Statice limonium (marsh-rosemary, sea-lavender). 1861Mrs. Stowe Pearl Orr's Island I. x. 82 ‘Marsh rosemary is a very excellent gargle.’ Said Mr. Sewell. [1960Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 118/2 Bog Rosemary or Marsh Andromeda (Andromeda polifolia). This small evergreen shrub up to 1 foot high has leaves which are shiny above and covered with a white bloom below.]
1727C. Threlkeld Synopsis Stirpium Hibern. F 2 b, The English use the pickled shoots like Sampire to stir up an Appetite, and call it *Marsh-sampire.
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. cccclxxxi. 1025 Marish Trefoile is called..in English marsh Clauer, *marsh Trefoile, and Buckes Beanes. 1764Museum Rusticum I. 435 That the marsh-trefoil will cure the rot, I cannot, from experience, corroborate.
Add:[4.] [a.] marsh Arab, a member of a semi-nomadic people inhabiting marshy areas of the flood plain between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, in the Basra region of south-eastern Iraq; also attrib.
1917Handbk. Mesopotamia (Admiralty) II. 67 The banks on both sides of the river [Tigris] are inhabited by..Arab tribes, the largest being, perhaps, the Beni Mūlik.., and by Ma'adan or marsh Arabs. 1921Indian Antiquary L. 289 Occasional mounds..are conspicuous, and are sometimes occupied by Marsh Arab villages. 1993Washington Post 18 Oct. a1/3 The Baghdad government is waging an aggressive campaign to crush the ‘Marsh Arab’ people of southern Iraq and destroy their habitat, according to State Department officials.
▪ II. marsh
obs. form of mash v.1, mesh. |