| 释义 |
▪ I. muscle, n.|ˈmʌs(ə)l|
Forms: 6–7 muscule, muskle, (6 muskel, -il, musckle, 7 muskell), mustle, 6– muscle.
[a. F. muscle, or directly ad. L. mūsculus, dim. of mūs mouse, the form of certain muscles having some resemblance to that of a mouse. Cf. mouse n. 8.
The word is found in all the Rom. langs.: Pr. muscle, moscle, Sp. músculo (also in the popular form muslo thigh), Pg. musculo, It. muscolo; also in the mod. Teut. langs., Ger., Du., Da., Sw. muskel.]
1. Anat. and Phys. Any one of the contractile fibrous bands or bundles, having the function of producing movement in the animal body, which conjointly make up the muscular system.
They are termed voluntary or involuntary according as they are or are not controlled by, the will; those which combine in some degree the functions of both are termed mixed.
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 50 b, He kepeth his arme stedfast, inforcing thervnto the sinewes & muscules. 1548–77Vicary Anat. ii. (1888) 20 This Corde is associated with a simple flesh, and so therof is made a brawne or a muskel. 1596Spenser Astroph. xx, It both bone and muscles ryved quight. 1615Crooke Body of Man 741 Contraction is the proper and ingenit action of the Muscle. 1701Grew Cosm. Sacra i. v. §3. 23 In an Urchan the Skin is assisted with a strong Muscule closely adhering to it all along the Back. 1814Scott Wav. x, He was a tall, thin, athletic figure,..with every muscle rendered as tough as whip-cord by constant exercise. 1879tr. Hæckel's Evol. Man II. xxii. 274 In most lower animals, especially in Worms, we find that the muscles form a simple, thin, flesh-layer immediately below the outer skin-covering.
b. Phr. not to move a muscle: to be perfectly motionless. to control, govern one's muscles: to refrain from laughter.
1792M. Wollstonecraft Rights Wom. iv. 121 So ludicrous..do these ceremonies appear to me that I scarcely am able to govern my muscles. 1889O'Reilly 50 Yrs. on Trail 322, I stayed quite still and never moved a muscle.
2. collect. That part of the animal body which is composed of muscles or muscular fibre; also, muscular tissue. Also Phys., the substance of which muscles are composed.
It is the chief constituent of ‘flesh’ in the animal body and of ‘meat’ in animal food.
1781Cowper Table-talk 219 His form..Proportion'd well, half muscle and half bone. 1858Carpenter Veg. Phys. §4 A property peculiar to organised structure, and especially manifested in that form of it which is called muscle. 1866Odling Anim. Chem. 105 note, One gramme of muscle should furnish [etc.]. 1871Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. xiv. 349 The combustion of muscle may be made to produce all these effects.
b. Used for: The exercise of the muscular as opposed to the ‘mental’ faculties.
1850Carlyle Latter-d. Pamph. vi. (1872) 209 It is not by rude force, either of muscle or of will, that one man can govern twenty men. 1883Goode Fish. Indust. U.S. 24 The shad fisheries of the South are prosecuted chiefly by the use of negro muscle.
3. transf. and fig.
1598Tofte Alba (1880) 95 Ah do not (Surgion like) Anatomise Each muskle of my griefe in cruell wise. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 180 A grasp Having the warmth and muscle of the heart. 1878R. W. Dale Lect. Preach. ii. 28 The muscles of their mind have degenerated. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 396 Wild fig-trees, with their muscles showing through the skin like our own beech-trees' muscles do.
b. Force, violence; an act, or the threat, of violence; fear inspired by force; intimidation; a person employed to use or threaten violence (freq. in collect. pl.); strength; influence, the exertion of economic or political influence. Phr. on the muscle (see quot. 1950). slang (orig. U.S.).
1930Amer. Mercury Dec. 457/1 On the muscle, angry, quarrelsome. ‘He busts up to me strictly on the muscle. So I let him have it.’ 1931Detective Fiction Weekly 5 Sept. 436/1 When the police drag his name into every gang killing or big shot feud he makes no denial. This circumstance has given Madden that terrorizing thing known in the underworld as ‘muscle’. 1935C. F. Coe G-Man ii. 26 Winky and Palmy ain't hot for the muscle. 1942Detective Fiction Weekly May 58/1 You were the best muscle in the whole crowd, Julio. 1950H. E. Goldin Dict. Amer. Underworld Lingo 143/2 On the muscle. 1. By strong-arm methods; engaged in any criminal activity requiring strong-arm methods. 2. Acquired without paying as the result of a reputation for violence... 3. Belligerent. 1959Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Mag. Feb. 71/1 Skreen visited..the organization's punitive department. He gave one of the muscles the name of a pusher who'd taken a junkie's credit. 1962Cosmopolitan Aug. 108/3 A female decoy to set Shanley up and adequate muscle to take care of him. Ibid. 122/1 ‘What kind of people were they?’.. ‘They were muscle.’ 1968B. Turner Sex Trap v. 30 Free women, a rent-free pad, and all the muscle you need to keep the things running smoothly. 1968[see black power (black a. 19)]. 1973H. Nielsen Severed Key xvi. 173 The muscle on the trucks..were free-lancers.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., esp. Anat. and Path., as muscle atrophy, muscle bundle, muscle fibre, muscle power, muscle rigidity, muscle strain, muscle tissue, muscle twitch, muscle work.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 381 *Muscle-atrophy.
1899Ibid. VI. 465 The individual fibres and the *muscle bundles become separated from one another; lastly the muscle fibres themselves become opaque.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 298 *Muscle-fibres suffer like changes.
1937Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLI. 1092 The third part deals with the practical side of flying..autogiros, helicopters, *muscle power flight, etc. 1959Daily Tel. 2 Nov. 1/2 There has been increasing interest recently in the possibility of achieving sustained flight by the use of muscle power only. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 189/1 Machines through the ages have been principally concerned with deploying muscle power more effectively.
1901Osler Pract. Med. i. 25 There may be early *muscle rigidity.
1935Mind XLIV. 353 We know by inference that *muscle-strain in our eyes (for instance) is a part-cause of our headache.
1878Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 32 There are two varieties of this form of *muscle-tissue.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 523 A simple *muscle-twitch.
1887Smiles Life & Labour 303 Heavy brain-work..is more exhausting than *muscle-work.
b. objective, as muscle-kneading, muscle-making adj., muscle-relaxant adj. and n., muscle-relaxing adj., muscle-training.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 385 No hesitation need be felt in using muscle-kneading.
1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 69/1 Muscle-making food.
1951New Biol. XI. 101 The muscle-relaxant drugs, which are sometimes given in addition to anaesthetics in surgery. 1968W. C. Bowman et al. Textbk. Pharmacol. xxii. 613 Mephenesin is useful as a muscle relaxant in the treatment of tetanus.
1947Lancet 18 Jan. 97/1 (heading) Muscle-relaxing action of myanesin. 1960R. W. Marks Dymaxion World of Fuller 94 All the sanitary and muscle-relaxing effects of other types of bathing could be effected without the use of any bathroom. 1969D. B. Taylor in J. A. Bevan Essent. Pharmacol. xvii. 162 The neuromuscular junction of voluntary muscle..is..the site of action of a group of valuable muscle-relaxing drugs.
1869‘Mark Twain’ Innoc. Abr. 622 Who shall say it is not a muscle-training pastime, climbing the pyramids?
c. instrumental and locative, as muscle-monger, muscle-worker; muscle-tired adj.
a1849H. Coleridge Ess. (1851) I. 188 That disgusting pedantry which some modern muscle-mongers have brought from the dissecting-room. 1878Holbrook Hyg. Brain 92 A brain-worker rarely eats as much as a muscle-worker. 1899Scribner's Mag. XXV. 102/2 Brain-weary, muscle-tired men.
d. Special combinations: muscle acid, an acid obtained by the oxidation of flesh; muscle-bound a., having the muscles stiff and enlarged, esp. as a result of too much exercise or training; also fig.; muscle car N. Amer. slang = hot rod; muscle case, each of the segments of a muscle fibre as observed by Krause; also muscle casket (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1891); muscle cell, the element from which muscular tissue is derived; muscle clot = myosin; muscle column, (a) Kölliker's name for a fibril of muscular fibre; (b) = muscle-prism (Cent. Dict. 1890); muscle corpuscle, a nucleus of a muscle fibre; muscle current Electro-physiol., the flow of electrical current which occurs on connecting different points of a muscle; muscle curve, a curve indicating the amount of muscle-contraction as recorded by the myograph; muscle epithelium = myoblast (Syd. Soc. Lex.); muscle-feeling = muscular sense (ibid.); muscle fibrin, Liebig's term for what is now known as syntonin; muscle-flexing a., demonstrating aggression or strength; muscle force, the force or power of human agency; muscle juice = muscle plasma (Syd. Soc. Lex.); muscle notch Ent. (see quot.); muscle nucleus, a nucleus or central part of a muscle fibre; muscle plasm, plasma, a filtrate obtained from living muscle after freezing, mincing, and mixing it with salted snow; muscle plate (see quot. 1882); muscle prism, (a) a prismatic section of muscle fibre; (b) the prismatic mass of muscle rods composing the dark disk of a muscle case; muscle reading, thought reading by the interpretation of muscular movements; muscle rhombus, a rhomboid section of muscular fibre; muscle rods pl., Krause's term for the fine rod-like lines running through the dark streak of muscular fibre; muscle sense = muscular sense; also, the sense of position or movement, kinæsthesis (but see quots.); now more commonly used than muscular sense; muscle serum, the fluid remaining after coagulation of the myosin from muscle plasma; muscle spindle [tr. G. muskelspindel (W. Kühne 1863, in Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol. XXVII. 528)], any of numerous small sensory organs within muscle, which consist of a bundle of intrafusal muscle fibres richly supplied with nerves and enclosed in a capsule and which respond to passive stretching and active contraction of the muscle; muscle sugar = inosite; muscle tone = muscle sound; muscle tumour = myoma (Dunglison Med. Lex. 1876); † muscle vein Anat., cf. musculous vein (musculous a. 3, quot. 1656); muscle wasting = muscular atrophy.
1866Odling Anim. Chem. 113 *Muscle-acids.
1879W. Blaikie How to get Strong i. 18 Scarce any man grows earlier *muscle-bound [than the coal-heaver], for few backs do so much hard work. 1909Westm. Gaz. 8 June 9/2, I have met many cases where an unintelligent use of such exercises has..so thickened the muscles as to lead to the condition known as being ‘muscle-bound’. 1918Nation (N.Y.) 7 Feb. 133/2 There has been a curious sense of leisureliness, of muscle-bound movement. 1946R. G. Collingwood Idea of Hist. iv. 189 German historians, muscle-bound in their struggle with the facts. 1973J. Wambaugh Blue Knight ii. 32, I stopped by the arcade and saw a big muscle-bound fruit hustler standing there.
1969Time (Canad. ed.) 16 May 98/1 It is a hyped-up Mustang—one of Ford's fast-moving contenders in what Detroit calls ‘the *muscle-car’ market, where the best sales pitch is neck-snapping acceleration. 1970Wall Street Jrnl. 16 July l/6 Two of the insurers' major targets are high-horsepower ‘muscle’ cars and fragile bumpers that offer little protection in minor accidents. 1974Weekend Mag. (Montreal) 16 Mar. 2/1 But lower drinking ages have crippled the high school dope trade throughout Canada, the big Detroit muscle cars have been displaced by Vivas, MGBs and even Jeeps, and everywhere long hair for boys and short skirts for girls are right out of it. 1975Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 26 Feb. 17/4 The spokesman said ‘muscle cars’, today's terms for hot rods, had used the stretch up to several times a month.
1885Schäfer Essentials Histol. 63 Diagrammatical Representation of a *muscle-case.
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., *Muscle-cells. 1893Tuckey tr. Hatschek's Amphioxus 137 Muscle cells.
1872Huxley Physiol. vii. 159 Myosin (or *muscle-clot as it is sometimes called).
1882Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 9) II. 127 Kölliker was led to term the structures formerly known as fibrils ‘*muscle-columns’.
1882*Muscle-corpuscle [see muscle-nuclei].
1881tr. Rosenthal's Muscles & Nerves Index, *Muscle current.
1877Foster Phys. i. ii. 36 A *Muscle-curve obtained by means of the Pendulum Myographion.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xx. 198 *Muscle-feeling belongs to that class of general sensations which tell us of our inner states.
1961Times 6 Dec. 17/5 Annoyance at the chest-beating, *muscle-flexing, tear-jerking banality of some moments in the second part [of an opera]. 1973J. Rossiter Manipulators xi. 112 Christou was turned over to you as a sort of muscle-flexing exercise. To prove I could do it.
1897M. Mather Ruskin 91 He would use all this *muscle-force [of men] ere he utilized the forces of nature.
1876Dunglison Med. Lex., *Muscle Juice.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. xxxiv. 527 The Myoglyphides, or *muscle-notches, are sinuses..in the posterior margin of the upper side of the head.
1882Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 9) II. 123 *Muscle-nuclei or muscle-corpuscles.
1877Foster Phys. i. ii. 32 The slightly opalescent filtrate or *muscle-plasma as it is called, is at first quite fluid.
1874F. M. Balfour in Q. Jrnl. Microscop. Sci. XIV. 350 *Muscle-plates. 1882Quain's Elem. Anat. (ed. 9) II. 132 Most of the voluntary muscles of the body are developed from a series of portions of mesoderm..termed the muscle-plates.
1881*Muscle prism [see muscle-rhombus].
1879Beard in Proc. Soc. Psych. Res. (1882) I. 17 It was shewn that mind-reading so-called, was really *muscle-reading.
1881tr. Rosenthal's Muscles & Nerves xi. 194 In such a *muscle-rhombus, the distribution of the tensions..is much more complex.
1877Foster Phys. i. ii. 32 *Muscle-rods.
1895E. B. Titchener in Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. VII. 83 Muskelsinn, *muscle sense. 1933Hewer & Sandes Introd. Study Nervous System (ed. 2) ii. i. 71 The sensations produced are those of ‘muscle sense’, stereognosis, vibratory sense, and a sense of pressure-pain. 1938R. S. Woodworth Exper. Psychol. xix. 454 The traditional ‘sense of touch’ has been broken up by experiment into at least five senses. The first to be split off, early in the nineteenth century, was the muscle sense, kinesthesis. 1968J. J. Gibson Senses considered as Perceptual Systems vi. 111 The so-called muscle-sense should probably be ascribed no role in detecting the spatial postures and movements of the body, and therefore it had better not be called a sense. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 147 Formerly, kinesthesis was the so-called ‘muscle sense’. Now it is known that receptors in joints mediate the appreciation of limb position.
1873C. H. Ralfe Phys. Chem. 119 *Muscle serum..yields..1·5 per cent. of fat.
1894C. S. Sherrington in Jrnl. Physiol. XVII. 238 He [sc. Kühne] designated the bundles simply in virtue of their shape, *muscle-spindles, ‘muskel-spindeln’, the name adopted here as the most suitable of all that have been applied. 1972P. B. C. Matthews Mammalian Muscle Receptors i. 47 With the exception of a few muscles innervated by cranial nerves, muscle spindles have now been found in every striated muscle of every species of mammal in which they have been appropriately sought. 1974Bergman & Afifi Atlas Microsc. Anat. vi. 140 Muscle spindles are found within skeletal muscles. Each spindle is formed of two to ten small muscle fibers, the intrafusal fibers, enclosed within a sheath of connective tissue which is pierced by nerve fibers.
1857Miller Elem. Chem. (1862) III. 783 Inosite, or *Muscle Sugar.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, *Muscle Vein, this Vein is Two-fold, the Superior and the Inferior.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 460 Evidence of rapid *muscle wasting.
▸ Muscle Mary n. (also with lower-case initial(s)) slang (chiefly Brit.) a muscular homosexual man regarded as being obsessed with fitness; cf. Mary n.1 4b.
1993Guardian 28 Oct. ii. 11/1 In the self-mocking vernacular of the gay scene they're called ‘Gym Queens’ or ‘*Muscle Marys’. 2003Sunday Times (Nexis) 27 Apr. My absolute favourites..were the toned muscle Marys sporting oiled chests and teeny Day-Glo shorts and demonstrating the sort of moves that would make Torvill and Dean's eyes water.
▪ II. muscle, v.|ˈmʌs(ə)l|
[f. the n.]
1. trans. To move by the exercise of muscular force. U.S. dial. and colloq.
1913H. Kephart Our Southern Highlanders xiii. 262 We can muscle this log up. 1969New Yorker 14 June 62/2 Graebner muscles one down the line so fast that Ashe's volley makes a high, awkward parabola. 1974J. Wainwright Hard Hit 33 The refuse cart is collecting the empties... Three guys..are muscling the bins around.
2. To coerce by violence or by economic or political pressure. slang (orig. U.S. underworld).
1929Chicago Tribune 18 Jan. 21/4 A certain gentleman in the illicit spirits business was accosted by two sinister characters, who ‘muscled’ him,..removing from his wallet the sum of $150. 1935C. F. Coe G-Man viii. 142 Mebbe it's a new mob. If they're musclin' Rap, it won't be long before they're musclin' us too. 1950H. E. Goldin Dict. Amer. Underworld Lingo 143/2 Muscle out, to expel by force or threat of force an individual or gang from any racket or area. 1953in Wentworth & Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang (1960) 349/2 If she persists,..she'll be muscled out of the [Free German Youth] movement. 1958Time (Atlantic ed.) 13 Oct. 15/1 The old Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads had once muscled each other. 1967Wall Street Jrnl. 24 Apr. 32/1 Are aggressive underworld operators beginning to achieve some success in muscling a beachhead among the nation's established securities markets? 1971N.Y. Law Jrnl. 23 Nov. 4/2 Big brewers may be illegally muscling small ones through predatory pricing—that is deliberately using below-cost pricing methods to force competitors out of the market.
3. intr. With in or in on (occas. into). To introduce oneself into the business, criminal activities, sphere of influence, etc., of another or others, by force or fraud; to enter forcibly, or uninvited. slang (orig. U.S. underworld). So muscling-in vbl. n.
1929W. R. Burnett Little Caesar v. iii. 171 If you think you can muscle into this joint you're off your nut. Ibid. v. 182 You know, I been watching you ever since you muscled in on Sam Vettori. 1929E. D. Sullivan Look at Chicago (1930) iv. 50 When the beer organization, which is trying to muscle in, arrives with its delivery, there is a scene reminiscent of the Fall of Port Arthur. 1931G. Irwin Amer. Tramp & Underworld Slang 133 Muscle, to use force or intimidation so as to secure a share in a ‘racket’ or graft, or to force one's way into an enterprise or gang by threat of violence. Also ‘muscle in’. 1931F. D. Pasley (title) Muscling in. 1932Wodehouse Hot Water vi. 123 You muscle in here, pretending to be the Vicomte de Blissac. 1932Observer 26 June 13/3, I began to feel that he could probably beat Lindrum at billiards and muscle in on Al Capone. 1934J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra (1935) i. 13 So the feminine members had muscled in on the smoking-room. 1934Dylan Thomas 18 Poems 20, I would not fear the muscling-in of love If I were tickled by the urchin hungers. 1940Wodehouse Eggs, Beans & Crumpets 57 Beetles tried to muscle in between his collar and his neck. Ibid. 99 And no more muscling in and trying to dictate the policy of the ‘Uncle Joe To His Chickabiddies’ page? 1942E. Waugh Put out More Flags iii. 162 You're muscling in on my territory. 1955Times Lit. Suppl. 22 July 415/3 The technical secondary school is failing to challenge the grammar school, which is muscling-in on the occupations to which it primarily looks. 1963N. Marsh Dead Water (1964) vii. 182 Far be me from it—I mean it from me—to muscle in where I'm not wanted. 1973J. Wainwright Devil you Don't 30 ‘The Ponderosa’ was his spread and no cheap, jumped-up, fiddle-foot was gonna muscle in.
4. To make one's way by employing muscular strength.
1961in Webster. 1972D. Haston In High Places i. 7 He [sc. the leader in a rock-climb] doesn't just find something for his hands and muscle up with scrabbling feet. Climbing should be a balanced set of movements.
▪ III. muscle
obs. form of mussel. |