| 释义 |
noun Gram.|naʊn|
Forms: 4–7 nowne (7 nown), 6–7 noune, 7– noun.
[a. AF. noun, OF. nun, num, non, nom:—L. nōmen name.]
1. a. A word used as the name or designation of a person or thing (cf. sense 2).
In older grammars also including the adjective (cf. sense 3) and occas. the pronoun.
1398Trevisa Barth. De. P.R. viii. xxviii. (Bodl. MS.), Lux and lumen is liȝt in Englissche, butt in latine is difference bitwene þilke twey nownes. c1430Art Nombryng 19 And tweyn nombres schal be tokenyde be a nowne. 1483Cath. Angl. 257/1 A Nowne, nomen. 1530A. Baynton in Palsgr. Introd. p. xiii, Be it nowne, verbe, adverbe, or any other parte of speche. 1586W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 63 Placing the verbe out of his order, and too farre behinde the nowne. c1620A. Hume Brit. Tongue (1865) 27 A personal word is a noun or a verb. A noun is a word of one person with gender and case. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxvi. 222 A part of Speech, such as Grammarians call a Nown. 1725Watts Logic i. vi. §8 It would be very ridiculous..to divide a book..into nouns and pronouns. 1784Cowper Tiroc. 619 No nourishment to feed his growing mind, But conjugated verbs and nouns declin'd? 1844Emerson Nature, Language, Children and savages use only nouns or names of things, which they convert into verbs. 1894Lindsay Latin Lang. 369 The proneness of nouns to take a new gender by analogy of a noun which had a similar termination.
†b. An adjective. Obs. rare.
1657C. Hoole Rudim. Lat. Gram. 99 Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put partitively.., require a Genitive case.
c. attrib. and Comb. noun-adjunct, noun-complement, noun-compound, noun-equivalent, noun-group, noun-modifier, noun phrase, noun-stem; noun-forming, noun-like adjs.; noun-adjective a., of or pertaining to the relationship between a noun and an adjective.
1963Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Mar. 193/4 The English *noun-adjective relationship..as in ‘church’—‘ecclesiastical’.
1962H. A. Gleason in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 93 Among the nouns is a considerable subclass including, United States,..Hague,... These are..always preceded by the except in *noun-adjunct position. 1964C. Barber Ling. Change Present-Day Eng. v. 121 The tendency of economy used as noun-adjunct to develop the meaning of ‘large’... The largest packet is frequently called ‘economy size’.
1963F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. iv. 624 The adoption of numerous French verbs which were construed with à before a *noun-complement. 1966English Studies XLVII. 51 Concerning the noun-complement the author discusses two points.
1914L. Bloomfield in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 67 Any one who reads Brugmann's section on *noun-compounds..will be impressed by the endless deviations..of composition-stems from independent words. 1965J. E. Cross in English Studies XLVI. 108 Such noun-compounds having wulf as the second element are used simply of warriors to express the idea that they are anxious to fight and kill.
1935Jrnl. Eng. & Gmc. Philol. XXXIV. 416 All that the primaries..have in common is their noun character; it would be simpler and clearer to call them nouns and *noun-equivalents. 1954Pei & Gaynor Dict. Ling. 149 Noun-equivalent, a word (pronoun, participle, adjective) or group of words used in the sense and function of a noun. 1963F. T. Visser Hist. Syntax Eng. Lang. I. iv. 410 The direct object might be defined as the (pro)noun or noun-equivalent not preceded by a preposition.
1875Whitney Life Lang. vii. 123 There are *noun-forming suffixes.
1871Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (1887) 305 All the words which we shall include in the *noun-group are essentially presentive.
1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) v. 31 Not all languages make, say, *noun-like and verb-like distinctions. 1958C. F. Hockett Course Mod. Ling. xxvi. 222 A few stems which show no inflection show syntactical behavior so nounlike that we class them as nouns. 1971D. Crystal Ling. 92 We may have isolated a few noun-like words.
1955Quirk & Wrenn Old Eng. Gram. iii. 68 (heading) *Noun modifiers and pronouns. Ibid. iv. 109 An example of a common noun-modifier is and―, which has the force of ‘opposite’ or ‘corresponding to’. 1958W. N. Francis Struct. Amer. Eng. vi. 298 Nouns appear very frequently as heads of structures of modification. The modifiers in such structures may belong to any of the four parts of speech... The most common noun-modifier is the adjective. 1964C. Barber Ling. Change Present-Day Eng. vii. 147 In the phrase an old grey stone wall,..we have the headword wall and as noun-modifiers the adjectives old and grey.
1951Mind LX. 425 A *noun-phrase used predicatively. 1965N. Chomsky Aspects of Theory of Syntax ii. 63 Frighten the boy is a Verb Phrase..consisting of the Verb..frighten and the Noun Phrase..the boy. 1973Amer. Speech 1970 XLV. 133 The grammatical transformation..operates so as to convert the noun phrase that follows the verb into the derived subject.
1935G. K. Zipf Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) iv. 166 The number of different verb-stems and *noun-stems which enter into compounds far surpasses the number of available prefixes which may be used in compounds. 1957R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. ix. i. 278 Sometimes combinations of genitive + noun and of noun-stem + noun exist side by side: a large schoolboy hand. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 37 The premiss that a noun-stem has an inherent gender.
2. noun substantive = sense 1. Cf. substantive.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. v. (Percy Soc.) 24 A nowne sub⁓stantyve Might stand wythout helpe of an adjectyve. 1530Palsgr. Introd. 24 Nownes substantives have thre chefe accidentes, gender, nombre, and parson. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. 133 If the childe but knowe his word to be like any of the examples of a Nown Substantiue,..he knoweth it to be a Nown Substantiue. 1696Lorimer Rem. Goodwin's Disc. ix. 179 The one halfe of it, the Nown Substantive, Law, is expresly in Scripture. 1779Sheridan Critic ii. ii, You have trope, figure, and metaphor, as plenty as noun-substantives. 1832Marryat N. Forster xxi, There is no talking with noun substantives only. 1843Proc. Philol. Soc. I. 63 The institution of nouns substantive, would probably be one of the first steps towards the formation of language.
fig.1705Hickeringill Priest-cr. iv. (1721) 215 The true Church of England..is a Noun-substantive that can stand by it self. 1741Pol. Ballads (1860) II. 267 So I by myself can Noun Substantive stand, Impose on my Owners, and save my own Land.
3. noun adjective = adjective B. Also fig.
1530Palsgr. Introd. 27 Nownes adjectives have..thre chefe accidentes, gendre, nombre, and comparation. 1608Breton Div. Consid. Wks. (Grosart) II. 18/1 Naked and feeble like a nowne adiectiue that cannot stand alone. 1668Wilkins Real Charact. iii. i. §7 The true genuine sense of a Noun Adjective..imports this general notion, of Pertaining to. 1705Hickeringill Priest-cr. i. (1721) 36 Christian Government is a Noun-Adjective, and cannot stand by it self, without such Adjutants. 1786H. Tooke Purley ii. vi, What is an Adjective? I dare not call it Noun Adjective. 1876Kennedy Pub. Sch. Lat. Gram. (ed. 4) §15. 1930 W. Empson Seven Types Ambiguity viii. 300 Here we have the English language..given particular meaning by noun-adjectives in apposition.
attrib. and Comb.a1628F. Grevil Life Sidney (1907) 107 The Nown-adjective-natured Princes, and subjects of this time. Ibid. 166 The Noune adjective nature of this superstitious Princesse.
Hence ˈnouning vbl. n., using words as nouns; ˈnounless a., having no nouns; ˈnounship, status as a noun. nonce-wds.
1757E. Griffith Lett. Henry & Frances (1767) IV. 60 As to the Nouning and Verbing, which he so heavily charged you with. 1858J. Robertson Poems 80 The eternal, unambiguous speech, The nounless, verbless tongue. 1890Cassell's Fam. Mag. Apr. 315/2 The parent noun, while, whose nounship is denied by some grammarians.., can only get employment as an adverb. |