| 释义 |
passivity|pæˈsɪvɪtɪ|
[f. L. passīv-us passive + -ity: cf. F. passivité, passiveté (17th c.).]
†1. Capability of suffering; passibility. Obs.
1664H. More Synopsis Proph. 517 The passivity of that divinity lodging in Christ. 1680Baxter Cath. Commun. (1684) 20 As Man, his knowledge and will must have some⁓what of Passivity, though not of Pain.
2. a. The quality or condition of being subject to external force; the state of being affected or acted upon by an external cause or agent. Also, with a and pl., an instance of this, a passive quality or affection; transf. a thing that is merely passive.
1659H. More Immort. Soul ii. ii. 128. a 1667 Jer. Taylor Serm. III. x. (R.), God in the creation of this world first produced a mass of matter, having nothing in it but an obediential capacity and passivity. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. (1724) 187 These..affections of matter..are proofs of its passivity, deadness, and utter incapacity of becoming cogitative. 1865Masson Rec. Brit. Philos. iii. 184 The mind must be more than a mere passivity or receiving-surface. 1885J. Martineau Types Eth. Th. I. i. i. ii. §2. 156 The liability of matter to be shaped, and the liability of the mind to have perceptions and ideas, are pure passivities. 1958T. D. Weldon Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (ed. 2) iv. 132 Thus there really is a marked distinction between the activity of the understanding and the passivity of sensibility. 1967G. H. von Wright in N. Rescher Logic of Decision 130 He [sc. the agent] can do nothing to produce a change..or to prevent a change which independently of him happens. We may call this case [of impotence] (forced) passivity.
b. Gram. Passive meaning or construction.
1871Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue §523 This of as the instrument of passivity has given place to by. Ibid. §525 The preposition with..in the fourteenth century..was used like the by of passivity.
3. Submission or tendency to submit to external force or to another's will; submissiveness.
1681H. More Exp. Dan. v. Notes 155 The purity, mildness and passivity of their Spirits. 1849Robertson Serm. Ser. i. ii. (1866) 33 The soul resigns itself in pure passivity. 1871R. Ellis Catullus xxviii. 10 You did aptly finger My passivity, fool'd me most supinely.
4. a. Want of activity, quiescence, inertness: † inertia.
1667Waterhouse Fire Lond. 115 The passivity of a potent Army and Party formerly against him. 1740Cheyne Regimen 311 Its Passivity or Inertia cannot be infinit, but lessens as its Density does. 1826Good Bk. Nat. (1834) I. 69 Passivity, inertia, or vis inertiæ, is the tendency in a body to persevere in a given state, whether of rest or motion.
b. Chem. The state of chemical inactivity that is produced in some normally reactive metals following a slight initial attack.
1866R. M. Ferguson Electr. (1870) 140 The passivity of iron can be produced in various ways. 1881Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XL. 344 Passivity may be induced in a rod of iron by the immersion of a part only in concentrated nitric acid. 1940Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. xii. 1010 The resemblances between a metal rendered passive by chemical and electrochemical methods is very marked, and there is little doubt that the fundamental cause of passivity is the same in each case. Ibid. 1011 In certain cases the dissolution of an anode is prevented by a visible film, e.g., lead dioxide on a lead anode in dilute sulfuric acid: this effect has been called ‘mechanical passivity’, but it is probably not fundamentally different from electrochemical passivity. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. III. 488/1 Passivity is usually due to surface films which act as barriers between the metal and its environment... Aluminum is a reactive metal, but it is widely used for corrosion applications because of protection by a stable aluminum oxide film.
5. Psychol. The state or condition of being abnormally inactive or lacking in normal responsiveness (see passive a. 7 f); also attrib.
1927Henderson & Gillespie Text-bk. Psychiatry 88 In other cases the patient believes that someone reads his thoughts... These later conditions are examples of ‘passivity’. 1952W. Wolff Threshold of Abnormal xviii. 436 Passivity may appear as apathy, as anxiety, as helplessness. 1955Psychiatric Q. XXIX. 604 Nowhere is it more difficult to decide whether passivity is an ego defense mechanism or an instinctual gratification than in the study of masochism. 1958M. E. Spiro Children of Kibbutz iv. vii. 146 Play among the two younger groups is marked by an aimlessness and passivity that are two of its most characteristic features. 1968W. Weiss in Lindzey & Aronson Handbk. Social Psychol. (ed. 2) V. 113 Television may reinforce withdrawal and passivity when these pre⁓existed or are latent, but does not create them. 1969W. Mayer-Gross et al. Clin. Psychiatry (ed. 3) v. 270 The passivity phenomena in which this loss of [self] is best seen are indeed very characteristic of schizophrenia. |