| 释义 |
▪ I. retrograde, a. and n.|ˈrɛtrəʊgreɪd, ˈriːtrəʊ-|
Also 6 rethro-; 4, 7 -grad, 6 -garde (?), -grat(e, Sc. -graid.
[ad. L. retrōgrad-us, f. retrō retro- + gradus step: cf. next. So F. rétrograde, Sp., Pg., and It. retrogrado.]
A. adj.
1. Astr.
a. Of the planets: Apparently moving in a direction contrary to the order of the signs, or from east to west.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. ii. §35 This is the workinge of the conclusioun to knowe yif þat any planete be directe or retrograde. c1400Treat. Astron. (Bodl. MS. B. 17) lf. 8 Hit is to wete also þat ȝef þe planetes regnen retrograde..þey myght neuer be made evene as by her cours. c1480Henryson Mor. Fab. iv. (Fox's Confess.) iii, The planeitis..Sum retrograde and sum stationeir. 1503Hawes Examp. Virt. i. 6 Myxt with venus that was not retrograte. 1509― Past. Pleas. xxii. N iiij b, He sette in werking The bodies aboue to haue their mouing,..Some rethrogarde, and some dyrectly. 1574W. Bourne Regiment for Sea iii. (1577) 12 The Sunne and the Moone be neuer retrograt, as the other 5. planets or lyghts be. 1589Greene Tullies Love Wks. (Grosart) VII. 139 Fonde are those women that are inquisitiue after Astrologers, whether Venus be retrograde or combust in their natiuities. 1671Blagrave Astrol. Pract. Phys. 91 By no means let the Moon be aspected of any retrograde planet. 1715tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 9 Venus, when Retrograde,..is nearer to the Earth, and consequently appears bigger than at other Times. 1760Sterne Tr. Shandy iii. xxiii, I would have sworn some retrograde planet was hanging over this unfortunate house of mine. 1808Scott Marm. iii. xx, His zone..Bore many a planetary sign, Combust, and retrograde, and trine. 1880Shorthouse John Inglesant I. 282 Jupiter, lord of the ascendant, and Saturn being retrograde.
b. Actually moving from east to west.
1853Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. iii. §13 (1873) 106 Retrograde comets, or those whose motion is opposite to that of the planets, are as common as direct ones.
2. Of movement:
a. Astr. Apparently or actually contrary to the order of the signs; directed from east to west. † Also transf. of aspect.
1423Jas. I King's Q. clxx, Though thy begynnyng hath bene retrograde. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 55 The mune..is moir suift in hyr retrograid cours nor the soune is. c1585Faire Em iii. 670 But planets ruled by retrograde aspect Foretold mine ill in my nativity. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 127 Thir wandring course now high, now low, then hid, Progressive, retrograde, or standing still. 1693J. Edwards Author. O. & N. Test. 201 The Chaldean astronomers..labour'd to suppress this retrograde motion of the sun. 1755B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. 98 The retrograde Motion in Mercury is but of short Duration indeed. 1833Herschel Astron. ix. 299 Contrary to the unbroken analogy of the whole planetary system.., in these orbits their motions are retrograde. 1868G. B. Airy Pop. Astron. iv. 124 The planets sometimes move in a retrograde direction.
Comb.1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dragon, These points..have a motion of their own in the zodiac, and retrograde⁓wise, almost three minutes a day.
b. Directed backwards; in a direction contrary to the previous motion; retiring, retreating.
1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 400 The partie who tooke this Bill..must goe a retrograde course heerein. 1676Worlidge Cyder (1691) 57 The sap..will expend itself by a retrograde as well as by a direct motion. 1745Eliza Heywood Female Spect. No. 10 (1748) II. 208 They seem rather like buckets in a well, that are always in a retrograde motion. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xxi, Every step that he had taken..was retrograde. 1803Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1835) II. 35 A retrograde movement is always bad in this country. 1847Prescott Peru (1850) II. 326 The sufferings endured by the Spaniards on their retrograde march to Quito. 1880Günther Fishes 44 Retrograde motions can be made by fish in an imperfect manner only.
3. a. Tending or inclined to go back or to revert; moving or leading backwards, esp. towards an inferior or less flourishing condition.
c1530Compl. of them that ben to late Maryed (Collier, 1862) 18 Both yonge and olde must haue theyr sustenaunce Euer in this worlde, soo fekyll and rethrograte. 1595Daniel Civ. Wars vi. xxxvi, Weary the Soul with contrarieties; Till all Religion become retrograde. 1612Bacon Ess., Ambition (Arb.) 224 Ther-fore it is good for Princes, if they vse ambitious men, to handle it soe, as they be stil progressiue, and not retrograde. 1664Evelyn Pomona iv. 13 Nature does more delight in progress, then to be Retrograde and go backwards. 1709Sacheverell Serm. 22 Who..is agen ready to be Retrograde, whenever the Wind shall Change, and Veer about. 1773Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 21 Sept., His retrograde ambition was completely gratified. 1816T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall x, The human mind, which will necessarily become retrograde in ceasing to be progressive. 1868Rogers Pol. Econ. vi. 57 The capital of a country may be stationary, progressive, or retrograde.
†b. Backward; slow. Obs. rare.
1695Congreve Love for L. ii. i, You know my aunt is a little retrograde (as you call it) in her nature. 1760Sterne Tr. Shandy v. xvi, He..would often say, especially when his pen was a little retrograde [etc.].
c. Bot. Of metamorphosis: (see quots.).
1839Penny Cycl. XV. 135/1 Retrograde metamorphosis.., when organs assume the state of some of those on the outside of them, as when carpels change to stamens or petals,..and the like. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 356 If any of these organs become transformed into a leaf, this is called retrograde or descending metamorphosis.
d. Path. Tending to disintegration.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Path. 287 In retrograde changes attention has until now been turned more in both directions. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 33 Obsolescent or retrograde tubercle in the lungs occurs in about nine per cent of all necropsies.
e. Petrol. Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in temperature or pressure. Opp. prograde a. 1.
1932A. Harker Metamorphism xx. 342 The changes which befall metamorphosed rocks subsequently to the culmination of metamorphism..are of the nature of degradation... This class of changes includes what Becke has styled ‘diaphthoresis’, implying ruin or corruption; but this rather cumbrous term has not been very widely adopted. It will be more convenient to speak of retrograde metamorphism. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 34/1 The metamorphism of many igneous rocks involves the replacement of a very high-temperature original mineral assemblage by a metamorphic assemblage at a lower temperature. This type of change, though not strictly referred to as retrograde since the starting material is not a metamorphic rock, nevertheless has all the essential characters of retrograde metamorphism. 1980Nature 29 May 320/2 The Alpine uplift was accompanied by widespread retrograde metamorphism.
4. a. Moving backwards (in literal sense); returning upon the previous course.
1564Chaloner in Froude Hist. Eng. (1881) VIII. 45 [I am] now further from wealth..than I was eighteen years agone. Methinks I became a retrograde crab. 1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, I' faith, master, let's go; no body comes..; let's be retrograde. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 191 The gate of Saint Steuen (where on each side a Lion retrograde doth stand). 1662Playford Skill Mus. i. (1674) 59 This Mood had its derivation from..the winding retrograde Meander.
b. Of order in enumeration, etc.: Inverse, reversed.
1664H. More Apology 557 We will now take a Summary view of all the Objections.., which we shall doe in a retrograde order, beginning with the last, and then conclude. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 421 The Dominical and other Letters vary every year in a retrograd order. 1727–38Chambers Cycl., Retrograde order, in matters of numeration, is when, in lieu of accounting 1, 2, 3, 4, we count 4, 3, 2, 1. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 86 ⁋14 Here the third pair of syllables in the first..verse have their accents retrograde or inverted; the first syllable being strong or acute, and the second weak. 1851Monthly Jrnl. Med. Sci. XII. 39 The incuse and retrograde form of these inscriptions.
c. Mus. Of imitation, etc.: (see quots.).
1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Imitation, Sometimes the movement, or the figure of the notes, alone, is imitated; and that, sometimes, even by a contrary motion, which makes what they call a retrograde imitation. 1869Ouseley Counterp. xv. 103 Imitation may also be retrograde, i.e. the consequent may be produced by reading the antecedent backwards. 1887H. C. Banister Mus. Anal. vii. 153 Imitation may be by contrary or inverse motion..; and by retrograde motion, from the end to the beginning. 1891Prout Counterpoint (ed. 2) 243 Another even more intricate kind of canon is the Reverse Retrograde Canon.
d. Of verses: (see quot.). rare—0.
1727–38Chambers Cycl., Retrograde verses are such as give the same words, whether read backwards or forwards; called also reciprocal verses, and recurrents.
e. Operating in a backward direction. rare.
1797Monthly Mag. III. 384 It will be of infinite service for every species of retrograde machinery.
†5. Opposed, contrary, or repugnant to something. Obs.
1602Shakes. Ham. i. ii. 114 For your intent In going backe to Schoole in Wittenberg, It is most retrograde to our desire. 1643Milton Soveraigne Salve 4 Preferred the means before the end, which is retrograde to reason. 1704Elegy xxxv. 31 Malice is always Retrograde to Sense. a1776Johnson in Boswell (1903) 651/1, I would not..for ten pounds have seemed so retrograde to any general observance. 1797A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) IV. 117 There was something in trade..very retrograde to her feelings.
6. As quasi-adv. In a backward or reverse direction.
a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. x. §4 (1622) 307 If wee will but walke retrograde, the same way backe againe. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1638) 188 [The priest] crab-like goes retrograde from the Idoll. 1709Refl. on Sacheverell's Serm. 21 The Reformation begun to go retrograde in Q. Elizabeth's time. 1771Encycl. Brit. I. 438/1 Her horary motion from the sun 3′ 57{pp}.13 retrograde. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 367 It has been supposed that the chyle flows retrograde from the thoracic duct into the lymphatics of the kidney. 1868Lockyer Elem. Astron. §381 It will appear to us to travel from left to right, or retrograde. 1959A. G. Woodhead Study of Greek Inscriptions iii. 24 The assorted sherds of early date..show writing in both directions, but the majority of fragments..have their messages written retrograde. 1980Early Music Jan. 111/2 Its slow movement incorporates the melody ‘God Save the King’, played first retrograde, later in inversion and finally in its normal form.
7. Of amnesia: pertaining to incidents preceding the causal event.
1935Lancet 5 Oct. 763/1 The duration of this retrograde amnesia. 1960Jrnl. Compar. & Physiol. Psychol. LIII. 524/1 Retrograde amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock..or other trauma. 1969Times 14 Apr. 6/8 Concussion, anaesthesia..and dosage with various drugs, are all known to impair the memory of the immediate past, a phenomenon known as retrograde amnesia. 1979‘S. Woods’ This Fatal Writ 150 ‘He remembered too much..everything..up to and including the blow on the head. And you know..that's just not possible.’ ‘Retrograde amnesia.’
B. n.
1. One who falls away or degenerates.
1593T. Kelway tr. Ferrier's Judgem. Natiuities 26 If the sayd lords of the sayd part be retrogrades or otherwise ill disposed. 1633Prynne Histrio-m. 100 Our Play-hunters would haue been good proficients, not retrogrades, in the schoole of Virtue. 1897Chr. Her. (N.Y.) 1 Sept. 663/1 These retrogrades are to be pitied quite as much as those who..have not enjoyed any training advantages.
2. A backward movement or tendency. rare.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 27 As if with an imperfect retrograde he [man] would return into his first elements. 1643Plain English 18 The designe must on, the authours are impatient of this retrograde they have suffred these three yeeres. 1830A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under 7 Administr. (1837) II. 14 What Sir Robert [Wilson] styles the retrograde of intellect would be the breaking up of these meshes of thraldom.
3. in retrograde advb. phr. rare.
1954W. Faulkner Fable 5 For another instant, the cavalry held. And even then, it did not break. It just began to move in retrograde while still facing forward.
▪ II. retrograde, v.|ˈrɛtrəʊgreɪd, ˈriːtrəʊ-|
[ad. L. retrōgradī or retrōgradāre (hence F. rétrograder, Sp. and Pg. retrogradar, It. retro-, ritrogradare), f. retrō retro- + gradus step.]
1. a. trans. To turn back, reverse, revert; to make, or cause to become, retrograde. Now rare.
1582Bentley Mon. Matrones ii. 25 And euen as the feare of death doth retrograde us; so ought loue to giue us a desire to die. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. i. Eden 502 The Firmament shall retrograde his course. 1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. v. 55 To Rectifie the Table: retrograde the Ruler. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. Moles 37 Say these letters B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, and retrograde them from K to B. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 351 We see, now, events forced on, which seem to retard or retrograde the civility of ages.
b. To cause to move backward.
1910Jrnl. Geol. XVIII. 165 Headlands are cut back, or retrograded.
2. intr. Astr. Of the planets, etc.: To go backward (in apparent motion) in the zodiac; to seem to travel from east to west.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. iv. Columns 391 Then Southward Sol doth retrograde, Goes (Crab-like) backward. 1601Dolman La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 745 The Moone..which retrogradeth thirteenth parts of the Zodiacke in foure and twenty houres. 1654Culpepper Opus Astrol., Aphorisms §30 If a Planet retrograde,..he denotes much discord and contradiction in the business. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Mars retrogrades more than Jupiter. 1833Herschel Astron. viii. 255 The former [sc. Mercury] continues to retrograde during about 22 days. 1875Encycl. Brit. II. 758/2 Seeing that this luminous point..had been stationary and retrograded within comparatively small limits like the planets.
†3. Of gout: To become retrocedent. Obs.—1
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 203/1 The Goute, which chaunceth to one in anye of the Joynctes, and retrogradeth this way, or that way, with greate greefe.
4. a. To move backwards, to take a backward course; to retire, recede, etc. † Also with it.
1613Heywood Braz. Age ii. ii, I can by Art make riuers retrograde, Alter their channels, run backe to their heads. 1656S. H. Gold. Law 14 His Sun of glory may decline and retrograde it, as on the Dyal of Ahaz. 1796State Papers in Ann. Reg. 192 The armies..retrograded towards our frontiers. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 200 Some portion of it retrogrades, and is carried by absorption into the system. 1863Lyell Antiq. Man. 292 The marks which a glacier leaves behind it as it retrogrades.
b. To go back in time or succession.
1819Scott Ivanhoe xxix, Our history must needs retrograde for the space of a few pages. 1825― Talism. xxii, Our narrative retrogrades to a period shortly previous to the incidents last mentioned. 1877Bp. Butcher Eccl. Cal. 37 The Sunday Letter retrogrades..one place, or two.
c. To draw back from a position.
1859Mill Diss. & Disc. (1875) II. 169 All sorts of confused voices called for different things, and most of the assailants wished to retrograde rather than to advance.
5. To fall back or revert towards a lower or less flourishing condition.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage vii. xi. (1614) 710 Thus you see one Retrograde from a sensitiue to a vegitatiue life. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lxxi. VI. 622 All that is human must retrograde if it do not advance. 1816T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall v, Where one man advances, hundreds retrograde. 1845McCulloch Taxation i. iii. (1852) 106 Compared with the latter the labourers may be truly said to have retrograded. 1875Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. App. 465 Some races have been stationary, or even have retrograded.
Hence ˈretrograding vbl. n. and ppl. a. Also retroˈgradingly adv. (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855).
1860Olmsted's Mech. Heavens 179 marg., Retrograding of the nodes on the ecliptic. 1891Athenæum 25 Apr. 529/2 A theory of previous progressive or retrograding existences. 1910Jrnl. Geol. XVIII. 166 The retrograding of the shore..due to active wave erosion. 1919D. W. Johnson Shore Processes & Shoreline Devel. vi. 295 The phenomenon of a shifting fulcrum between a retrograding cliff and a prograding beach plain. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 941/2 The retrograding shore line may cut back at an angle to previously formed ridges. |