| 释义 |
▪ I. rind, n.1|raɪnd|
Forms: α. 1, 4– rind (4, 6 riend, 8–9 rhind), 5 rynd; (1–3) 4–7 rinde, 4–6 rynde. β. 5–7 ryne (6 ryn), 6– rine, 7–8 rhine.
[OE. rind str. fem. (and rinde wk. fem.), = MDu. rinde, rende, runde (Du. run, Flem. also rinde, renne tan-bark), OS. rinda (MLG. rinde), OHG. rinda, rinta (G. rinde), MDa. rind (crust of bread).]
1. a. The bark of a tree or plant; sometimes, inner as contrasted with outer bark. Also with a and in pl. (now rare).
α888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxiv. §10 Þæt treow bið utan..bewæfed mid þære rinde. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 114 Ᵹif he beᵹet & yt rinde, sio þe cymð of neorxna-wonge, ne dereð him nan atter. a1225Ancr. R. 148 Heo haueð bipiled mine figer—irend of al þe rinde. a1250Owl & Night. 602 [Thou eatest] wormes ȝif þu miȝte finde Among þe uolde of harde rinde. a1300Leg. Rood (1871) 24 Ouer þe welle stod a tre..Ac it ne bar noþer lef ne rynde. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 303 Iacob took grene ȝerdes..and pyled of þe rynde in som place of þe ȝerdes. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas viii. xxv. (1558) 18 Trees may not thriue departed fro the rinde. c1440Pallad. on Husb. iv. 13 Too fynger long let sloute away the tre, But saue vppon that other half the rynde. 1523Skelton Garl. Laurel 21 A myghty tre..His leuis loste, the sappe was frome the rynde. 1578Lyte Dodoens 167 The roote is..couered with a thinne..barke or rinde. 1638R. Brathwait Barnabees Jrnl. iv. (1818) 177 Osyers freshly showing With soft mossie rinde o'regrowing. 1664Evelyn Sylva (1679) 13 Other expedients there are by twisting the part, or baring it of the Rind. 1725Swift Riddle Wks. 1751 X. 74 Depriv'd of Root, and Branch, and Rind, Yet Flow'rs I bear of every Kind. 1789G. White Selborne i, Its smooth rind or bark, its glossy foliage. 1839Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 87 It is a long green reed, and has a consistent pith, which, together with the rind itself, is extremely sweet. a1845Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. iii. The Poplar, Here stands the Poplar..On whose tender rind..We carved her initials.
pl.a900Cynewulf Crist 1175 Ða wearð beam moniᵹ blodᵹum tearum birunnen under rindum. c1320Pol. Songs (Camden) 333 And bringe rotes and rindes bret ful a male. 1382Wyclif Gen. xxx. 37 Jacob..vnryendide hem; and riendis drawun awey, in thilke that weren pilde semede whytnes. [c1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 4955 And next besyde..ypocrisie, Dedly of chere lyke a rynde.] c1480Kyng & Hermit 127 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 18, I won here in wyldenes, With rotys and rynds among wyld bests. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 196 The leaues wherof are made of the inner ryndes or barkes of trees. 1600Surflet Countrie Farme iii. lxiii. 576 All aromatical rindes or woods, as cinnamom. 1689Pitman Relation in Arb. Garner VII. 356 We thought it time to..stop the leaks of our boat, and to raise a deck over her with rinds of trees. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 83 Lines made of the Rinds of Lime-Tree. 1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 41 When Oak Bark in the rinds, is {pstlg}2 10s. or upwards per load of rinds. 1835tr. Lamartine's Trav. II. 64 Other trees with long stems and smooth rinds.
βc1430Syr Tryam. 392 To berye hym was hys purpos, And scraped on hym bothe ryne and mosse. 1547Boorde Brev. Health xxv. 16 Take inwarde ryne or barke of an Oke. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Feb. 111 Now the gray mosse marred his rine. 1602Narcissus (1893) 339 To passe from braunch to barke, from rine to roote. 1657G. Thornley Daphnis & Chloe 26 Chawing in her mouth the green ryne of the Elme. c1700in Evans Old Ball. (1784) II. 288 With linden's glossy rine Laurel-tresses intertwine. 1765Museum Rust. IV. 107 The harle or rine of our hemp and flax. 1854A. E. Baker Northampt. Gloss., Rine, rind, or bark.
b. Bot. False, as contrasted with true, bark.
1857Henfrey Bot. 530 The rind of the Monocotyledonous stem, totally different from true bark, is generally little developed. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 90 The whole is covered externally by a fibrous and cellular layer, called the false bark or rind.
c. Arch. (See quot. 1728.)
1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. II. 33/1 The breadth of the rind which is to terminate in the Scroll must..be equal to the Abacus. This rind must fall down on each side winding round like a Snail-shell. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Capital, The middle Part is called a Rind, or Bark, from its suppos'd Resemblance to the Bark of a Tree laid on a Vase.
d. Bot. A hard outer layer on a fungus.
1887H. E. F. Garnsey tr. A. de Bary's Compar. Morphol. & Biol. Fungi iii. 58 In other forms the rind is distinguished from the medulla by gelatinous cell-walls, as in the pileus and stipe of Agaricus (Mycena) vulgaris. 1927Gwynne-Vaughan & Barnes Struct. & Devel. Fungi 1 The hyphae..may give rise to root-like strands known as rhizomorphs, or to a compact resting body, the sclerotium, the outer cells of which are modified to form a rind, protecting the inner regions from desiccation. 1951J. A. Macdonald Introd. Mycol. ii. 14 In a few cases the mycelial cord is surrounded with a dark rind similar to that which surrounds a sclerotium. 1974Canad. Jrnl. Bot. LII. 1128/2 About 5½ days after inoculation, a definite organization of mycelia to form the rind was observed.
†2. Coupled with root.
a. In phrases denoting the origin or source of a person or thing. Obs.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4286 We ar comen..of o rote & of o rynde. c1425Cast. Persev. 1138 in Macro Plays 111 Envye, þou arte rote & rynde, þorwe þis werld, of mykyl myschefe. c1500Kennedie Passion of Christ 124 God hes the chosin to be baith rute and ryn For mannis peace. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxv. 12 Wirgin matern, Of reuth baith rute and ryne.
†b. In phrases denoting complete rending up or destruction. Obs. (Cf. root and branch s.v. branch n. 6 b.)
1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 333 Toward þe North he schoke, To chace kyng Robyn,..destroie him rote & rynde. c1420Lydg. Assembly of Gods 66 He breketh hem asondre or rendeth hem roote & rynde Out of the erthe. c1440Jacob's Well 234 He schal stubbyn þe vp rynde & roote. c1530Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 172 The monster ranne to a tree..and..tare it vp rote and rinde.
3. The peel or skin of fruits and vegetables.
αc1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 181 Frote it wiþ ryndis of an oynoun til it bicome drie. c1450M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 208 Þe scales of notes ant ryndes. 1541Elyot Cast. Helthe ii. 23 The ryndes [of oranges] taken in a littell quantitee, doo comfort the stomacke. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. ii. (1653) 39 Lettinge the cloues & riendes [of oranges and lemons] remaine in oile. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 249 Others whose fruit burnisht with Golden Rinde Hung amiable. 1676Worlidge Cyder (1691) 205 One of the most solid apples that grows, of a tough rind. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. ii. 310 The fruit..is covered with a rough rind. 1764E. Moxon Eng. Housew. (ed. 9) 163 Take three or four seville oranges,..and boil the rinds. 1830M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 301 Those [apples] whose flesh and rind are green are very inferior. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 696 The fruits having a hard rind.
β1558Warde tr. Alexis' Secr. iv. 75 b, Take the ryne or the scrapynges of Rubarbe. 1588Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 393 It is in forme like vnto a mellon, whose ryne is somewhat harde. 1605Willet Hexapla Gen. 215 The fruit..is outwardly like other fruite, but within the rine there is nothing but dust and ashes. 1669Boyle Cont. New Exp. ii. (1682) 183 The pieces of Apple were much corrupted, for their skin or rine was taken off.
4. a. The outer crust, skin, or integument of anything; also, a crust, etc. Also spec. in Anat.
c1000ælfric Hom. II. 114 We hedað þære crumena ðæs hlafes, and ða ludeiscan gnaᵹað þa rinde.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 161 Þanne þou schalt leie in the wounde..oile of rosis, til al þe rynde of þe brennyng falle awei. 1483Cath. Angl. 308/2 Þe Rynde of a nege. c1550H. Lloyd Treas. Health X ij, Take the horne of a gote and burne it..and y⊇ rind that ryseth therof at that tyme take and stampe it. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions i. ii. 30 Those humours so riped, drawyng vp to the rinde of the earth. 1601Sir W. Cornwallis Ess. i, The Lapidary is not sory when he hath gotten the rinde, or barke of a Jewell from what is precious. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 225 Surface..covered with a greyish white rind. 1811Self Instructor 27 Scrape off the thin rind of the quill. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 463 Simple fish-skin. The incrustation forming a harsh papulated or watery rind. 1857Livingstone Trav. xxvii. 542 Large rounded masses of granite, containing black mica... The outer rind of it inclines to peel off. 1950[see adrenal a.]. 1974Nature 4 Oct. 428/2 The ganglia have a cell rind formed by nerve cell perikarya.
†b. The verge or rim of something; the border of a country. Obs.
Prob. by phonetic confusion with rime rim n.1
1530Act 22 Hen. VIII, c. 11 The sayde Dykes, or..any other banke, beyng parcele of the rynde & uttermost parte of the sayde contrey of Marshe lande. 1552Huloet, Rynde of a countrey, fines. 1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xii. xvii. 262 Sticke a paire of sheeres in the rind of a siue. 1608Topsell Serpents 216 Vppon the ridge of his backe..and vnderneath vpon the ryne or brimme of his belly are certaine haires growing.
5. a. The skin of a person or animal. Now esp. of bacon. Also spec. in dial. (see quots. 1828, 1868).
1513Douglas æneis ix. vii. 99 With the dynt the rynde is revin sua, Hys hart pipis the scharp hed persyt in tua. a1550Hye Way to Spittel Ho. 112 in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 28 Scabby and scuruy, pocke eaten flesh and rynde. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 535 To rub the tongue with the inner side of the rines of Bacon. 1667Milton P.L. i. 206 The Pilot..With fixed Anchor in his skaly rind Moors by his side. 1772–84Cook's Voy. (1790) V. 1769 The flesh and rind of which they cut into large pieces, dry them as they do herrings, and eat them. 1828Craven Gloss., Rine, the skin, or thin membrane under the skin. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss. App., Rind, the inner or true skin in opposition to the cuticle or scarf-skin. 1870E. P. Wright tr. Figuier's Mammalia 59 To separate the oil from this enormous greasy rind.
†b. A membrane or pellicle; esp. the pia mater or the peritoneum. Obs.
Perh. by confusion with rime rim n.2
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 32/1 The inner rine of the belly, which is ioyned to the cawll, and wherewith all the entrailes are couered. 1598Florio, Omento,..the rinde or thin skin inwrapping the braine. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. iii. iii. 135, I am of Opinion that in the Brain, properly so called, or the Rinde, is contained Animal Spirit for Sense. 1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2), Rhegma, a Breaking or Bursting of any part, as of a Bone, the inner Rine of the Belly, the Eye, &c.
6. fig. (chiefly from sense 1). The surface or external aspect of something, as contrasted with the inner or true nature.
αc897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. C. 54 On hiora modes rinde moniᵹ god weorc to wyrceanne, ac on ðæm piðan bið oðer ᵹehyded.
1551T. Wilson Logike (1580) 57 The Gospell resteth..not in the outwarde rinde, but in the very harte. 1618E. Elton Rom. vii. (1622) 292 They rest in the outward rinde and barke of the law. 1646J. Hall Horæ Vac. 57 Histories for the most part pick but at the Rind of businesse. 1704Swift T. Tub i, Many Readers..who will by no means be persuaded to inspect beyond the Surface and the Rind of Things. 1758L. Temple Sketches (ed. 2) 53 A bearish Figure is almost certainly the Rhind or Husk of a rude rough Soul. 1813Coleridge Remorse ii. ii, You are no dullard, But one that strips the outward rind of things. 1841Emerson Ess. Over-soul, With each divine impulse the mind rends the thin rinds of the visible and finite.
β1582Stanyhurst æneis (Arb.) 3 Gnibling vpon thee outward ryne of a supposed historie. 1591Harington Orl. Fur. Pref. ⁋iiij, For the litterall sence (as it were the vtmost barke or ryne). 1627J. Doughty Serm. Divine Myst. (1628) 16 Those things which we doe vnderstand, we know but in the rine & slightly. 1681H. More Exp. Dan. App. ii. 285 The Reader must learn to distinguish..betwixt the Rine and the Pulp of these..Symbolical Visions. 1738tr. Guazzo's Art Convers. 173, I very well perceive, that you regard nothing more than the outward Rine.
b. The outward form of persons. rare.
c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 3576 God took vppon him humble buxumnesse Whan he him wrappid in our mortell rynde. 1607Middleton Fam. Love iii. iii, You're my better in bark and rine, but in pith and substance I may compare with you. 1634Milton Comus 664 Thou canst not touch the freedom of my minde.., although this corporal rinde Thou hast immanacl'd.
c. slang. Impudence, effrontery, ‘cheek’. Cf. crust n. 7 b.
1903A. M. Binstead Pitcher in Paradise iii. 79 With that preface they had the immortal rind to pull out a fifth document for me to sign, guaranteeing them the starting-price as returned nightly in The Evening Standard. 1915Wodehouse Something Fresh v. 154 You have the immortal rind to suppose that I will stand being nagged and bullied. 1977Times Lit. Suppl. 1 July 791/1 The Björn Borg Story (I'm glad they didn't have the rind to use the word ‘Life’).
7. Comb., as rind-fungus, rind-gall, rind-hoop; rind grafting, grafting in which the scion is inserted between the bark and the wood of a stump; = crown-grafting s.v. crown n. 35; so rind graft; rind-tabberer, dial. (see quot. 1848).
1894Nat. Science Oct. 251 The Rind-fungus (Trichosphæria Sacchari) described as the most dangerous and widespread enemy of the cane cultivation of the present day.
1794Rigging & Seamanship 8 Rind⁓gall, a damage the tree received when young. 1869Rankine Machine & Hand-tools App. 66 ‘Rind-galls’, or wounds in a layer of the wood, which have been covered and concealed by the growth of subsequent layers over them.
1947R. J. Garner Grafter's Handbk. viii. 181 Unlike the oblique cleft the rind graft must be tied firmly with soft string. 1956Dict. Gardening (R. Hort. Soc.) (ed. 2) II. 918/1 All those [branches and spurs] left are grafted by whip-and-tongue or rind-grafts according to size.
1726R. Bradley Improvements Planting & Gardening (ed. 5) 558 The first Sort of Graffing which I shall mention, is that Sort which we call Whip Graffing, or Rind Graffing. 1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 236/2 Crown-grafting or rind-grafting..is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. 1882Garden 25 Mar. 200/1 The only mode of grafting employed is that called crown or rind grafting. 1969E. Afr. Agric. & Forestry Jrnl. XXXV. 144/2 An attempt was made to try ‘rind grafting’ on the species at breast height..under field conditions.
1670J. Smith Eng. Improv. Reviv'd 89 From the Remainder of the Chesnut..may be chosen 63600 Rods for bark or ryne hoops.
1848A. B. Evans Leicestershire Gloss. 75 Roin-tabberer,..i.e. the ‘rind-tabberer’, or tapper, viz. the woodpecker.
▪ II. rind, n.2|raɪnd|
Also 4–6 rynd(e, 9 rynd (roynd); 7 rinde, 7–9 rine.
[ME. rynd, = MDu. rijn masc. (still in dial. use), rīne fem. (mod.Flem. rijne), MLG. rîn, ryn (still in use). These forms appear to prove that the final d of the Eng. word is excrescent.]
An iron fitting serving to support an upper millstone on the spindle. Cf. mill-rind and ink n.2
c1343Durh. Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 543 In..ij Ryndes fac. de proprio ferro. 1453–4Ibid. 191 Pro renovacione de le spyndellez et rynd. 1466–7Ibid. 641 Pro emundacione de le fleme et factura medietatis de le rynde ejusdem molendini. 1598Reg. Privy Council Scot. V. 495 [They] brak his said myln,..tuke away with thame the spyndill, rynd and trymmill brodis of the said miln. 1639Fuller Holy War v. xxiv. 271 [Cross] Molinée, because like to the rind of a mill. 1764J. Ferguson Lect. 47 The top part of the spindle..goes into a square hole in a strong iron cross..called the rynd. Ibid., The rynd is let into grooves in the under surface of the running millstone, and so turns it round. 1828J. Hunter South Yorks. I. 241 A shield with a device showing the old form of the mill roynd. 1888Jrnl. Derbysh. Archaeol. Soc. X. 54 The spindle being either of the same piece as the ‘rine’ or keyed into it.
attrib.1417Durh. Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 226, In j pari molarum..cum hopys et ryndspindellis.
▪ III. rind, n.3 north. and Sc.|raɪnd|
Forms: α. 6, 9 rynd (9 rhynd), 7, 9 rind. β. 7 ryne, 7, 9 rine; 8 rhine, 9 rhyne.
[Prob. an alteration of rime n.2 The same change appears in dial. hind, var. of hime hoar-frost (Norw. hím), and in the local forms riner, rinder for rimer n.2 Cf. also rind n.1 4 b and 5 b.
It has, however, been suggested that rind may represent OE. hrinde in Beowulf 1363, usually altered to hrímᵹe after the passage in Blickl. Hom. 209.]
= rime n.2 Also with a and pl.
α1575Turberv. Venerie 31 Whereas the ryndes, the water droppes, and other coldnesse doth fall upon him continually. Ibid. 76 Those hounds that are quickest of sente: which are not best for the mornings bicause of the ryndes and dewes. 1648Hexham ii, Rijm, a Rind, or a small Frost. [1828Moir Mansie Wauch xxii, Sharp frosty nights that left all the window-soles whitewashed over with frost⁓rind in the morning.] 1864Doubleday in Crawhall Garland N.C. Anglers 299 'Mang the lang grass.. The rind clings white and pearly. 1894Hetton-le-hole Gloss. s.v., There's a heavy (or, thick) rind on.
β1611Cotgr., Bruiné, hoarie, as a thing thats couered with a mistie ryne. 1642H. More Song of Soul i. ii. xxxi. Wks. (Grosart) 22 Like winter-morn bedight with snow and rine And sunny rayes, so did his goodly Eldship shine. 1656[? J. Sergeant] tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 147 Expecting Ice and a Rine the next day. 1754Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 508 The rhine, or hoar-frost,..was composed of curious thin figured plates. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. Rhyne.
▪ IV. † rind, n.4 Obs.
In 5 rynd-.
[Perh. of Scand. origin. Cf. Norw. rinde, rind ridge, bank, etc.]
? A bank or brake.
a1400Morte Arth. 921 Thane they roode by þat ryuer,..Þare þe ryndez ouerrechez with realle bowghez. Ibid. 1884 Thane relyez þe renkes..For to ryotte þe wode..; Ransakes the ryndez alle. Ibid. 3363 Than raykes cho with roo..To þe ryndes of þe wode.
▪ V. rind, v.1|raɪnd|
[f. rind n.1 Cf. the earlier unrind.]
a. trans. To strip the rind or bark from (a tree, etc.). Hence ˈrinding vbl. n.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Escorcement, a barking of trees, a pilling, a rinding. 1623Wynne in Whitbourne Disc. Newfoundland 110 There haue bin rinded this yere not so few as 50000 trees. 1698–9Stat. Admiralty, Navy, etc. (1810) 27 That no Person..shall..rind any of the trees there standing or growing. 1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4452/2 The Inhabitants do Rind the Trees. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 309/2 The very young trees are not fit for rinding. 1849A. E. Knox Ornith. Rambles Sussex 212 The operation of ‘rinding’ cannot be attempted until the sap has begun to flow. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. III. xvi. 498 Bearing long..staves, white from being freshly rinded.
b. To rub or remove skin from (a person or animal) or from (an item of food, esp. bacon: see sense 5 of the n.).
1893Eng. Illustr. Mag. Sept. 872/1 Tom Walker used to rub his bleeding fingers in the dust after being rinded by David Harris. 1962Sunday Times 14 Jan. 30/3 Rind the bacon rashers and peel the bananas.
▪ VI. rind, v.2 Sc. and north.|raɪnd|
Forms: 6, 9 rynd (6 -e), 9 rhynde, 7, 9, rind, 8 reyn-, rein-.
[Var. of rand v.4, rend v.2]
trans. To prepare (tallow, butter, etc.) for preservation by melting and clarifying; to render; to melt. Hence ˈrinded ppl. a.
1540Sc. Acts c. 44 (1814) II. 378/2 That na maner of man..tak vpoun hand to Rynd, melt, nor barrell talch. 1581Burgh Rec. Edinb. (1882) 217 Thai faythfullie promittit..to caus the talloun bocht be him als weill ryndet and vnryndet to be tane of his hand. 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 78 It makes them..Keep rinded butter in charter chests. 1706Watson's Collect. Scots Poems i. 60 First shear it small, and rind it sine Into a Kettle clean and fine. 1794J. Mill Diary (S.H.S.) 101 A ship loaden with Reyned Tallow from Iceland. Ibid., Many run there for the wrecks, etc., and were enrich'd by reind Tallow. 1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 106 As long as it [suet] is fresh it should be rynded or rendered, as it is termed. 1894W. D. Latto Tam. Bodkin xvi, Like to rhynde the very creesh aff my banes!
▪ VII. † rind, v.3 Obs. rare—0.
[f. rind n.3]
intr. To form rime or hoar-frost.
1648Hexham II, Rijpen, to Rinde, as upon trees frozen. |