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▪ I. bivouac|ˈbɪvwæk, ˈbɪvuːæk|
Forms: 8 biouac, bihovac, biovac, 9 bivuack, bivouack, (bivouake), bivouaque, 8– bivouac.
[In Dictionaries since c 1700, but hardly in use before the French War: a. F. bivouac, bivac, generally said to have been introduced during the Thirty Years' War. It has with probability been referred to a dialectal (Swiss) Ger. beiwacht, according to Stalder, Versuch eines Schweizerischen Idiotikon (1812) II. 426, used in Aargau and Zürich to denote the patrol of citizens (Schaarwache) added (beigegeben) to assist the ordinary town watch by night at any time of special commotion. This remaining of a large body of men under arms all night explains the original sense of bivouac.]
1. Mil. Originally, a night-watch by a whole army under arms, to prevent surprise; now, a temporary encampment of troops in the field with only the accidental shelter of the place, without tents, etc.; also the place of such encampment.
1706Phillips, Biouac or Bihovac, an extraordinary Guard perform'd by the whole Army, when..it..continues all night under Arms..to prevent Surprize, etc. To Raise the Biovac, is to return the Army to their Tents, or Huts, some time after break of Day. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Biouac, bivouac, biovac..is formed by corruption from the German weywacht, a double watch or guard; Trevoux. 1755Johnson, Biovac, bihovac, bivouac [as in Phillips]. ‘Not in use.’ 1772T. Simes Milit. Guide, Biovac, a night guard, performed by the whole army, when there is any danger from the enemy. 1811Wellington in Gurw. Disp. VIII. 21 The bivouac which Hill quitted this morning appears to be an excellent situation for the cavalry to-morrow. 1813Examiner 7 June 356/1 (transl. from French), The army had taken its bivouaques. 1850Prescott Peru II. 151 Almagro, afraid of stumbling on the enemy's bivouac. 1885Times 16 May 7/1 Our troops recrossed..and went into bivouac.
fig.1839Longfellow Ps. Life v, In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life.
2. transf. An encampment for the night in the open air; a camping out.
1853De Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun §6. 11 Withered leaves, which furnished to Kate her very first bivouac. 1872C. King Sierra Nev. iii. 49 Morning dawned brightly upon our bivouac among a cluster of dark firs.
▸ bivouac bag n. Mountaineering a waterproof sleeping bag used outdoors instead of a tent; cf. bivvy bag n. at bivvy n. Additions
1964S. Styles Mod. Mountaineering iii. 41 A more elaborate alternative is the nylon *bivouac bag to house two climbers, which is in effect a simple tent that could be slung on a rock-face. 1995Independent 6 Feb. 5/5 We knew what the survival procedures were. We dug a snow hole and got inside our bivouac bags.
▸ bivouac sack n. Mountaineering = bivouac bag n. at Additions
1961H. I. Mandolf Basic Mountaineering 12 Recently a ‘bivouac tent’ weighing slightly over one pound has become available... Also available is a ‘*bivouac sack’, somewhat larger and suitable for two people. 1995Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl.-Bull. (Nexis) 22 Jan. 1 b, They avoided a $10-a-night hut and decided to sleep in the open in bivouac sacks.
▪ II. bivouac, v.
[f. prec. n.]
1. Mil. Of troops: To remain, esp. during the night, in the open air, without tents or covering. Also to be bivouacked: to be so posted or disposed.
1809Sir J. Moore To Ld. Castlereagh 13 Jan., In two forced marches, bivouacing for six or eight hours in the rain, I reached Betanzos on the 10th instant. 1815J. Croker in Croker Papers (1884) I. iii. 61 The Carrousel, where about 2000 Prussians are bivouacked. 1882C. Pebody Eng. Journalism xxii. 180 As if the British army were bivouacked on the Hog's Back.
2. transf. To rest or pass the night in the open air.
1814Scott Wav. II. i. 8 These distinguished personages bivouacked among the flowery heath, wrapped up in their plaids. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. §3. 29 That night we bivouacked together.
Hence ˈbivouacking vbl. n.
1812Examiner 7 Dec. 771/2 Night bivouacings are very injurious. 1861C. J. Andersson Okavango Riv. xvii. 192 We could not have selected a worse spot for bivouacking. |