| 释义 |
▪ I. saturate, a.|ˈsætjʊrət|
[ad. L. saturātus, pa. pple. of saturāre: see next.]
†1. Satisfied, satiated.
a1550Schole-ho. Women 946 in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 142 Salomon saith, three things here be Seldome or neuer saturate. 1557Paynell Barclay's Jugurth 79 Whan they were full saturate and ingorged. 1604R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Saturate, filled or glutted.
†2. Complete, perfect. Obs.
1682H. More Annot. Glanvill's Lux O. 112 All will be turned into a more full and saturate Brightness and Glory.
3. Soaked through, saturated with moisture. Chiefly poet.
1784Cowper Task i. 494 The lark is gay, That dries his feathers, saturate with dew, Beneath the rosy cloud. 1798Southey Sonn. xiii. ‘I marvel not, O Sun!’ Earth asks thy presence, saturate with showers. 1842Tennyson Will Waterproof 87 A season'd brain..Unsubject to confusion, Tho' soaked and saturate, out and out, Thro' every convolution.
b. transf.
1868Browning Ring & Bk. vi. 1518 There she lay,..Wax⁓white, seraphic, saturate with the sun O' the morning. 1894Athenæum 3 Mar. 285/1 ‘Calais Pier’, a silvery and limpid jewel, saturate with light, by D. Cox.
4. Of colours: Intense, deep. (Cf. saturated 5, sad a. 8.)
1669W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 121 It would yield a deep saturate green tincture. 1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xix. 807 The quickness of cooling makes the Blood of a more saturate colour. 1891Century Dict., Saturate, in Entom., deep; very intense: applied to colors: as, saturate green, umber, black, etc.
†5. Chem. = saturated.
1782Kirwan in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 70 If a piece of copper be put into a saturate solution of silver, the silver will be precipitated. 1805R. Chenevix ibid. XCV. 126 A single drop of a saturate solution of neutralized nitrate or muriate of mercury.
▪ II. saturate, v.|ˈsætjʊəreɪt|
[f. L. saturāt-, ppl. stem of saturāre, f. satur full, satiated, cogn. w. satis enough.]
I.
†1. trans. To satisfy, satiate. Obs.
1538Elyot Dict., Saturo, to saturate or fyl with any thing superfluousely, moste commonly in eating. 1570Levins Manip. 41/12 To satiate, saturare. To saturate, idem, placare. 1596Bell Surv. Popery ii. i. iv. 153 So to saturate their insatiable hunger. 1683Lond. Gaz. No. 1864/2 Cruel Persons whose Blood-thirsty minds nothing could Saturate, but the Sacrifice of two Princes at once. 1799in Spirit Publ. Jrnls. III. 271 These subaltern modes of chicane..could by no means saturate his ambition. 1816Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1818) I. viii. 229 They [sc. ants] march in long files..to any place where sugar is kept; and when they are saturated, return in the same order.
2. To impregnate, soak thoroughly, imbue with.
1764Harmer Observ. iii. 8 These lands of ægypt..are..so saturated with moisture, that [etc.]. 1873Black Pr. Thule xiv, Thatch that had got saturated with the smoke. 1891E. Peacock N. Brendon I. 151 The sleeve of the shirt was saturated with blood.
b. fig.
1756Burke Tracts Popery Laws Wks. IX. 369 To a mind not thoroughly saturated with the tolerating maxims of the Gospel. 1837Lytton E. Maltravers ii. ii, He had saturated his intellect with the Pactolus of old. 1882A. Austin in Comtemp. Rev. Jan. 129 Reflective Poetry, which is indeed Poetry because saturated with imagination.
c. Mil. To overwhelm (enemy defences) by aerial attack, esp. by intensive bombing.
1942Times 1 June 4/3 The plan for saturating the defences of Cologne was an undoubted success. 1943Times 12 Mar. 8/4 Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris and his commanders and staffs have displayed extraordinary fertility in tactical ideas. The monster raids saturating the enemy's active and passive systems of defence is one example. 1944Ann. Reg. 1943 i. 74 The ultimate possibility of saturating the enemy's defences both on the ground and in the air. 1956A. H. Compton Atomic Quest 228 The areas attacked were saturated with bombs.
d. To supply (a market) to the point of over-satisfaction of demand for a product.
1958Engineering 4 Apr. 435/1 The Swiss vehicle market, if not saturated, seems to be reaching a certain stabilisation of demand. 1976‘G. Black’ Moon for Killers i. 18 The market was saturated, and Robert bought two thousand of them at a throw-away price. 1978Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Jan. 84/5 Man watching will saturate the market and maintain its well-deserved primacy.
3. a. Chem. To cause (a substance) to combine with or dissolve the utmost possible quantity of another substance. Const. with. Also, to cause to become saturated (see saturated ppl. a. 3 b).
1681tr. Belon's Myst. Physick Introd. 49 Which clearly demonstrates, that the Menstruum is sufficiently saturated. 1782Kirwan in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 39 A body is said to be saturated with another, when it is so intimately combined with that other as to lose some peculiar characteristic property which it possesses when free from that other. 1788Trans. Soc. Arts VI. 143 The mineral Alkali saturates much more acid than an equal quantity of..vegetable Alkali. 1857Miller Elem. Chem. (1862) III. 9 This process consists in saturating a portion of the acid liquid with potash or with soda. 1866Notices Proc. R. Inst. Gt. Brit. IV. 419 This new molecule—we call it hypochlorous acid—we open again: again two attraction units are liberated and saturated by a second atom of bivalent oxygen. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 217 The waters covering this plain would be more or less completely saturated with the soluble materials. 1926H. G. Rule tr. J. Schmidt's Text-bk. Org. Chem. 26 Thiele assumes that all such unsaturated compounds possess a double bond, but that the two affinities do not completely saturate one another, leaving a certain residual affinity or partial valency in excess on each carbon atom. 1972Materials & Technol. V. x. 282 Such isomers may arise from the addition of hydrogen at a double bond which is normally not saturated by natural processes. 1977Lancet 20 Aug. 401/1 Many dietitians tell patients not to re-use the oil more than once because reheating is thought to saturate the double bonds.
b. Physiol. To cause (tissues of the body) to retain the greatest amount of inert gas possible at the given pressure during a saturation dive.
1965Jrnl. Appl. Physiol. XX 1269/2 The decompression schedule after and while breathing helium takes longer than with nitrogen because the helium saturates a greater proportion of the body tissues. 1971J. Salzano et al. in C. J. Lambertsen Underwater Physiol. 347 (heading) Arterial blood gases, heart rate, and gas exchange during rest and exercise in men saturated at a simulated seawater depth of 1000 feet. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia X. 926/1 For any given depth,..there is a saturation point, at which body tissues are saturated with inert gas; after that, no matter how long a worker stays under pressure his decompression time does not increase.
4. Physics.
a. To charge (air or vapour) with the utmost quantity of moisture that it can hold in suspension.
1812–16Playfair Nat. Phil. (1819) I. 315 T and t are the temperatures of two equal portions of air, H and h the humidity contained in them when saturated. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxv. 184 Atmospheric regions already saturated with moisture. 1871― Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. ii. 62 Saturated with the vapour of sulphuric aether. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 68 If the air were thoroughly saturated with moisture, evaporation would be utterly impossible.
b. To magnetize (a piece of metal), that the intensity of its magnetization is the greatest which it can retain when not under the inductive action of a strong magnetic field. Also, to charge (a body) with the greatest charge of electricity that it can receive.
1832Nat. Philos. II. Magnetism i. §42. 11 (Usef. Knowl. Soc.) A steel bar, which has as great a degree of magnetic power as it is capable of retaining, is said to be saturated with magnetism. Ibid., Electric. ii. §49. 13 In this state they may be considered as saturated with the electric fluid. 1891S. P. Thompson Electromagnet iv. 151 The iron is..more saturated round the edge than at the middle... If the edge is already far saturated you cannot by applying higher magnetizing power increase its magnetization much. 1928[see sense 6 below]. 1962R. D. Pettit in G. A. T. Burdett Automatic Control Handbk. v. 18 The core flux is initially saturated negatively.
5. Electronics. trans. To cause or maintain a state of saturation in (a device or a current); pass., to be in a state of saturation. Cf. saturation 3 d, f.
1919J. A. Crowther Ions, Electrons, & Ionizing Radiations ii. 17 The effects when the current is not saturated are in general very complex. 1956J. C. Logue in L. P. Hunter Handbk. Semiconductor Electronics xv. 30 It is possible to have a high degree of saturation or just barely to saturate the transistor. 1962Simpson & Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors xvi. 388 The base current chosen must be sufficient to saturate the transistor. 1969J. J. Sparkes Transistor Switching i. 18 This equation applies only when the transistor is saturated. 1976Millman & Halkias Electronic Fund. & Appl. iv. 81 A knowledge of hFE tells us the minimum base current..which will be needed to saturate the transistor.
II.
6. intr. To reach or exhibit a condition of saturation, in any sense; to reach a state in which no further change or increase is possible.
1928Observer 17 June 26/3 The essential thing is the current that can be carried without any danger of saturating the core... If the core saturates there will at once be a falling-off in the quality of reception. 1947F. G. Spreadbury Electronics iv. 184 The thermionic current does not truly saturate, but continues to increase slowly. 1953Physical Rev. XCI. 632/2 As the rf level is increased, the peak amplitudes labeled M1 and M2 in Fig. 2 saturate quite readily. 1957R. D. Middlebrook Introd. Junction Transistor Theory ii. 28 The hole flow very soon reaches a limit as the potential is increased. This occurs when all the available holes are being drawn out of the p-region. The electron current saturates in a similar way. 1962R. D. Pettit in G. A. T. Burdett Automatic Control Handbk. v. 21 When the flux in element A saturates, that in element B is unsaturated. 1969J. J. Sparkes Transistor Switching iii. 74 The circuit can be designed so that the output transistor saturates. 1975Nature 6 Nov. 85/1 Figure 1 shows that the steady-state amplitude saturates at a relatively low stimulus level. 1976[see saturation 3 a]. 1977Nature 21 Apr. 709/1 This ratio tends to saturate for crystallite sizes less than 40 Å.
▪ III. saturate, n. Chem.|ˈsætjʊrət|
[f. the vb.]
A saturated fat or fatty acid.
1959R. H. Potts in E. S. Pattison Industr. Fatty Acids ii. 13 In selecting a raw material, one always considers that more saturates can be made if required, but the unsaturated requirements must be purchased with the raw material. 1977Nature 3 Nov. 2/2 Pursuit of the lipid hypothesis does not mean just swapping polyunsaturates for saturates. |