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▪ I. ˈborrow, n. Obs. exc. Hist. with the exception of sense 5.
Forms: 1 borᵹ, 1–3 borh, 2–4 borȝ, (3 barh), 3–4 boru, borewe, 4 borou, Sc. borwch, (bourgh), 4–5 borwe, 4–7 borow(e, borgh(e, 5 Sc. borch(e, (brugh, borough), 6 boro, borge, (Sc. broche), 6–7 borrowe, 6–7, 9 borrow, (9 Hist. borh, borch).
[OE. borᵹ, borh str. masc., = MHG. borc, borg, Du. borg pledge, loan, f. root of OTeut. *berg-an str. vb. to protect: see bergh v. Senses 4 and 5 are f. borrow v.1]
†1. A thing deposited as security, a pledge; a guarantee, bail; suretyship; ransom, deliverance. to borrow: as a pledge. to lay to borrow: to put in pledge, to pawn. In senses 1 and 2 already obsolete or archaic in England in Spenser's time; but retained in Sc. Law.
a975Thorpe Laws I. 274 (Bosw.) Ic wille, ðæt ælc mann sy under borᵹe. c1175Lamb. Hom. 73 Heore godfaderes and heore godmoderes scullen..beo in borȝes et þe fonstan. a1300Cursor M. 23792 Þat soru, Þat nakins borgh us fra mai boru. 1375Barbour Bruce i. 625 Thartill in-to borwch draw I Myn herytage. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 2105 Hauyth here of myn herte blod to borwe If that ye wele. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 764 Ech of hem hadde leyd his feith to borwe. c1460Sir Penny vii. 5 Withouten brugh & wed. 1542–3Act 34–35 Hen. VIII, xxvii. §58 Pledges or borows to pay the kinges fine. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. May 150 Nay..by my deare borrow [gloss. that is our Saviour, the commen pledge of all men's debts to death]. 1631Rutherford Lett. 19 (1862) I. 80 It cannot stand with His honour to die in the borrows (as we use to say) and lose thee. 1814Scott Wav. I. xv. 228 [They] concussed them into giving borrows (pledges), to enter into captivity again. 1860C. Innes Scotl. Mid. Ages 184 If a thief could find no borch he was hanged.
†b. Hence in OE. and early ME. on, to borrow: on security, by way of loan. Obs.
a900Thorpe Laws I. 52 (Bosw.) Gif ðu feoh to borᵹe selle. c975Rushw. Gosp. Matt. v. 42 Þæm þe wille on borᵹ nioma æt þe ne beo unᵹeþwære. a1300Cursor M. 6144 Fra þis folk..Þe folk of israel to boru Asked silueren vessel..And clathes. 1418in Jeffrey Hist. Roxburghsh. IV. i. 89 The Earl not having occupied the land, let the same ‘to borch’ to the abbot on May 1418.
†2. Of persons: A surety, hostage; bail, deliverer from prison. Obs.
a1000Laws of æthelred i. l. in Thorpe Laws 119 Sette ᵹetreowe borᵹas. a1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 17 Here godfaderes sullen..ben here boreȝes toȝenes Gode. c1205Lay. 31077 Ich wulle his on barh beon [c 1275 borh]. a1340Hampole Psalter 497 Answere for me, that is, be borgh of myn amendynge. 1377Langl. P. Pl. vii. 81 For beggeres borwen euermo and her borghe is god almyȝti. 1470Harding Chron. ccxix. iv. 4, I shalbe youre borowe. a1541Wyatt De profundis, Ps. cxxx, From depth of death..Thee have I called, O Lord, to be my borrow. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. 190 The godfather and godmother..ar maid borrowis or souerteis for the barne. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 8 He may recover the possession of the lands, he findand ane borghe. 1819Scott Ivanhoe II. x. 176 Retain as borrows my two priests.
†b. I dare be borrow, etc.: ‘I'll warrant’, ‘I'll be bound’. Obs.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (1840) 41 The womman was woo, I dare be borwe. c1460Towneley Myst. 231, I shalle be his borghe to-yere He felys no more payn.
†c. to find (take) God, Mahoun, St. Blase, St. George, etc. to borrow, i.e. as security for one's truth, good faith, or honour; later as an asseveration = In God's name, By St. George, St. George to speed! St. John to borrow! a Scotch formula at parting (= au revoir), as to the origin of which see quot. 1470. Obs.
a1330Otuel 305 Ich wole finde mahoun to borwe, Ich wile be redi erliche to morwe. c1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 596, I hidde fro hym my sorwe And took hym by the hond, seint John to borwe. 1393Gower Conf. II. 34 But I dare take God to borwe. 1423Jas. I. King's Q. xxiii, With mony ‘fare wele’ and ‘sanct Iohne to borowe’. c1470Henry Wallace iii. 336 Thar leyff thai tuk, with conforde..Sanct Ihone to borch, thai suld meyt haille agayne. 1529Skelton Albany 506 Sainct George to borrowe, Ye shall have schame and sorrowe. 1530Lyndesay Papyngo 701 We sall..mak ȝow saif: we fynd sanct Blase to borgh. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 519 All salbe weill, I find ȝow God to borrow. 1548Hall Chron. (1809) 416 Now sent George to borowe, let us set forward. 1566Udall Royster D. iv. viii. 77 What then? Sainct George to borow, our Ladies Knight.
3. Hist. (usually with obs. spelling.) A friðborh (lit. ‘pledge of peace’) or tithing, which in early England was an association of ten neighbouring householders who were jointly answerable before the law, ‘so that if one of the ten men offend, the other nine may bring him to right’; afterwards called liberum plegium and frankpledge, the word frið ‘peace’ having been corrupted into ‘free’. There is no direct evidence that in OE. borh was used as = friðborh, but in 16th c. borowe appears as a synonym of ‘tithing’ or ‘frankpledge’, and from that period to the present time many writers have confused it with borough. Cf. borrowhead, borsholder.
1581Lambarde Eiren. i. iii. (1588) 15 The chiefe men of the free pledges within that Borow or Tithing. 1872E. Robertson Hist. Ess. 119 Every Borowe or Tything.
4. A borrowing. rare—1.
1611Shakes. Wint. T. i. ii. 39 Of your Royall presence, Ile adventure The borrow of a Weeke.
5. Golf. The amount which one ‘borrows’ (see borrow v.1 2 d) to allow for the slope of the green.
1862R. Chambers Rambling Remarks 24 The boy puts the ‘putter’ into your hand, but before applying it to the ball, it will be well for you to examine the ground between it and the hole. You observe possibly that it slants a little; in that case, a ‘borrow’ is required up the slant, and that borrow you must make. 1913Country Life 29 Nov. 759 The player who does not put his approach shots very near the hole will be constantly calculating the ‘borrow’ of entertaining undulations. 1958Times 13 Oct. 14/2 Wolstenholme..had a long downhill putt..but he did not give it quite enough borrow. 1973Times 24 May 10/1 Miss Parker hooked her tee shot at the short 15th and, with a poor chip, lay 20ft from the hole. But down went the putt, the borrow exactly measured.
6. Comb. and attrib., as (in sense 1) borrow-breach (only Hist., OE. borh-bryce), breach of covenant; borrow-roll (Sc. borgh-row), a mortgage-roll. Also borrowgage, borrowgang, borrow-head, borrowhood, borsholder.
a900K. ælfred Laws iii. in Thorpe Laws 28 (title) Be Borᵹ-bryce. Ibid. ærcebiscepes borᵹes-bryce..ᵹebete mid þrim pundum. c1550Sir J. Balfour Practicks (1754) 38 The Serjand aucht to present attachiamentis and borghrowis that ar fundin in his handis. 1844Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. i. 7 ‘The bot of borhbryce’, or penalty for breach of covenant.
▪ II. † ˈborrow, a. Obs. rare—1.
Meaning and origin uncertain: said of the pitch of a wall.
1679Plot Staffordsh. (1686) 162 These [walls of blast furnace] according as they may be pitched less transhaw, or more borrow; will mend..or alter the nature of the Iron..The Iron made in a borrow work is much more tough.
▪ III. borrow, v.1|ˈbɒrəʊ|
Forms: 1 borᵹian, 3 boru, 3–5 borwe, 4–5 borou, borewe, 4–6 borowe, (5 boro(o, bourowe, bor(o)wyn, borwon, borwne), 5–6 borow, (6 burow), 7 borrowe, 4– borrow.
[OE. borᵹian, f. borᵹ, borh pledge, surety (borrow n.); cf. OHG. borgên to take heed, f. *borg (?object of care), MHG., mod.G. borgen to borrow, f. MHG. borg pledge.]
I. To give security for, take on pledge.
1. trans.
a. To take (a thing) on pledge or security given for its safe return;
b. To take (a thing) on credit, on the understanding of returning it, or giving an equivalent; hence, to obtain or take the temporary use of (a thing recognized as being the property of another, to whom it is returnable). Const. of, rarely from, formerly at.
The essential notion of borrowing originally was the security given for the safety of the thing so taken: the essential notion now is that the thing is the property of another and liable to be returned, the only security given being often the undertaking, formal or implied, that it shall be so returned when we have used it.
a1000Lamb. Psalm xxxvi[i]. 21 (Bosw.) Borᵹaþ se synfulla and na ᵹefillþ. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. v. 42 Þam þe wylle æt þe borᵹian ne wyrn þu him. 1297R. Glouc. 393 He..leyde..hys broþer to wedde Normandye, And borwede of hym þervppe an hondred þousend marc. a1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 3219 Thai may nathyng begg ne borowe. c1430Syr Gener. 8775 Whi he bourowed it of him soo. 1535Coverdale 2 Esdr. v. 3 Let vs borowe money of the kinge vpon vsury. 1552Huloet, Borowe of Peter to paye Paule..wher as a man doth Borow of one to paye an other. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxii. 116 If the person of the Body Politique..borrow mony of a stranger. 1769Junius Lett. i. 4 This nation will not bear..to see new millions borrowed. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. §22. 156, I borrowed a handkerchief from Lauener.
c. Arith. In Subtraction, when the number to be subtracted in one denomination is greater than that of the minuend, To transfer to the latter mentally the equivalent of a unit of the next higher denomination, compensating or ‘paying back’ for this at the next step in the process.
1594Blundevil Exerc. i. (ed. 7) 91 Take 6 out of nothing, which will not bee, wherefore you must borrow 60. 1881Fitch Lect. Teaching xi. 326, ‘9 from 3 I cannot; Borrow 10’.
2. fig.
a. To render oneself indebted for; to make temporary use of (something not one's own); used, e.g. of temporal possessions, with notion of their being only lent to us, not given. More usually of immaterial things: as, to adopt (thoughts, expressions, modes of conduct) from another person, or (words, idioms, customs, etc.) from a foreign language or people; to obtain (a temporary favour) by request; to derive (one's authority, etc.) from another, as opposed to holding it by inherent right; to draw (a comparison, inference, suggestion) from some source alien to the subject in hand; to adopt (something) for other than its normal purpose. Const. from, of, formerly at.
As applied to the adoption of foreign words or customs, it properly implies that the adoption is merely temporary; but this restriction is now often disregarded, esp. by writers on philology; cf. loan-word.
a1225Ancr. R. 204 Þet is riht religiun, þet euerich..boruwe et tisse urakele worlde so lutel so he euer mei, of mete, of cloðe, of eihte. c1380Wyclif De Dot. Eccles. Sel. Wks. III. 434 Wiþout autorite borewid of oþer. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. xvii. (1495) 325 The mone hath no lyght of herself, but borowyth and takyth of the plente of the sonne. 1423Jas. I. King's Q. i. v, I in purpose, at my boke, To borowe a slepe, at thilke tyme began. 1549Latimer Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 80 Let hym borowe example at Salomon. 1595Shakes. John v. i. 51 Inferior eyes That borrow their behauiours from the great. 1600Holland Livy xxiv. xxii. 524 You were best therefore to borrow [sumeret] some respite of time of the Embassadours. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 96 Borrow part of Winter for thy Corn. 1706A. Bedford Temple Mus. vi. 113 The Rabbies would..borrow Words from other Languages. 1763J. Brown Poetry & Mus. xi. 184 Their [the Romans'] Music and Poetry was always borrowed and adopted. a1847R. Hamilton Rew. & Punishm. iv. (1853) 185 The illustrations are borrowed from the fowls of heaven and from the flowers of the field. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 15 No man can be happy who, to borrow Plato's illustration, is leading the life of an oyster.
b. to borrow trouble: to go out of one's way to meet trouble. U.S. colloq.
1854H. H. Riley Puddleford & its People ix. 119 Bird, you're allers bor'ring trouble. 1934J. H. Wallis House of Murder xiii. 128 Don't borrow trouble, Mr. Gundlach... If the hand doesn't pain any more, it will probably be all right. 1963D. B. Hughes Expendable Man (1964) vi. 182 Let's not borrow trouble.
c. In organ-building: see borrowed ppl. a. 2 b.
1894T. Elliston Organs & Tuning 63 Borrowing from one stop to form part of another is undesirable; the wind coming sometimes from one source, and at other times from another, or from both sources, make it impossible for the note to be always in tune... The Pedal Organ is somewhat exempt from the faults of borrowing, inasmuch as usually only one note is used at a time. 1902J. W. Hinton Organ Constr. (ed. 2) 64 Borrowing, arranging a certain number of pipes so as to be common to two or more stops. 1905T. Casson Pedal Organ 24, I once tried the experiment of borrowing the Quint from a manual Bourdon. Ibid. 27 The borrowing must be economical; that is, it must cost less in room or money, or both, than actual independent pipes. 1927Organ VII. 75 While he was about it, the builder might have borrowed this ‘creamy’ bourdon into the pedal.
d. trans. and intr. Golf. (See quots.)
1897Encycl. Sport I. 472/1 Borrow, to play a ball up a hill or slope, instead of straight across it, so that the slope will cause the ball to return towards the hole. 1909P. A. Vaile Mod. Golf 55 You allow for the slope..and the curve..will be the result if you have correctly estimated length and the amount you ought to ‘borrow’... In golfing language, ‘always borrow enough’. Ibid. 64 Both these cuts may be used when putting across a slope to hold the ball up against the natural tendency to run down a hill. If they are used it will obviously be unnecessary to ‘borrow’ so much in allowing for the slope.
† II. To be surety for, be good for, ransom, save.
†3. trans. To be surety for, go bail for; to ransom, redeem, release by paying a ransom. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 23792 Þat soru Þat nakins borgh us fra mai boru. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. iv. 109 He shal rest in my stokkes, And þat as longe as he lyueth · but lowenesse hym borwe. c1530Palsgr. 461 If thou be taken prisoner..I wyl nat borowe the. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 107 Gif the Lord of the Court, to quhom the defender is borrowed, hes diverse Courts; he quha borrowes him, sall assigne to the persewer ane certaine day and place. c1783Ballad ‘Young Bekie’ iv. in Child Ballads ii. 466/1 O gin a lady woud borrow me, At her stirrup-foot I woud rin.
†4. transf.
a. To give security or safety to; to lease, rescue, save; to defend, protect. (With this cf. bergh v. to protect. See also burȝen v.) Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 5286 Me borud noght bot godd allan. c1350Med. MS. in Archæol. XXX. 368 Yat day fro feueres it schall y⊇ borwe. a1400Cov. Myst. (1841) 421, I pray to God..That he us borwe fro synfulle shame. 1522World & Child in Hazl. Dodsl. I. 269 Some good word that I may say To borrow mans soul from blame.
†b. absol. To warrant, ‘be bound’, assert confidently. Cf. borrow n. 2 b. Obs.
c1475Sqr. lowe Degre 451, I shall borowe for seven yere He shall not wedde my doughter dere. 1590Greene Neuer too late (1600) 24 Wonder twas in her eyne Fire and water should combine: If th' old saw did not borrow, Fire is loue, and water sorrow.
▪ IV. borrow, v.2 Naut.|ˈbɒrəʊ|
[Derivation uncertain; connexion with borrow v.1 2 (as if it were ‘to borrow, encroach upon, what belongs to the land or the wind’) seems far-fetched; possibly the original sense was ‘to shelter’: see burrow.]
intr. ‘To approach closely either to land or wind.’ Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867.
1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 108 It is not good to borrow neere the shore, but to give it a fayre birth. 1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3781/4 No Ship to borrow nearer the Harbour than that Perch. 1860Merc. Mar. Mag. VII. 70 To borrow on the breakers of the spit to within 8 or 10 fathoms. |