| 释义 |
citizen|ˈsɪtɪzən|
Forms: 4 citisein, -sain, -seyn(e, citesayne, -ceyn, -zeyn, citizein, 4–5 citeseyn, -zein(e, 4–6 -sen, 5 cita-, citiesyn, cetisen, cytezane (Sc.), -eyn, -ein, sitesyn, sytizin, (setsayne), 5–6 citesyn, -zen, 6 cytezyn, cityzen, -sen, cittesen, cytiezin, cytyzyn, 7 cittizen, 6– citizen.
[ME. citesein, etc., a. Anglo-Fr. citeseyn, -zein, sithezein, altered form of OF. citeain, citehain, citein, citeen, citien, citain, later citeyen, citoyen:—L. type *cīvitātān-um, f. cīvitāt-em city (cf. oppidān-um, villān-um); Romanic type civtatāno, -dano, whence Pr. ciutadan, Sp. ciudadano, Pg. ciudadão; and Pr. ciptadan, It. cittadano, now cittadino, OF. cite(h)ain. The intercalation of s (z) in Anglo-Fr. citesain has not been explained: association with dainzain denizen, which was often an equivalent term, has been suggested.
The suggestion that z was a mistaken reading of ȝ, meaning y, on the part of a 13th or 14th c. scribe or scribes, is in every respect untenable.]
1. An inhabitant of a city or (often) of a town; esp. one possessing civic rights and privileges, a burgess or freeman of a city.
c1314Guy Warw. (A.) 5503 Þe citiseins of þat cite wel often god þonkeden he. c1330Arth. & Merl. 5090 To London..thai come, The citisains fair in hem nome. 1382Wyclif Acts xxi. 39, I am a man..of Tarsus..a citeseyn or burgeys, of a citee not unknown. c1400Destr. Troy 3263 [MS. after 1500] Sum of the Citizens assemblit with all. Ibid. 11879 Citasyns. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccvi. 187 The cytezeyns of london. c1480Pol. Poems (1859) II. 281 He thonckyd the cetisence of thayre fidelite. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 9. §2 Citezens of Cities and Burgeys of boroughes and Townes. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (1852) 16 The kynge [Hen. VI.] came to London, & there was worchippfully reseved of the cittesens in whytt gownes & redde whoddes. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iv. ii. 95 Pisa renowned for graue Citizens. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. (1704) III. xv. 472 You, the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, of the House of Commons. a1699A. Halkett Autobiog. (1875) 20 Furnished by an honest Cittisen. 1782Cowper Gilpin i, John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 352 The chiefs of the mercantile interest are no longer citizens. They avoid, they almost contemn, municipal honours and duties.
b. Used also as feminine. (Cf. citizeness.)
1605Lond. Prodigal iii. i. 243, I'll have thee go like a citizen, in a guarded gown and a French hood. 1655Francion vi. 20 She who was the most antient of the two Citizens.
c. A townsman, as opposed to a countryman.
1514Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. Prol., Faustus accused and blamed cytezyns, Amyntas blamed the rurall men agayne. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 209 Both citizens and peasants are tired of it. 1860Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. i. i. 4 The words ‘countryman..villager’, still signify a rude and untaught person, as opposed to the words ‘townsman’ and ‘citizen’.
d. A civilian as distinguished from a soldier; in earlier times also distinguished from a member of the landed nobility or gentry. Johnson says ‘a man of trade, not a gentleman’.
1607Shakes. Cor. iii. iii. 53 When he speakes not like a Citizen You finde him like a Soldier. 1871[see citizenhood].
e. With reference to the ‘heavenly city’, the New Jerusalem.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 8925 Þis ceté of heven..ilka citesayne þat wonned þare. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) I b, Amonge y⊇ citezyns of heuen. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. v. x. (1675) 338 A Citizen of the Heavenly Jerusalem, and but a Stranger and a Sojourner here.
2. A member of a state, an enfranchised inhabitant of a country, as opposed to an alien; in U.S., a person, native or naturalized, who has the privilege of voting for public offices, and is entitled to full protection in the exercise of private rights.
138.Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 69 [He] clevede to oon of þe citizeins of þat countre. 1538Starkey England 46 The nombur of cytyzyns, in euery commynalty, Cyty, or cuntrey. 1633Massinger Guardian v. iv, To save one citizen is a greater prize Than to have killed in war ten enemies. 1752Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) I. 281 A too great disproportion among the citizens weakens any state. a1799Washington (Webster), If the citizens of the United States should not be free and happy, the fault will be entirely their own. 1843Penny Cycl. XXVI. 11/1 A pledge, both to American citizens and foreign states. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 79 The object of our laws is to make the citizens as friendly and happy as possible. 1884Gladstone in Standard 29 Feb. 2/4 A nation where every capable citizen was enfranchised. Mod. Arrest of an American citizen.
b. as a title, representing Fr. citoyen, which at the Revolution took the place of Monsieur.
1795Argus Dec. 26 Letter from the Minister for Foreign Affairs to Citizen Miot. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 155 He was called to the female citizen [= citoyenne] Dangiviller, whom he found in a miserable situation. 1801Ibid. V. 359 Such, Citizen Mayor, are the motives of the propositions which the Committee have the honour of laying before you. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. ii. i.
c. phr. citizen of the world: one who is at home, and claims his rights, everywhere; a cosmopolitan; also, citizen of nature. (Cf. Cicero De Leg. i. xxiii. 61 civem totius mundi.)
1474Caxton Chesse 31 Helde hym bourgeys and cytezeyn of the world. 1625Bacon Ess. Goodness, etc. (Arb.) 207 If a Man be Gracious, and Courteous to Strangers, it shewes, he is a Citizen of the World. 1760Goldsm. (title), The Citizen of the World; or, Letters from a Chinese Philosopher. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 148 An original genius, a citizen of nature.
3. transf. Inhabitant, occupant, denizen. (Of men, beasts, things personified.)
c1384Chaucer H. Fame 930 (Fairf. MS.) In this Region certeyn Duelleth many a Citezeyn Of which that seketh Daun Plato These ben eyryssh bestes. 1508Fisher Wks. (1876) 235 Who ben the cytezyns of this regyon, truly none other but deuylles. 1593Shakes. Lucr. 465 His hand..—Rude ram, to batter such an ivory wall!—May feel her heart—poor citizen!—distress'd Wounding itself to death. 1603Dekker Grissil (1841) 5 Let's ring a hunter's peal..in the ears Of our swift forest citizens. c1630Drummond of Hawthornden Poems i. xxvi. Wks. (1711) 5 A citizen of Thetis christal floods.
4. adj. = citizenish, city-bred. nonce-use.
1611Shakes. Cymb. iv. ii. 8, I am not well: But not so Citizen a wanton, as To seeme to dye, ere sicke.
5. attrib. and Comb., chiefly appositive, as citizen-king, citizen-magistrate, citizen-prince, citizen-soldier, citizen-sovereign; also, citizen-life; citizen-like adj. Citizens' Advice Bureau, any of a network of local offices where members of the public may obtain free and impartial advice, esp. when experiencing difficulties with authorities or other individuals; citizen's arrest Law (orig. U.S.), an arrest carried out without a warrant by a private citizen (allowable in certain cases); Citizens(') Band orig. U.S., a short-wave band made available for private radio communication; abbrev. C.B.
1830Hobhouse in T. Juste S. Van de' Weyer (1871) App. iii. 268 He [Leopold] may do very well for a *citizen-king. 1851H. Martineau Hist. Peace (1877) III. iv. xiii. 113 All eyes were fixed on the citizen-king [Louis Philippe].
1874Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece viii. 254 *Citizen life was too precious to be poured out in wrath.
1598Florio, Cittadinesco, *Citizen-like. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Plato Wks. (Bohn) I. 303 He [Socrates] affected a good many citizen-like tastes.
1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. i. iii. §59 A republican government that was rapidly giving way before the *citizen-prince.
1939Times 5 Oct. 11/1 The Queen..visited Branches of the *Citizens' Advice Bureau of the Charity Organisation Society at Fulham, Chelsea, Battersea and Clapham. 1969Guardian 29 July 5/5 There is already a citizens' advice bureau just down the road. 1984Metro (Auckland) Mar. 103/2 A phone call to the central Citizens' Advice Bureau soon put me in touch with them all.
1941Rep. Cases Supreme Court Calif. XVI. 659 Defendant concedes that he intended to make a *citizen's arrest — upon a charge of perjury. 1978Daily Tel. 9 Nov. 1/7 A citizen's arrest..ended the nationwide hunt... He pinned her arms behind her and said: ‘I am taking no chances on you, lady. I am making a citizen's arrest.’ 1986Guardian 20 Aug. 1/5 Joseph Hanson..was detained after a private detective made a citizen's arrest on a double-decker bus.
1948Radio & TV News Dec. 44 (heading) *Citizens Band oscillator. Ibid. 44/3 It has been possible to obtain greater output at higher efficiencies with less heating power in cathode types than in filamentary types at the Citizens Band frequency. 1958Ibid. Nov. 37/1 There are many needs for radio, in delivery vehicles, on farms, and in small business. The Citizens Band has been a convenient catch-all for these groups. Ibid. 38/2 Under Citizens Band rules power was limited and eligibility requirements were simple. 1976Perkowski & Stral Joy of CB ii. 13 As originally established in 1948, there were three classes of Citizens' Band licenses available. 1981Times 4 Mar. 16/3 The messy compromise which Mr Whitelaw..announced over the introduction of Citizens Band radio was in the end forced on the Government.
1843Prescott Mexico (1850) II. 310 The *citizen-soldiers of Villa Rica.
Hence citizen v., to address as ‘citizen’.
1871Daily News 19 Apr. 5 Now the sentinel ‘citizens’ me, and I ‘citizen’ him.
Add:[5.] Citizen's Charter (also Citizens' Charter) Pol., a name given to various documents which concern the rights of citizens; spec. a British government document produced in 1991, designed to guarantee that public services meet certain standards of performance, and to give the public rights of redress when such standards are not upheld.
1913C. E. Innes (title) The *Citizens' Charter. A scheme of national organisation. [Ibid. 5 This Scheme constitutes, in the making, a Charter of Citizenship, emphasizing and recording the rights and obligations of the citizen.] 1938C. L. Nordon State of Emergency 11 (heading) The Citizens' Charter and the People's Pledge. 1991J. Major Speech 23 Mar. in Citizen's Charter (House of Commons Libr. Ref. Sheet 92/8) (1992) (cover), What we now aim to do is to put in place a comprehensive Citizen's Charter. It will work for quality across the whole range of public services. 1991Economist 3 Aug. 27/1 In the ‘citizen's charter’, unveiled on July 22nd, the government confirmed its plans to deregulate the capital's buses. 1992Observer 2 Feb. 16/1 (Advt.), The Citizen's Charter sets a new Standard for public services.
▸ citizen journalism n. the work of citizen journalists.
1995Salt Lake (Utah) Tribune 9 Apr. b2/5 A handful of daily newspapers have moved toward civic or *citizen journalism. 2005Independent 23 Nov. 31/5, I do think professional and citizen journalism will blur together,..because we will find that some amateurs are as talented as a professional journalist.
▸ citizen journalist n. a non-professional journalist, typically working outside traditional media channels.
In quot. 1842 referring to the author of a text called the Citizens' Journal.
1842A. Strickland Lives Queens of Eng. VI. iv. 151 She [sc. Elizabeth I] rode up Leadenhall-street to Gracechurch-street, called by our *citizen journalist ‘Grasschurch-street’. 1959E. Kinkead In Every War but One 11 The Army..was not only willing, but eager, to devote a great deal of time to a citizen journalist. 2008Columbia Journalism Rev. Mar.–Apr. 12/3 Where the press is under government control, corrupt, or simply incompetent, citizen journalists may be the only source of information that is reasonably credible. |