| 释义 |
▪ I. clamp, n.1|klæmp|
[Known since 15th (or 14th) c. Also in Du. (since 16th c.) klampe, now klamp, ‘clamp, cleat’, LG. and mod.Ger. klamp, klampe, in HG. dial. klampfe; on WGer. type *klampa wk. fem., and *klampo wk. masc., belonging to a stem *klamp-, supposed to be a byform of *klamb-, klamm-: see clam n.1, with which this word is to a certain extent synonymous. From the same stem, MHG. had klampfer, and mod.HG. dial. klampfer, klamper (Bav.), in sense of modern Ger. klammer a clamp. Whether the Eng. word was adopted from LG. or Du., or was a native derivative which happens not to be known in OE. or ME. up to the 14th c., is uncertain.]
1. a. A brace, clasp, or band, usually of iron or other rigid material, used for giving strength and support to flexible or movable objects, or for fastening two or more things securely together. In many technical senses:
e.g. A bar of iron for binding together stones in a building, also a metal clasp or rivet for broken china-ware, etc.; a piece of wood attached to or inserted into another to strengthen it and prevent warping.
a1400–50[see 4]. 1476–8Churchw. Acc. St. Andrew's Hubbard in Brit. Mag. XXXII. 31 Item, for ij Clampys of Iren for pewes..iijd. 1490Churchw. Acc. St. Dunstan's, Canterb., Payde for fettyng home the clampis for the baners jd. 1535Coverdale Ex. xxxvi. 29 Ioyned with his corner borde from vnder vp, and aboue vpon the heade to come together with a clampe. 1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 54 Twoo small clampes of thinne brasse plate. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 221 Clamp, a piece of wood fixed to the end of a thin board..to prevent it from casting. 1833Arnott Physics II. i. 69 Where the stones of a building are held together by clamps or bars of iron..the expansion in summer of these clamps will force the stones apart. 1877W. Thomson Voy. Challenger I. i. 22 A light india-rubber clamp..sufficiently strong to grasp and retain anything light. 1877Bryant Odyss. v. 300 He bored the beams, and..made them fast with nails and clamps. 1879Sala in Daily Tel. 26 Dec., One of the iron clamps of a trunk. 1879Thomson & Tait Nat. Phil. I. i. §149 Attach the two sheets together by very slight paper or muslin clamps gummed to them along the common curved edge. Ibid. §198 A geometrical clamp is a means of applying and maintaining six mutual pressures between two bodies touching one another at six points.
b. Ordnance. The cap-square of a gun.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789), Clamps are also small crooked plates of iron, fore-locked upon the trunnions of the cannon, to keep them steady in their carriages at sea. Ibid. i. 4 The cap-squares, otherwise called clamps.
c. fig.
1860Emerson Cond. Life, Fate Wks. (Bohn) II. 322 A king on the top; with clamps and hoops of castles, garrisons, and police. 1862S. Lucas Secularia 103 A series of rules..sustained and suspended, as it were, by the clamp of a common religious profession.
d. spec. in Electr. (see quot. 1947); clamp circuit, one in which the positive or negative limits of a waveform are adjusted and maintained. Cf. clamping vbl. n. b.
1947L. J. Haworth in L. N. Ridenour Radar System Engin. xiii. 503 The name ‘clamp’ is applied to..electronic switches which, when closed, hold or clamp two circuit points together. 1954B. Y. Mills in E. G. Bowen Radar (ed. 2) xiv. 450 Circuits which can be used for inserting a DC level..are called ‘clamps’. 1954Zworykin & Morton Television (ed. 2) xiii. 535 Figure 13.38 shows a ‘clamp circuit’ employed for fixing the black level in an image orthicon camera. 1958Chambers's Techn. Dict. (ed. 2) 966/2 Clamp, valve circuit in which a waveform is adjusted and maintained at a definite level when recurring after intervals. 1963R. G. Middleton Elem. Transistor Techn. iv. 88 A clamp circuit..maintains the peaks of the output waveform at a preset voltage level; this level might be zero or some other value. Either the positive or the negative peaks of the output voltage can be clamped to the chosen level.
2. a. A name of various appliances, tools, or instruments with opposite sides or parts which may be screwed or otherwise brought together, so as to seize, hold, compress, or pinch anything:
e.g. with Joiners, an appliance of this nature in which articles are firmly held while being formed, or are compressed together while their glue joint is drying: a check for a vice, made of lead, copper, or other soft material to grasp without bruising, etc. = clam n.1 2.
1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 187/2 Clamps are Pinchers with which Foxes and Badgers are taken out of the Earth. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Badger-hunting, The Clamps, whereby the Badger may be taken out alive, to make Sport therewith afterwards. 1867–77G. Chambers Astron. Voc. 913 Clamp, a contrivance for making fast for a time certain parts of an instrument which are ordinarily moveable. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 31 An india-rubber tube, which is to be closed by a clamp. 1876Foster Phys. i. iv. (1879) 127 To place a clamp on the vessel on the proximal side of the ligature. 1882Syd. Soc. Lex., Clamp, an instrument employed for the purpose of compressing the pedicle of a tumour, before its removal by the knife..it consists essentially of two metal blades capable of being approximated and fixed by a screw movement.
†b. pl. Claws, ‘clutches’; = clam n.1 3. Obs.
1548Forrest Pleas. Poesye 582 And what hee onys into his Clampis catche maye The poore man theereof no peece shal come bye.
3. Naut. in various senses.
a. One of the thick planks in a ship's side below the shelf-piece which support the ends of the deckbeams;
b. a piece of timber applied to a mast or yard to prevent the wood from bursting;
c. a plate of iron which can open or shut so as to confine a spar;
d. a one-cheeked block, etc.
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 9 For clamps, middle bands and sleepers, they be all of 6 inch planke for binding within. 1627― Seaman's Gram. ii. 6 Your risings are aboue the Orlop as the Clamps are vnder it. 1748Anson Voy. ii. iv. 158 Two standards were broken, as also several clamps. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 164 Clamp, a crooked iron plate, fastened to the after-end of the main⁓cap of snows, to secure the trysail-mast. 1867Smyth Sailors' Word-bk., Clamp, a one-cheeked block; the spar to which it is fastened being the other cheek.
†4. In other obs. uses: see quots. at a clamp has been explained as ‘at a pinch’, i.e. ‘in a moment’, but this is doubtful.
a1400–50Alexander 3263 All werldly þing, I-wis, þurȝe þe will of oure lord, In-to þe contrare clene is at a clamp turned. 1576Gascoigne Steele Gl. (Arb.) 68 How ere their gownes, be gathered in the backe, With organe pipes, of old king Henries clampe. 1674Ray N. Country Wds. 14 Clamps, irons at the ends of Fires, to keep up the Fewel. In other places called Creepers or Dogs. 1746Miles in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 56 A Clamp of Iron, such as is used for heating Box-Irons for smoothing Linen-Clothes.
5. attrib. and in Comb., as clamp-ring, clamp-treatment (in Med.), clamp-tube; clamp-connection, a connecting swelling between adjoining cells of the hyphæ of certain fungi; clamp-irons, andirons; clamp-nail, a large-headed nail for fastening iron clamps; clamp-plate (Shipbuilding), an iron plate, generally of circular shape, serving to unite two bodies; clamp-screw: see quot.
1887Garnsey & Balfour tr. A. de Bary's Compar. Morphology & Biol. Fungi i. 2 The *clamp-connections..occur only on hyphae with transverse segmentation, and chiefly in the Basidiomycetes... A clamp of this kind when fully formed is..a nearly semicircular protuberance like a short branch which springs from one cell..and is closely applied to the lateral wall of the adjoining cell. 1931A. H. R. Buller Res. Fungi IV. ii. ii. 271 Each cell-division is accompanied by the formation of a clamp-connexion between the two daughter cells.
1742–1800Bailey, *Clamp-irons, at the Ends of Fires to keep up the Fewel, called also Creepers, or Dogs [in earlier edds. clamps.]
1721–1800Ibid., *Clamp-nails. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 134 Clamp nails are short stout nails with large heads, for fastening iron clamps.
1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. xii. 239 Additional strength is often given to the upper part of a ship by means of rail and *Clamp-plates.
1879S. Highley in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 257/2 The *clamp-ring attached to each form of lamp.
1831Brewster Optics xii. 102 Three pair of *clamp screws. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 560/2 Clamp-screw, a joiner's implement, on the bench, or to be attached to the work, for holding work to a table, or two pieces together.
1879S. Highley in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 257/2 Two-sharp edges were left to bite on the adjusting *clamp-tube.
▪ II. clamp, n.2
[Perh. a specific application of prec.: cf. the analogous pair clam n.1, n.2.]
†1. An earlier name of the edible Clams of N. America.
1624,1672[see clam n.2 1 d].
2. Usually clamp-shell: the large bivalve shell of the tropical molluscs Chama and Tridacna (family Chamaceæ).
1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. I. viii. 251 The giant Clamp-shells..sometimes four feet in length and weighing more than five hundred pounds suspend their vast bulk by means of a strong byssus. 1847Carpenter Zool. §952.
▪ III. clamp, n.3|klæmp|
[Evidenced only since 16th c.; identical with MDu. and Du. klamp ‘heap’, and possibly an adoption of that word as a term of brickmakers. It may be originally from the same root as clamp n.1, with the notion of a closely compressed mass; see also clump.]
A compact heap, mound, or pile of materials; in various specific senses:
1. Brick-making. A large quadrangular stack or pile of bricks built for burning in the open air.
1596–7S. Finche in Ducarel Hist. Croydon (1783) App. 153 To the Parke we came, and there wente from clampe to clampe. 1679Plot Staffordsh. (1686) 128 For burning a Clamp of 16000 bricks, they use about 7 Tunns of coal. 1745De Foe's Eng. Tradesm. (1841) I. iii. 22 A person goes into a brickmaker's field to view his clamp, and buy a load of bricks. 1844Alb. Smith Adv. Mr. Ledbury xxxvii. (1886) 115 Where..some contiguous brick clamp dispelled the gloom.
2. Farming.
a. A mound of earth or turf lined with straw, in which potatoes, etc., are kept during winter;
b. a stack of turf or peat;
c. a manure-heap;
d. a heap of farm or garden rubbish for burning, etc.
1724Swift Wks. (1854) II. 79/1 Not a bit of turf in this cold weather; and Mrs. Johnson and the dean..forced to assist at the Bog, in gathering up the wet bottoms of old clamps. 1744–50W. Ellis Mod. Husbandm. VI. i. 91 A square clamp or dunghil. 1753Henry Stream Wind in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 2 Several clamps of turf..standing in a bog. 1771Projects in Ann. Reg. 108/1 Men..pile up the dung in a square clamp. 1834Brit. Husb. I. xvi. 352 When the inclosure was filled with sods, and the clamp raised to the height of eight feet, twelve fires were all kindled at the same time, and, in less than forty-eight hours, the whole mass..was entirely burnt through to the top. 1881Daily News 4 June 5/5 The clamps of mangolds were being eaten into with alarming rapidity.
3. Mining, etc.: A pile of limestone or metal ore for roasting, a heap of coal for coking, etc.
1877E. Peacock N.W. Linc. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Clamp, a pile of bricks or limestone for burning.
4. Comb., as clamp-burnt adj., clamp-brick, clamp-kiln.
1795Erskine Agric. Surv. Clackm. 311 (Jam.) When the uncalcined lime-stone is imported, the farmers burn it in what is called clamp-kilns, which are built round or oblong with sods and earth. 1836Penny Cycl. V. 408/2 Clamp-bricks..kiln-burnt bricks and marl stocks, as well as Dutch clinkers. 1881Mechanic §1152. 539 Clamp-burnt bricks.
▪ IV. clamp, n.4 Chiefly dial.|klæmp|
[Onomatopœic: app. with association of clap, clumsy, club, etc., and stamp, tramp, champ.]
A heavy, solid step, tread, or stamp with the feet.
1789Fergusson Poems I. 280 (Jam.) Broggs, whilk on my body tramp, And wound like death at ilka clamp. 1863Mrs. Gaskell Sylvia's L. vi, The clamp of their [horses'] feet on the round stable pavement.
b. Comb., as clamp-shoes, heavy shoes for rough work (Simmonds Dict. Trade 1858).
▪ V. clamp, v.1|klæmp|
[f. clamp n.1, corresp. to Du. klampen, dial. Ger. klampfen and klampfern, beside klammen, klammern.]
1. a. trans. To make fast with a clamp or clamps.
1677–96Moxon Mech. Exerc. (1703) 110. 1688 R. Holme Armoury iii. 100/1 The ends of Tables are commonly clampt to preserve them from warping. 1790Roy Trigon. Operat. in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 157 The circle being clamped, hang the axis level on the pivots or ansæ of the telescope. 1854J. Hogg Microsc. i. ii. (1867) 43 By sliding the one on the other and clamping them together when adjusted. 1876Foster Phys. i. iv. (1879) 127 The carotid..is..clamped in two places and divided between the clamps. 1879Browning Ivan Ivanovitch 6 He cleaves, clamps, dovetails in.
fig.1862Lytton Str. Story I. 135, I clamped and soldered dogma to dogma in the links of my tinkered logic. 1876Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. ii. 3 The haggard cheeks, the lips clamped together in unfaltering resolve.
b. spec. in Electr. To adjust and maintain the positive or negative limits of a waveform. Cf. clamping vbl. n. b.
1954B. Y. Mills in E. G. Bowen Radar (ed. 2) xiv. 451 If it is desired to clamp the intermediate portion of a waveform, or if the waveform can change polarity, it becomes necessary to use a double-ended clamp. 1963[see clamp n.1 1 d].
2. (Sc.) ‘To patch, to make up or mend in a clumsy manner’ (Jam.); = clamper v.1
a1800Symmye & his Bruder in Sibbald Sc. Poet. I. 360 (Jam.) Syne clampit up Sanct Peter's keiss Bot of ane auld reid gartane.
3. to clamp down:
a. To press down on; transf. to take strong measures; to become (more) strict; to put a stop to (an undesirable activity, etc.). Const. on.
1924C. E. Mulford Rustlers' Valley vi. 66 Matt..clamped his own left arm down on the other's right. 1941H. Flanagan in W. Kozlenko 100 Non-Royalty Radio Plays 69/1 There isn't any money. They clamped down on the expenses. 1945N. Marsh Died in Wool 25 We've clamped down on it for six months. 1952Economist 19 July 176 The government clamped down firmly on all political agitation. 1963Listener 7 Mar. 432/3 The complacent upper class that..clamped down brutally on criminals, exploited servants.
b. Of cloud, fog, etc.: to descend very low, so as to prevent flying, etc.
1943C. Lewis Pathfinders 262 The only thing that worried him was the weather. It was clamping down. They couldn't fly through it without instruments. 1958‘N. Shute’ Rainbow & Rose i. 5 It's clamped down over the mountains. 1959Punch 13 May 648/3 Make a neat list of constructive under-cover jobs so that when the weather clamps down you needn't waste time.
▪ VI. clamp, v.2
[f. clamp n.3]
trans. To pile up (bricks, earth, manure, or the like) in a compact heap; to store (potatoes or mangold) in a clamp.
1743Ellis Mod. Husb. Sept. v. 38 Upon this he changed his Seed and clamped his Dung. 1834Brit. Husb. I. x. 258 The manure..was piled up..to the height of near 7 feet, when another heap was clamped up. 1851Mechi 2nd Paper Brit. Agric. 41 In clamping or earthing large mounds of mangold wurzel.
▪ VII. clamp, v.3 Chiefly dial.|klæmp|
[Goes with clamp n.4]
intr. To tread or stamp heavily and clumsily; to clump.
1808Jamieson, Clamp, Clamper, to make a noise with the shoes in walking, especially when they are studded with nails. 1859Thackeray Virgin. xv, The smock-frocks..clamped out of church quite unconcerned. 1876Whitby Gloss., I gat my teeas [toes] clamp'd on. 1877E. Peacock N.W. Linc. Gloss., Clamp, to tread heavily. |