| 释义 |
prevention|prɪˈvɛnʃən|
[ad. late L. præventiōn-em, n. of action f. prævenīre: see prevene. So. F. prévention (14th c. in Godef.).]
The action of the verbs prevene and prevent in various senses.
†1. The coming, occurrence, or action of one person or thing before another, or before the due time; previous occurrence, anticipation; in Theol. the action of prevenient grace. Obs.
1544St. Papers Hen. VIII, X. 179 The prevention of the tyme of the French Quenes retourne. 1621R. Brathwait Nat. Embassie (1877) 18 His gracious preuention that giueth to each work a happy period. 1626Bacon Sylva §210 The greater the distance, the greater is the prevention: as we see in thunder which is far off, where the lightning precedeth the crack a good space. 1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 213 Workes, which none can attaine unto without the prevention of Gods mercy. 1705Stanhope Paraphr. III. 577 That those Preventions might furnish an opportunity for rendering both his Humility and his Faith exemplary and publick.
2. a. Canon Law. The privilege possessed or claimed by an ecclesiastical superior of taking precedence of or forestalling an inferior in the execution of an official act regularly pertaining to the latter.
1528St. Papers Hen. VIII, I. 311 Hys..desier is, Your sayd Grace, by verteu off your Legantine prerogative and prevention, conferr to hys chapleyn, Mr. Wilson, the vicarege off Thackstedd. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 184 b, [Wolsey was] called on for an answere..to the premunire, for geuyng benefices by preuension in disturbance of mennes inheritaunce. 1562Jewel Apol. Ch. Eng. vi. xxi. Wks. (1579) 726 Peradventure they will saie That Peter..solde Iubilees, Graces, Liberties, Aduousons, Preuentions. 1706tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. 16th C. II. iv. xx. 346 note, Preventions are Privileges that a Superior claims over an Inferior; that when he comes first, the Inferior loses his Right for that Time.
b. Sc. Law. A similar privilege exercised by a superior judge or civil magistrate: see quot.
1678Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. ii. ii. §5 (1699) 182 Prevention is, when one Judge interposes his authority, or when a tryal is entered upon by one Judge, before another Judge do exerce any action of Jurisdiction about that subject.
†3. Action or occurrence before or in anticipation of the expected, appointed, or normal time; anticipation; in Rhet. prolepsis. Obs.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. lx. 12 In the way of preuention he proceedeth further, and sayth that he looked for the residew at Gods hand. 1575–85Abp. Sandys Serm. (Parker Soc.) 284 He answereth that objection by a prevention (so to term it) calling him Lord of all. 1583Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 619 The effect of the law wes fulfullit be preventioun of the terme. 1658Bp. Reynolds Rich Man's Charge 4 This Duty is pressed by a very elegant reason,..as a prolepsis or prevention of what might be objected. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) III. vi. v. 376 How particularly our philosophical Historian affects to speak, by way of prevention, of the solitary place where Hercules was retir'd.
4.
†a. The action of forestalling, of securing an advantage over another person by previous action, or of baffling or stopping another person in the execution of his designs. Obs.
1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. vii. 18 b, Appointing also there shoulde be great watch, for preuention of the Moores, least that they should by anye deuice set on fire the ships. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iii. i. 19 Caska be sodaine, for we feare preuention. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 129 Half way he met His daring foe, at this prevention more Incens't, and thus securely him defi'd.
†b. Action intended to obviate or provide against an anticipated danger or mischief; precaution; a precaution, a defensive measure. Obs.
1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 93 This preuention was done like a valiant and wise Prince. 1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 210 The same prevention Herod long after practised. a1639T. Carew Poems Wks. (1824) 105 Where our prevention ends, danger begins. 1774Foote Cozeners iii. Wks. 1799 II. 196, I took the liberty, by way of prevention, to get him secured for the money.
c. The action of keeping from happening or rendering impossible an anticipated event or an intended act. (The chief current use.)
1661Glanvill Van. Dogm. xii. 110 For the prevention of such inconveniences in meditation, we choose recess and solitude. c1710Prior Own Monument 1 Doctors give physic by way of prevention. 1751N. Cotton Vis. Verse, Health 31 Prevention is the better Cure, So says the Proverb, and 'tis sure. 1813Gentl. Mag. LXXXIII. i. 53/2 Lord Erskine's Bill for the Prevention of Cruelty towards Animals. 1861Mrs. Oliphant Last Mortimers vi, ‘Ah! but prevention is better than cure’, said the wicked little creature.
†d. A means of preventing; a preventive, a safeguard; an obstacle, obstruction. Obs.
1589Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 28 No preuention [prevails] to diuert the decree of the Fates. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxv. §8 A kinde of barre or preuention to keepe them euen from apostasie. 1641Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 203 A better prevention then these Councells have left us against heresie. a1716South Serm. (1744) X. 349 Those, who, not being hampered with such early preventions, break forth into the most open, and flagitious practices. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing viii. 440 They furnish preventions for that lassitude which so often arises..from want of employment.
†5. A mental anticipation; a presentiment. Obs.
a1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. i. 32, I could burst At the coniectures, feares, preuentions, And restles tumbling of our tossed braines. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. i. Ad Sect. iv. 53 These [delights] are the antepasts and preventions of the full feasts..of Eternity. 1801C. Smith Lett. Solit. Wand. I. 247 Which I had a strange prevention would be fatal to one of us.
†6. Prepossession, bias, prejudice. Obs.
1688Burnet Lett. conc. Pres. St. Italy 16 A man that sees the exteriour of another,..and is much taken with his face,..and mien, and thus has a blind prevention in his favour. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) III. Misc. ii. iii. 108 'Tis a known Prevention against the Gentlemen of this Character, ‘That they are generally ill-humour'd’. 1755J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) II. 179 Much assisted by his natural prevention in favour of himself. 1829Landor Imag. Conv., Chaucer, Boccaccio, etc. Wks. 1853 I. 403/2 My prevention, in regard to the country about Rome, was almost as great, and almost as unjust to Nature. |