| 释义 |
▪ I. † cog, n.1 Obs. (exc. Hist.)
Forms: 4 coge, kogge, 4–6 cogge, 4– cog.
[ME. cogge, kogge (14th c.), corresponds in form and meaning alike to OF. cogue, (coge, koge, cogghe, guogue), also coque, a kind of ship, esp. ‘ship of war’ (Godefroy), and to MLG. kogge m. f., MDu. cogghe (Du. cogge, cog f.), MHG. kocke, 15th c. G. kock (OHG. coccho m.). With the latter cf. OSw. kogger m., Da. kogge, kog small vessel without a keel, Sw. dial. kåg, kåk small single-masted sail-boat (Rietz), ONorw. kuggr m. larger merchant-ship, esp. of the Hanse, Icel. kuggi small vessel.
Teutonic etymologists consider these words to be native, going back to OTeut. types *kuggon-, *kukkon-. The OF. forms on the other hand are usually taken as cognate with Pr. coca, coqua, Sp. coca, obs. It. cocca, ‘a kind of ship no longer in use, which had the prow and the poop much raised, with a single mast, and a square sail’ (Della Crusca), derived by Diez and others from a L. type *coccha, by-form of concha lit. ‘shell’, also, in late or med.L., a species of boat or ship. The relations between the Teutonic and the Romanic, and esp. the OF., words are uncertain. The probability is that the ME. word was from French rather than LG.: like the Fr. it interchanged at an early date with cocke, cock3, which afterwards was differentiated, and used only in sense of the Fr. dim. coquet cock-boat.]
1. A kind of ship of earlier times; broadly built, with roundish prow and stern. Supposed to have been primarily a ship of burden or transport, but also used as a ship of war. (App. not used after 15th c.: later mention only historical.)
c1325Coer de L. 4784 Agaynes hem comen her naveye, Cogges & dromoundes, many galeye. c1325E.E. Allit. P. C. 152 [Of the ship of Tarshish containing Jonah] Þe sayl sweyed on þe see, þenne suppe bihoued Þe coge of þe colde water. 1352Pol. Poems (1859) I. 72 The kogges of Ingland was broght out of bandes. 1470–85Malory Arthur v. iii, A greete multitude of shyppes, galeyes, cogges and dromoundes, sayllynge on the see. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxvi. 231 In the hauen of scluys many shippes and cogges were taken. [1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 795 Fourscore Cogs, a sort of small Transport-Vessels. 1851Turner Dom. Archit. II. iii. 115 Their cogs and barques lying at the wharves of Thames Street.]
†b. A kind of craft formerly used on the Humber and Ouse between Hull and York. Obs.
1531–2Stat. 23 Hen. VIII, c. 18 Many shyppes, keyles, cogges, and botes..haue heretofore had theyr franke passagis..vpon the saide riuer. 1536in F. Drake York 230 That several persons inhabiting on the Banks of the River had placed Fishgarths, etc. in the same to the hindrance of the free passage of Ships, keyles, coggs, and boats. 1708–15Kersey, Cogs, a kind of Boats us'd on the Rivers Ouse and Humber.
2. Also app. in the sense of cock n.3, cock-boat.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1477 Hipsiphile & Medea, Jason & Ercules also That in a cog [v.r. cogge] to londe were I-go Hem to refresche. c1470Harding Chron. ccvii. iii, [He]..brought his fiers brennyng vpon the sea In botes and cogges [v.r. cockes]. 1513Douglas æneis x. vi. 7 And sum with airis into coggis small Etlyt to land. 1600Fairfax Tasso xiv. lviii, And for the cogge was narrow, small and strait, Alone he row'd.
3. Comb. cog-boat = cock-boat.
c1440Promp. Parv. 86 Cogboote [Pynson cokbote], scafa. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. ii. 206 No man who built ship or cog boat durst drive into it above three nailes. Ibid. 210 Olave fled in a little Cog-boat unto his father-in-law. 1890A correspondent says ‘Cog-boat is a term well known on the Humber as applied to a small boat belonging to a sailing vessel of any sort.’
▪ II. cog, n.2|kɒg|
[ME. cogge, found from 13th c.: the Sw. kugge, Norw. kug, pl. kugger, in same sense, are evidently cognate; but the relations between them are not determined.
The Celtic words, Ir., Gael. cog, Welsh cocas, uncritically cited as the prob. source, are (as usual in such cases) from English. Derivation from the Romanic family of F. coche, ONF. *coque, Pr. coca, It. cocca ‘notch’, of which the sense has been considered allied, is phonetically untenable.]
1. a. One of a series of teeth or similar projections on the circumference of a wheel, or the side of a bar, etc., which, by engaging with corresponding projections on another wheel, etc., transmit or receive motion.
Cogs are either separate wooden pieces attached by mortices and the like, or are cut out of the substance of the wheel, or cast in one with it. The name was probably first given to the wooden pins inserted sideways into the rim of a wheel, which caught the rungs or trundles of a lantern-wheel; hence cog and round, a mechanical arrangement of this type. hunting cog: in cogged wheels which have a certain proportion to each other, an extra cog given to the larger, by which there is secured a continuous change of cogs engaging with each other and consequently equal wear.
a1250Owl & Night. 86 I-cundure to one frogge, Þat sit at mulne under cogge. [The precise sense here is doubtful.] 1381Durham Halm. Rolls I. 170 Præd. Will. inveniet velas, cogges [of a wind-mill]. c1440Promp. Parv. 85 Cogge of a mylle, scarioballum. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxvi. xii. (1845) 117 A great whele made by craftly Geometry, Wyth many cogges. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §134 To sell..the crabbe-trees to myllers, to make cogges and ronges. 1627–77Feltham Resolves i. lxviii. 104 Thou canst not sit upon so high a Cog, but maist with turning prove the lowest in the wheel. 1660W. D'Acres Water Drawing 13 Great wooden wheels with coggs in them working trundles with round staves in them. 1731H. Beighton in Phil. Trans. XXXVII. 6 A Cog-Wheel of 51 Cogs, into which the Trundle V, of six Rounds, works. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 314 In large works, where the wheels are of wood, and the teeth are separate pieces morticed into the rim, they are called cogs. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art (Webster) I. 78 A skilful mill-wright will always give the wheel what he calls a hunting cog. 1868Lockyer Elem. Astron. 193 The principle of both clocks and watches is that a number of wheels, locked together by cogs, are forced to turn round.
fig.c1640[Shirley] Capt. Underw. iii. iii. in Bullen O. Pl. II. 372 How will his tongue run when his Coggs are oild.
†b. A float-board. Perhaps only a mistake.
1695Kennett Par. Antiq. Gloss. s.v. Cock-boat, The coges or cogs of a mill-wheel are those slobs or broad pieces of board, that..are drove along by the stream, and so turn round the wheel.
c. fig. One who holds a necessary but usu. insignificant position in a large organization or group. Freq. a cog in a or the (..) machine, etc.
1934in Webster. 1951S. Spender World within World iv. 201 Franz was incapable of becoming a cog in a political machine, and he remained profoundly human. 1969J. Argenti Managem. Techniques 144 The larger the company the greater is the feeling amongst the junior employees that they are merely small cogs in a giant wheel. 1976E. Fromm To have or to Be? 2 We have all become cogs in the bureaucratic machine.
2. Short for:
a. The series of cogs round a wheel (obs.);
b. a cog-wheel.
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 54 The great Roller in the middle is surrounded with a Cog. 1883Harper's Mag. Jan. 198/2 A stubby black boiler..makes steam, turning four small wheels by means of a cog underneath.
3. One of the short handles of the pole of a scythe. dial.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. viii. 322 The koggs are the handles on the sythe. 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. s.v. Cleat, ‘The cogs o' this sned binna-d-as tight as they oughten to be.’
4. (See quot.) dial.
1880Antrim & Down Gloss., Cog, a wedge or support fixed under anything to steady it.
5. Mining. A block used in building up a support for the roof of a mine; = chock n.1 4.
1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Cogs are not squared, but simply notched where they cross each other.
6. Comb. cog-hole, a place for keeping spare cogs; cog-rail, a toothed rail used in railways with very steep gradients; hence cog-railway. Also cog-wheel.
1733Derby Mercury I. No. 52 The boy..hid himself in the Coghole of the Mill.
1884Science III. 415/2 The rack or cog-rail in the middle of the track is made of two angle-irons which have between them cogs of one and a quarter inch iron. 1944B. Johnson As much as I Dare 281 There is a cog-rail to the top.
1896Vermont Agric. Rep. XVI. 126 We cannot boast of a Mt. Washington with its cog-railway. 1902H. Belloc Path to Rome 287 A precipitous peak of bare rock, up which there ran a cog-railway to some hotel or other. 1963Economist 30 Nov. 911/1 Funiculars, cog railways, aerial ropeways, chairlifts.
▪ III. cog, n.3 Carpentry.
[See cog v.2; the form of the word is app. due to association with the ‘cogs’ of a wheel, viewed as teeth or projections fitting into counter-depressions.]
A projection or tenon on the end of a beam, which is received into a corresponding notch or mortice on the surface of another beam or support; used in tailing joists to wall-plates, making a scarf-joint, etc. cog-hold: a fastening or connexion by means of a cog.
1856–8Archit. Publ. Soc. Dict. s.v. Coghold, The bearing timbers ought to be placed upon pieces of stone as templates built into the walls, and be made to take a coghold of the templates so as to enable them to tie and stay the walls, by means of the cogs.
▪ IV. † cog, n.4 Obs.
[f. cog v.3]
1. The act of cogging at dice; a particular method or way of doing this.[In quot. 1598, taken by some to mean ‘false dice for cogging’; but it is coupled with ‘devices’ and ‘shifts’.] 1532Dice Play (1850) 28 There be divers kinds of cogging, but of all other the Spanish cogg bears the bell, and seldom raiseth any smoke. 1598Greene Jas. IV, ii. i, Sold a dozen of devices, a case of cogs, and a suit of shifts. 1617Machivell's Dogge Sign. B, Lett's go to dice awhile..But subtill mates will simple mindes..blinde..with..cogges and stoppis, and such like devilish tricks. a1658Cleveland Publ. Faith 7 What way? Doublets? or Knap? The Cog? low Dice? or high?
b. An act of cogging or cheating. nonce-use.
1855Browning Holy-Cross Day, See to our converts—yon doomed black dozen—No stealing away—nor cog nor cozen!
2. A deception, trick, fraud, imposture.
1602W. Watson Quodlibets Relig. & State 7 False suggestions, shamelesse cogs, and impious forgeries. 1618Barnevelt's Apol. G iij b, Tis a meere cogge, that the King of France offered by his Embassadours the reliefe of an hundred thousand crownes monethly. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Kicksey Winsey Wks. ii. 37/2 These men can..shake me kindly by the fist, And put me off with dilatory cogges.
3. Cant. ‘The money or whatever the sweetners drop to draw in the bubbles’ (Dict. Cant. Crew, c 1690); hence app. applied to coin or pieces of money generally.
1532Dice Play (1850) 27 To know..what money he hath in his purse, and whether it be in great coggs or small, that is, gold or silver. 1673R. Head Canting Acad. 192 He..drops down a Cog in the street. c1690B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Drop a cog, to let fall (with design to draw in and cheat) a Piece of Gold; also the piece itself. 1725in New Cant. Dict. 1729Gay Polly iii. Wks. (1772) 198 Furies! A manifest cog! I wont be bubbled.
4. Comb. † cog-foist, a cheat; † cog-shoulder, [? formed on the vb.-stem], a kind of arrest.
1604Middleton Black Bk. Wks. V. 540 The villainous nature of that arrest which I may fitly term by the name of cog shoulder. 1606Wily Beguiled in Hazl. Dodsley IX. 239 A sack to have put this law-cracking cogfoist in.
▪ V. cog, n.5
A wooden vessel: see cogue.
▪ VI. cog, v.1|kɒg|
[f. cog n.2]
1. trans. To furnish (a wheel, etc.) with cogs.
1499Promp. Parv. (Pynson) 85 Coggyn a mylle, scario⁓ballo. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. xl, But the cogge whele is a great helper if it be well pycked, well cogged and well ronged.
2. To stop (a wheel, etc.) by putting a stone, block of wood, etc., in front; to ‘scotch’ a cart-wheel on an incline to prevent the cart going back; to steady anything with a wedge. north. dial.
1635Rutherford Lett. li. (1862) I. 146 The Lord shall cog the rumbling wheels, or turn them. 1825–79Jamieson, Cog, to place a stone, or a piece of wood, so as to prevent the wheel of a carriage from moving. 1880Antrim & Down Gloss., Cog, to steady anything that is shaky by wedging it; to place a wedge under a cart-wheel to prevent the cart going down hill.
3. refl. To move (oneself along) by the aid of successive notches made to give footing.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxvii. 360 To make for the island by cogging himself forward with his jack-knife.
4. ‘To roll or bloom (ingots)’ (Raymond Mining Gloss.). Also with down.
1925Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXI. 528 In general the continuous process is not used for cogging and blooming, but at the Gary Works in Illinois there is a rail mill in which the ingot is actually continuously cogged. 1930Engineering 11 July 43/3 From 2000 tons to 2500 tons of ingots are cogged down. 1951Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXVII. 168/1 The ingots were cogged down under steam hammers to blooms and slabs.
5. intr. To engage with corresponding cogs or projections. Also fig., to fit in; to agree, be of the same mind; to work in harmony.
1898in Eng. Dial. Dict. 1926H. G. Wells World of W. Clissold I. ii. 191 The same old Russian ‘system’, with..many of the wheels failing to cog. 1964New Society 11 June 19/1 Even the three relevant sections of the county council—health, children and welfare—cog together.
▪ VII. cog, v.2 Carpentry.
[cf. cock v.3 which appears to be the original form of this word, the present form being app. due to association with the cogs of a wheel, and with cog v.1, to which this has a superficial appearance of relationship of sense.]
To connect timbers by means of a ‘cog’; cf. cock v.3 Hence ˈcogging vbl. n.
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 129 Cocking, or cogging, is the form of the joints, which the tie-beams and wall-plates make with each other. 1854Archit. Publ. Soc. Dict. s.v. Caulking, Caulking, Calking, or Cocking, Cogging, or Corking. The act of securing a piece of timber across another, the lower having a projecting tenon, with a corresponding notch or mortice in the timber. Ibid. s.v. Cog-hold, A cog-hold is best obtained through the agency of a chair of cast iron, which should be itself cogged or joggled to a stone template laid in the wall under it.
▪ VIII. cog, v.3|kɒg|
Also 6–7 cogg(e.
[This vb. and the corresponding cog n.4 appear together in 1532, as ‘Ruffians' terms’ of dice-play; whence they passed into general use in various transferred senses. As in other cant terms, the origin has not been preserved; but the persistent notion is that of dishonest or fraudulent play, cheating.]
1. intr. (Dicing.) To practise certain tricks in throwing dice.
From contextual evidence it would seem that ‘cogging’ generally designated some sleight of hand, made use of to control the falling of a die; occasionally it may mean the substitution of a false die for the true one. The notion that it meant ‘to load the dice’ appears to be a mistake of modern dictionaries, which has, however, strongly influenced the use of the word by modern novelists, etc.; cf. esp. cogged ppl. a. The following quotations show the change of explanation in the Dicts.:c 1690 B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Cog, to cheat at Dice; Cog a Die, to conceal or secure a Die.1730–6Bailey, Cog, to conceal a Die, or by Art to make it come up what Number one will have. 1755Johnson, To cog a die, to secure it, so as to direct its fall; to falsify. So 1847 in Craig. 1847–78Halliw., Cog, to load a die: so some later Dicts.
1532Dice Play (1850) 28 When fine squariers only be stirring, there rests a great help in cogging; that is when the undermost die standeth dead by the weighty fall of his fellow; so that if vi be my chance and x yours, grant that upon the die I cogg and keep alway an ace deuce or tray, I may perhaps soon cast vi, but never x. 1545R. Ascham Toxoph. (Arb.) 54 What false dise vse they? as dise stopped with quicksilver and heares..and if they be true dise, what shyfte will they make to set ye one of them with slyding, with cogging, with foysting, with coytinge as they call it. 1586Newton tr. Danæus' Diceplay vi, Any cogging panion, or shifting mate, that..goeth about to..strike the dyce. 1594Lyle Moth. Bomb. i. iii, My hands shake so, that wert thou in place where, I would teach thee to cog. 1604W. Terilo Fr. Bacon's Proph. 439 Now cogge and foist that list. 1648Hexham Dutch Dict., Botten, to Strike a die, or to Cogge.
b. transf. To cheat at cards.
1592Greene Groatsw. Wit, He knew the caste to cogge at cardes.
2. trans. to cog a die or the dice: fraudulently to control or direct their fall.
1565Harding in Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 127 Through Foisting and Cogging their Die, and other false play. 1565Jewel ibid. (Reply to prec.), Touching Cogging and Foisting, I maruell M. Harding, being so graue a man, would borrow Ruffians termes to scoffe with all. 1567Turberv. To his Friend P., Of Courting (R.), To shake the bones and cog the craftie dice. 1604W. Terilo Fr. Bacon's Proph. 212 No cutting of a Carde, Nor cogging of a Dye. 1656Hobbes Liberty, Necess., & C. (1841) 410 A man may deliberate whether he will cast the dice or not; but it were folly to deliberate whether he will cast ambs-ace or not, because it is not in his power, unless he be a cheater that can cog the dice, or the dice be false dice. 1755Freethinker's Catech. 16 To use my Hands to palm an Ace or cog a Die. 1824Hist. Gaming 34 He would cog the dice to a man's face, and if detected with his finger in the box, would give the lie and show fight instantly. 1862Lytton Str. Story II. 318 Man cogs the dice for himself ere he rattles the box for his dupes.
b. With extension: to cog forth, to cog in (a die).
1603Harsnet Pop. Impost. 104 Why might not they to keepe the stage ful, cog in a Devil when they listed, at Gamesters cog in a Die? 1616–61B. Holyday Persius 311 That my fellow might not put false play Upon me, neatly cogging forth a die Out of the small-neck'd casting box. 1641Milton Animadv. Postscr., At that primero of piety the Pope and Cardinals are the better gamesters, and will cogge a Die into heav'n before you.
†3. intr. To employ fraud or deceit, to cheat.
1542[see cogging vbl. n.1 attrib.]. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 143 Now stealeth he, now will he craue, and now will he coosen and cog. 1589Hay any Work 39 Did not I say truely of thee, yt thou canst cog, face and lye, as fast as a dog can trot. 1599Shakes. Much Ado v. i. 95 Out-facing, fashion-mongring boyes, That lye, and cog, and flout, depraue, and slander. 1615T. Adams Lycanthropy 14 To..be proud with the Spaniard, cogge with a Iew, insult with a Turke..tell lyes with the Devill—for a wager. a1683Oldham Wks. (1686) 69 Cog, sham, out-face, deny, equivocate, Into a thousand shapes your selves translate. 1873Slang Dict., Cog..Also..to crib from another's book, as schoolboys often do. This is called ‘cogging over’. 1886Cheshire Gloss., Cogging, cheating or deceiving.
b. trans. To cheat, deceive.
1629J. Maxwell tr. Herodian (1635) 110 Hee had cogged and cheated the soldiers, and was not able to keepe up his Credit with them.
†4. To use feigned language in sport; to jest, quibble. Obs. (or arch).
1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. ii. xvii. 114 Socrates in this sort cogged with the olde Græcian Sophisters, making them say and unsay. 1600Holland Livy xxxix. xiii. 1030 Thou thinkest belike that thou art jesting and cogging [cavillari] with thy lover Ebutius. 1636Heywood Love's Mistr. iv. i. Wks. (1874) V. 139 Oh but see Where hee stands cogging with him. 1850James Old Oak Chest III. 33 Thinking that he and Master William have quarrelled, when he has been cogging with him all the time.
†5. To employ feigned flattery; to fawn, wheedle.
1583Babington Commandm. ix. Wks. (1637) 92 To lie, to flatter, to fawne, to halt, to cogge, to glose..whatsoever may be profitable to us. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iii. iii. 76 Come, I cannot cog, and say thou art this and that. a1661B. Holyday Juvenal 206 He would almost endure anything, cogging with the rich and childless, in hope of an estate. a1677Barrow Serm. (1686) III. viii. 89 They are best qualified to thrive in it [the world], who can finely cog and gloze. 1728Songs Costume (1849) 213 He flatter'd and cog'd, to be thought on the king's side.
†b. trans. To wheedle (a person) out of or into a thing, or (a thing) from a person. Obs.
1607Shakes. Cor. iii. ii. 133 Ile Mountebanke their Loues, Cogge their Hearts from them. 1645Milton Colast. Wks. (1851) 365 Jesting and frisking..to cog a laughter from us. 1646J. Hall Poems 11 If some fortune cogge them into Love. ― Horæ Vac. 44 Vice many times Cog'd virtue out of the Chariot, and rode in her stead in Triumph. 1652Wadsworth tr. Sandoval's Civil Wars Spain 168 Rhetorical expressions, to cog the people into a Consent. c1690B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Cog a Dinner, to wheedle a Spark out of a Dinner. 1725New Cant. Dict., Cog a Clout, or Cog a Sneezer, beg an Handkerchief, or Snuff-box.
†6. gen. To produce or put forth cunningly and fraudulently. Obs.
1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. Ded., Every Cobler can cogge a Syllogisme. 1592G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 213 He will cogge any thing to serve his turne. 1592in Greene's Dram. Wks. (1831) I. Introd. 51 What counterfeiting and cogging of prodigious and fabulous monsters. 1651W. Ames Saints Security (1652) 25 That dice-play of men, when some cunning Antagonist shall cogg an argument which may seem to import a fairer probability.
†b. To foist in, into; to palm off fraudulently on, upon; to put out or utter falsely. Obs.
1563–87Foxe A. & M. III. 393 Their forged canons, their foisting and cogging in ancient councils and decrees. 1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 45 You falsly cogge in, that..it is consecrated to be offered. 1604T. Wright Passions v. 286 The iniurer in a trice may cogge out a world of lyes. 1640Sir E. Dering Prop. Sacr. (1644) 83 You cogge in the word proper. a1694Tillotson Wks. Pref. (J.), The outcry is, that I abuse his demonstration by a falsification, by cogging in the word. a1734Dennis (J.), Fustian tragedies, or insipid comedies, have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces. |