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▪ I. commune, n.1|ˈkɒmjuːn|
[a. F. commune (It. and med.L. commūna, Pr. comuna, comunia):—late L. commūnia, neut. pl. of commūnis common, treated as n. fem. (cf. bible).]
(For commun(e as early form of common, see the latter.)
1. Hist. As a rendering of med.L. communa, communia, F. commune, It. comuna in various historical and technical uses:
a. the body of commons, the commonalty;
b. a municipal corporation;
c. a community; spec. = community 8 b.
1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) III. 33 In the memorable assertion of legislative right by the commons in the second of Henry V...they affirm that the commune of the land is, and ever has been, a member of parliament. 1837Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar iii. (1844) 75 The lower or lowest sort of the people, ‘calling themselves the Communia’. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 3) I. iv. 257 The peasantry of Normandy..‘made a commune’. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xi. 419 In London..the communa did not obtain regal recognition until 1191. 1876Green Short Hist. ii. 89 Nor were the citizens as yet united together in a commune or corporation. 1967Time 7 July 18/2 The hippie philosophy also borrows heavily from Henry David Thoreau, particularly in the West Coast rural communes, where denizens try to live the Waldenesque good life on the bare essentials. 1969Guardian 23 Sept. 5/1 The London Street Commune..is concentrating on a two-pronged attack against ‘straight’ society. 1969Times 5 Dec. 7/1 A few of the more ardent ones [sc. hippies] eke out an isolated existence in desolate communes on the edges of the desert.
2. a. In France, a territorial division governed by a maire and municipal council; it is the smallest division for general administrative purposes, and is as a rule a section of a canton; towns and cities (except Paris) however form only one.
1792Pref. Explan. New Terms in Ann. Reg. p. xvi, Communities or Communes. Sub-divisions of districts. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 375 In the department of la Haute-Vienne, in the canton and commune of Saint Leonard. 1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 412/1 The larger towns of France, with the exception of Paris, form but one commune. Ibid. 412/2 The average of France is nearly fifteen communes to a canton. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xiv. 303 Forty thousand communes were suddenly told that they must make swift choice between Socialism and anarchy..and..a virtuous dictator.
b. Applied to similar administrative divisions in other countries; also to translate Ger. Gemeinde; also, a name for a division in the socialistic organization of St. Simon.
1832Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) II. 62 Each [St.-Simonian] division, as commune, village, town, or nation, is to have a ‘réglement d'ordre’ for industry. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. 113 For the election of deputies from the provinces, the council of every commune proposes two candidates. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. III. 79 Gemeinde. —We have no word that expresses the double sense, ecclesiastical and civil, of this. I have therefore been obliged to resort to the French word Commune. 1861Vac. Tour 110 A commune in Servia is composed of two or three neighbouring villages; or a single village, if sufficiently large, may be of itself a commune.
c. the Commune (of Paris): (a) a name assumed by a body which usurped the municipal government of Paris, and in this capacity played a leading part during the Reign of Terror, till suppressed in 1794; (b) the government on communalistic principles established in Paris by an insurrection for a short time in the spring of 1871; (c) the revolutionary principles and practices embodied in the latter, and advocated by its adherents, the communards.
1792Helen M. Williams Lett. fr. France I. ii. (Jod.), This wretch, Henriot, had been one of the executioners on the second of September, and was appointed by the commune of Paris, on the 31st of May, to take the command of the national guard. 1840Penny Cycl. XVII. 255/1 (Paris) The Convention..restricted the power of the terrible committees, abolished the commune of Paris, and reduced the clubs to subordination. 1871Graphic 310/1. 1880 Daily News 13 Dec., M. Rochefort..inciting the Commune to demolish her house.
d. A communal division or settlement in a Communist country.
1919tr. Lenin's State & Revol. 50 For the mercenary and corrupt parliamentarism of capitalist society, the Commune substitutes institutions in which freedom of opinion and discussion does not become a mere delusion. 1929Social Sci. Abstr. 2284 The Bolshevist leaders'..policy manifested itself in the creation of so-called autonomous republic labor communes. 1930Economist 29 Mar. 693/1 The withdrawal of peasants from a number of hastily organised and completely unstable communes of collective farms. 1958Listener 25 Dec. 1066/2 Mr. Dulles..had alleged that the communes [in China] represented a ‘backward system of mass slavery’. 1964Listener 30 Jan. 177/1 Co-operatives [in China] were amalgamated into larger units, the communes.
▪ II. commune, n.2|ˈkɒmjuːn|
[f. commune v.; cf. converse.]
The action of communing (see commune v. 6); converse, communion.
1814Southey Roderick 11, This everlasting commune with myself. 1850Tennyson In Mem. cxvi, Days of happy commune dead. 1885Black White Heather xxiv, Hills that stood in awful commune with the stars.
▪ III. commune
see common n. and a.
▪ IV. commune, v.|kəˈmjuːn, ˈkɒmjuːn|
Forms: 4–6 comune, 5 comewne, 3– commune.
[ME. comune, a. OF. comune-r, to make common, share, f. comun common a. As mentioned under common v., this specially represents those forms of the OF. vb. in which the stress was upon the u, as 3 sing. pres. coˈmune (:—L. type coˈmmūnat); the forms with the stress on the termination, e.g. comuˈner, (:—L. type commūˈnāre, etc.) gave the ME. form ˈcomun, common. The latter was long the prevalent type in Eng., though coˈmmune never became obsolete; and in the 16th c., when the senses under I. became mostly obsolete, and those senses which were associated with communion survived, this became the accepted form. But a result of the two types ˈcommon and coˈmmune remains in the two pronunciations ˈcommune and coˈmmune, of which the former is frequent in verse (Pope, Cowper, Wordsworth, Scott, Mrs. Browning; both forms are used by Shakespeare, Milton, Tennyson).
(In early prose quotations it is often impossible to say how co(m)mune was stressed. Hence some of the early quots. here placed, may belong to common vb., as do all those spelt comun, comen, comyn, comon.)]
I. Obsolete senses: in which common was the more usual form.
†1. trans. To make common to others with oneself, impart (to), share (with); = common v. 1.
1340Ayenb. 102 Hi nele..his þinges communy mid oþren. 1393Gower Conf. II. 160 Unto his brother, which Neptune Was hote, it list him to comune Parte of his good. 1538Starkey England i. i. 7 When hyt [the mynd] communyth and spredeth hys vertues abrode.
absol.1382Wyclif Philipp. iv. 14 Ȝe han don wel, comunynge to my tribulacioun.
†2. To communicate verbally, tell, publish, report; = common v. 2. Obs.
1393Gower Conf. I. 43 A wonder hap..The which me liketh to commune And pleinly for to tellen it oute. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 311 Men of Creta..communede it in to oþer londes. 1540R. Hyrde tr. Vives' Instr. Chr. Wom. (1592) S v a, To commune them abroad.
†3. intr. To take a part in common, to share, participate; = common v. 3. Const. with. Obs.
1382Wyclif 2 John 11 He that seith to him, Heyl, comuneth with his yuele werkis. c1449Pecock Repr. (Rolls) I. ii. vi. 177 (quoting 1 Peter iv. 13) But comune ȝe with the passiouns of Crist.
4. To have common dealings or intercourse; to associate with; = common v. 4. ? Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 29436 (Cott.) Þof þou wit cursd man commun Þou sal be soyned wit resun. 1393Gower Conf. I. 64 With such hem liketh to comune. 1826Kent Comm. 68 The inability of the subjects of the two states to commune, or carry on any correspondence or business together. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1867) III. xvii. 328 All who had ever harboured or communed with rebels.
†5. ? trans. To bring into agreement; cf. common v. 5. Obs. rare.
1393Gower Conf. III. 176 Where the lawe may comune The lordes forth with the comune, Eche hath his propre duete.
II. Current senses, now always commune.
6. intr.
†a. To talk together, converse.
†b. To confer, consult (with a view to decision).
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 571 Come Sir Gui de Mountfort..& is aunte sone..& commune wiþ him. c1340Cursor M. 12244 (Trin.) Mani may not wiþ him comoun. c1386Chaucer Frankl. Prol. 21 He hath leuere talken with a page Than to comune with any gentil wight. 1418Abp. Chichele in Ellis Orig. Lett. i. 2. I. 4 Ȝour uncle..seyd to me that he hadde comunyd with Sir Thomas Fyschborn. a1561G. Cavendish Life Wolsey (1885) 248 Call for master Palmes, that ye may commune with him until your meat be ready. 1611Bible Acts xxiv. 26 Hee sent for him the oftner, and communed with him.
†c. Const. of, upon, on (the matter discussed).
1393Gower Conf. III. 21 It stant nought upon my fortune. But if you liste to comune Of the seconde glotony. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. (1714) 115 Thees Counceillours may..comewne and deliber upon..maters of Deficultie. a1561G. Cavendish Life Wolsley (1827) 240 Sitting thus at dinner communing of divers matters. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. ii. i. 162 Why what neede we Commune with you of this? 1765H. Walpole Otranto v, We were communing on important matters.
†d. with dependent clause.
1611Bible Luke xxii. 4 He went his way, and communed with the chiefe Priests and captaines, how he might betray him vnto them. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 201 Then commune how that day they best may ply Thir growing work.
†e. trans. To talk over together, confer about, discuss, debate; = common v. 7. Obs.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. i. 101 For I have more to commune with Bianca.
7. intr. To hold intimate (chiefly mental or spiritual) intercourse (with). (Now only literary, devotional and poetic.)
[1557N. T. (Genev.) Luke xxiv. 15 As they communed together and reasoned [Tindale, Cranm. commened, Rhem. talked.] 1611Bible Ps. iv. 4, lxxvii. 6.] 1671Milton P.R. ii. 261 It was the hour of night, when thus the Son Commun'd in silent walk. 1725Pope Odyss. v. 523. As thus he communed with his soul apart. 1768Sterne Sent. Journ. (1778) II. 45 Walking backwards and forwards in the saloon, without a soul to commune with. 1814Wordsw. Excursion iv. Wks. 467/2 The Man, Who, in this spirit, communes with the Forms Of nature. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. I. 213 Feasting with the great, communing with the literary. 1842Tennyson Two Voices 461 To commune with that barren voice. 1867M. E. Herbert Cradle L. 168 On these hill-sides..Abraham walked and communed with God.
†8. To administer the Holy Communion to; pass. to receive the Communion. Obs.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 357 Þat men shulen..oones þe ȝeer be comuned of her propre preest. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 102/4 He said the masse and howselyd and comuned the peple. c1500in Maskell Mon. Rit. (1846) 330 Every of thyes newe professed virgyns, muste..after masse be communed and howseld.
b. intr. To receive the Holy Communion, to communicate. (Common in U.S.)
1550O. Oglethorp Submiss. & Faith in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1715) iii. 1. 189 In prohibiting that none should commune alone, in making the People whole Communers, or in suffering them to commune under both kinds. 1710E. Ward Brit. Hud. 3 Those who..Turn'd all Religion into Spite, Would frequently at Church Commune, And rail against her when they'd done. 1828Webster s.v. Communicate, Instead of this, in America, at least in New-England, commune is generally or always used. 1851Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi Wind. 784 What! ‘commune in both kinds’? In every kind—Wine, wafer, love, hope, truth, unlimited, Nothing kept back. 1856Olmsted Slave States 123 The slaves who habitually attend and commune in the Episcopal church. |