citolen.

Brit.

/ˈsɪtəʊl/,

/sᵻˈtəʊl/, U.S.

/ˈsɪˌtoʊl/,

/səˈtoʊl/

Forms: Middle English cetoyle, Middle English cythol, Middle English cythole, Middle English cytole, Middle English cytolles (plural), Middle English sital (in a late copy), Middle English sithol, Middle English sitol, Middle English sitole, Middle English sotile (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sytall, Middle English sytalle, Middle English sytholle, Middle English sytole, Middle English sytolphe (in a late copy), Middle English (1700s– chiefly historical) citole, 1800s sytol (historical); also Scottish pre-1700 cithole, pre-1700 sythol, pre-1700 sytholl.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French citole.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman sitole, Anglo-Norman and Middle French citole, cithole, Middle French citolle, cythoile (c1200 in Old French; French citole ), apparently an alteration of either cithare cither n. or its etymon classical Latin cithara cithara n., with suffix substitution (compare -ole suffix¹). Compare Old Occitan citola (c1200), Spanish cítola (13th cent.), Portuguese cítola (13th cent.); these probably reflect borrowing among the Romance languages, but the direction of borrowing is unclear. Compare also ( < French) Middle Dutch cytōle, sitōle (Dutch citool), Middle High German zitōl, zitōle.The word was apparently originally stressed on the first syllable. In modern use, both first- and second-syllable stress are attested, the latter probably modelled on the stress in modern French.

Early Music. Now chiefly historical.

A medieval stringed instrument of the lute family, a precursor of the cittern or gittern, typically having a body, neck, and pegbox made from a single piece of wood, and four strings attached to a peg or tailpiece.The origins of the instrument are unclear; it has been suggested that it is a development of the cithara of ancient Greece, but conclusive evidence is lacking. The body varied in shape; some were spade-shaped, some had a six-pointed shape resembling a holly leaf, and some had a waisted oval form resembling that of the body of a violin. The instrument declined in popularity in England during the 14th cent.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > guitar or lute type > [noun] > cittern or gittern

gittern1377

citolea1393

cittern1567

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 829 (MED) He tawhte hir til sche was certein Of Harpe, of Citole, and of Rote.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1101 A Citole [c1430 Cambr. Gg.4.27 Cythole] in hir right hand hadde she.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 2 Kings vi. 5 Dauid and al Israel pleieden byfor the Lord, in alle trees maad craftili, and harpis, and sitols [L. citharis, et lyris; 1535 Coverdale harpes, and Psalteries], and tympans.

a1450 (a1400) Medit. Life & Passion of Christ (BL Add.) (1921) l. 1275 (MED) Now goþ awey þe melodye Of harp and of sautrye; Þe swete sytole haþ lorn his soun.

c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) l. 137 Wyth sytole, sautrye yn same, Harpe, fydele and crouþe.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 757 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 118 The psaltery ye sytholis ye soft sytharist.

?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) i. l. 505 in Shorter Poems (1967) 38 Sytholl, psalttry, and vocis swete as bell.

1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music I. iv. ix. 465 The citole, or cistole..might probably be an instrument resembling a box with strings on the top or belly.

1800 C. Dibdin Compl. Hist. Eng. Stage III. 167 The lute, the rote, the fiddle, the sautrie, the bagpipe, the getron, the ribible, the citole, and the flute, were instruments in common use [in the time of the Canterbury Tales].

a1823 A. Radcliffe St. Alban's Abbey i, in Gaston de Blondeville (1826) III. 108 The Choir, in faint, sweet strife Of voice and citole offering Praise, such as Angel-bands might sing.

1879 J. Stainer Music of Bible 51 The old citole..seems only to have differed from the sawtry in that its strings were twanged with the finger-ends.

1926 C. G. Hamilton Epochs Musical Progress ii. 53 Predecessors of the popular lute were the gittern, citole, mandora, etc., all of which had flat bodies.

1973 Musical Times 114 1257/2 The jolly Middle-Eastern..sound of Istampitta tre fontane scored for sopranino recorder, citole, rebec and nakers.

2008 E. Chadwick For King's Favor (2010) xviii. 201 Eleanor had her musicians entertain the women and, under cover of the strains of lute, citole, and pipe, lightly touched Ida's arm.

Compounds

attributive and objective.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 91 Sytole-stryng and gyternere.

1884 M. B. Betham-Edwards Poems 137 Music that a woman brings From lightly fingered citole strings.

1910 F. W. Galpin Old Eng. Instruments of Music (1911) Index 317/2 Cyteler, a citole player.

1977 Galpin Soc. Jrnl. 30 26 The names of three citole-players at the court of Castille are known.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	citole
释义	citolen. Brit. /ˈsɪtəʊl/, /sᵻˈtəʊl/, U.S. /ˈsɪˌtoʊl/, /səˈtoʊl/ Forms: Middle English cetoyle, Middle English cythol, Middle English cythole, Middle English cytole, Middle English cytolles (plural), Middle English sital (in a late copy), Middle English sithol, Middle English sitol, Middle English sitole, Middle English sotile (perhaps transmission error), Middle English sytall, Middle English sytalle, Middle English sytholle, Middle English sytole, Middle English sytolphe (in a late copy), Middle English (1700s– chiefly historical) citole, 1800s sytol (historical); also Scottish pre-1700 cithole, pre-1700 sythol, pre-1700 sytholl. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French citole. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman sitole, Anglo-Norman and Middle French citole, cithole, Middle French citolle, cythoile (c1200 in Old French; French citole ), apparently an alteration of either cithare cither n. or its etymon classical Latin cithara cithara n., with suffix substitution (compare -ole suffix¹). Compare Old Occitan citola (c1200), Spanish cítola (13th cent.), Portuguese cítola (13th cent.); these probably reflect borrowing among the Romance languages, but the direction of borrowing is unclear. Compare also ( < French) Middle Dutch cytōle, sitōle (Dutch citool), Middle High German zitōl, zitōle.The word was apparently originally stressed on the first syllable. In modern use, both first- and second-syllable stress are attested, the latter probably modelled on the stress in modern French. Early Music. Now chiefly historical. A medieval stringed instrument of the lute family, a precursor of the cittern or gittern, typically having a body, neck, and pegbox made from a single piece of wood, and four strings attached to a peg or tailpiece.The origins of the instrument are unclear; it has been suggested that it is a development of the cithara of ancient Greece, but conclusive evidence is lacking. The body varied in shape; some were spade-shaped, some had a six-pointed shape resembling a holly leaf, and some had a waisted oval form resembling that of the body of a violin. The instrument declined in popularity in England during the 14th cent. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > guitar or lute type > [noun] > cittern or gittern gittern1377 citolea1393 cittern1567 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 829 (MED) He tawhte hir til sche was certein Of Harpe, of Citole, and of Rote. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1101 A Citole [c1430 Cambr. Gg.4.27 Cythole] in hir right hand hadde she. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 2 Kings vi. 5 Dauid and al Israel pleieden byfor the Lord, in alle trees maad craftili, and harpis, and sitols [L. citharis, et lyris; 1535 Coverdale harpes, and Psalteries], and tympans. a1450 (a1400) Medit. Life & Passion of Christ (BL Add.) (1921) l. 1275 (MED) Now goþ awey þe melodye Of harp and of sautrye; Þe swete sytole haþ lorn his soun. c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) l. 137 Wyth sytole, sautrye yn same, Harpe, fydele and crouþe. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 757 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 118 The psaltery ye sytholis ye soft sytharist. ?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) i. l. 505 in Shorter Poems (1967) 38 Sytholl, psalttry, and vocis swete as bell. 1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music I. iv. ix. 465 The citole, or cistole..might probably be an instrument resembling a box with strings on the top or belly. 1800 C. Dibdin Compl. Hist. Eng. Stage III. 167 The lute, the rote, the fiddle, the sautrie, the bagpipe, the getron, the ribible, the citole, and the flute, were instruments in common use [in the time of the Canterbury Tales]. a1823 A. Radcliffe St. Alban's Abbey i, in Gaston de Blondeville (1826) III. 108 The Choir, in faint, sweet strife Of voice and citole offering Praise, such as Angel-bands might sing. 1879 J. Stainer Music of Bible 51 The old citole..seems only to have differed from the sawtry in that its strings were twanged with the finger-ends. 1926 C. G. Hamilton Epochs Musical Progress ii. 53 Predecessors of the popular lute were the gittern, citole, mandora, etc., all of which had flat bodies. 1973 Musical Times 114 1257/2 The jolly Middle-Eastern..sound of Istampitta tre fontane scored for sopranino recorder, citole, rebec and nakers. 2008 E. Chadwick For King's Favor (2010) xviii. 201 Eleanor had her musicians entertain the women and, under cover of the strains of lute, citole, and pipe, lightly touched Ida's arm. Compounds attributive and objective. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 91 Sytole-stryng and gyternere. 1884 M. B. Betham-Edwards Poems 137 Music that a woman brings From lightly fingered citole strings. 1910 F. W. Galpin Old Eng. Instruments of Music (1911) Index 317/2 Cyteler, a citole player. 1977 Galpin Soc. Jrnl. 30 26 The names of three citole-players at the court of Castille are known. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1393
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