alkanetn.

Brit.

/ˈalkənɛt/, U.S.

/ˈælkəˌnɛt/

Forms: Middle English alcannet, Middle English alkaned, Middle English alkenade, Middle English alkenald, Middle English alkenet, Middle English alkinet, Middle English alknatte, 1500s alcainet, 1500s– alkanet, 1600s alchanet, 1600s 1900s– alcanet.

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from Arabic. Etymon: Arabic ḥinnā'.

Etymology: Origin uncertain; ultimately < Arabic ḥinnā' henna (see alcanna n.), although the forms of the English word are difficult to explain (see note). Compare Anglo-Norman alkenet (1394 or earlier). Compare later alcanna n. Compare also later orcanet n. N.E.D. (1884) suggests an etymology from Spanish alcaneta , but this form has not been traced. It has been suggested that the English word derives from an unattested colloquial Arabic phrase *al-ḥannat ( < al- the + colloquial Arabic ḥannat- , ḥanna , variant of literary Arabic ḥinnā' ), but such a phrase would be ungrammatical, as the construct state form ḥannat- cannot be preceded by the definite article al- . It is possible that the ending -et may reflect a Romance diminutive suffix (compare -et suffix¹), although the lack of evidence for the suggested Spanish etymon and the later attestation of Anglo-Norman alkenet appear to argue against this.

1. A red dye obtained from the root of the plant Alkanna tinctoria (see sense 2), and used for various purposes including dyeing cloth and (now esp.) as a food colouring.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > red colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs

madderOE

grain1335

alkanet1343

Brazilc1386

crop-maddera1399

red-scarletc1400

alcanna?a1425

lac?c1425

madder root?c1450

incarnationa1475

jarecork1483

orchil1483

mull1507

orcanet1548

Bristol-red1551

red sanders1553

cochineal1582

safflower1583

chay1588

Pernambuco1595

red sanderswood1598

redwood1634

peach woodc1638

scarlet1653

mesteque1667

bow-dye1676

sylvester1697

corkir1703

gamene1703

orchilla1703

crap1721

saffranon1731

kino1788

Turkey red1789

lizary1791

granilla1812

munjeet1813

rubiate1835

orcein1838

purpurin1839

ruby wood1843

sassafrid1852

aal1853

pink salt1853

magenta1860

fuchsine1865

paeonin1865

safranine1868

corallin1873

marina1874

Magdala red1875

alizarin1878

eosin1879

Turkey red oil1879

roccelline1880

ponceau1885

amarant1888

phloxine1890

hypernic1897

Turkish red1900

Lithol red1930

1343 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 39 (MED) 1 quarteron cynamomi et alkenald emp.

?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 456 Take alkenet ii. penyworth, and frie hit in faire grese.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xv There will remaine in the bottome a pure & cleare oile, whereto you may give a curious colour by mixing therewith some Alkanet.

1710 W. Salmon Family Dict. (ed. 4) 208 at Gelly With Saffron you may make some of it Blew, with Alkanet it may be made Red.

1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. Introd. 11 Others again prepared their cloth with alkanet.

1876 A. Ure Dict. Arts I. 89 Oil coloured by alkanet is used for staining wood in imitation of rosewood.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. viii. 287 Alkanet, another red food dye, was obtained from the roots of a south European borage.

2007 Nelson (Brit. Columbia) Daily News (Nexis) 6 June 11 The longer you soak the alkanet, the deeper the colour.

2. The southern European plant, Alkanna tinctoria (family Boraginaceae), having blue flowers and a blackish root from which a red dye is obtained (see sense 1); also called dyer's bugloss, orcanet.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > alkanet

alcanna?a1425

alkanet?c1425

anchusa1548

orcanet1548

alkany1719

?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Alkanne(t [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. Þe rote of Alcanne] alknatte [N.Y. Acad. Med. continues & indic ar rotes vpon which men beþ aggregate in teignyng ouþer to blac ouþer to ȝelow].

1499 Promptorium Parvulorum (Pynson) sig. a. iii/1 Alkenet herbe, alcanea.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 9 The first [of the smal Buglosses] is called in French Orchanette, in English Alkanet, or Orchanet.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lxxi. 420 Red [Waxe is made] by putting of the roote of Alkanet vnto common wax.

1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa ii. ii. v. 223 If you desire to give the colour of the Roses to the Oyntment..throw in two ounces of the Roots of Alcanet.

1776 Farmer's Mag. Oct. 262 There is a reddish liquor..sold to destroy ticks... It is nothing more than spirits of turpentine coloured with alkanet root.

1828 S. F. Gray Operative Chemist 541 Alkanet root gives a fine colour.

1895 Proc. Royal Soc. 59 339 The colouring matters of alkanet-root or picro-carmine, which present in the visible spectrum absorption bands not unlike those of the blood colouring matter.

1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 282 The ‘little alcanna’, or Alkanet, was the name given to the colouring plant Alkanna tinctoria, the red roots of which have been imported from France and Germany for a score of uses, among them..colouring the liquid in thermometers.

1996 Chiltern Seeds Catal. 16 Alkanet. With its large number of spikes..of purple-blue flowers from mid-summer until frost, this is a striking plant for the border.

3. Chiefly with distinguishing word. Any of various other plants of the family Boraginaceae which resemble Alkanna tinctoria or are used to produce a red dye; esp. (a) any of various plants of the genus Anchusa, esp. (more fully common alkanet) A. officinalis; (b) either of two plants of (or formerly included in) the genus Lithospermum, corn gromwell, Buglossoides arvensis (in full bastard alkanet), and hoary pucoon, L. canescens; (c) (in full evergreen alkanet, green alkanet) Pentaglottis sempervirens.

ΚΠ

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 657 The Alkanets flower and flourish in the sommer moneths.

1648 J. Bobart Eng. Catal. in Catalogus Plantarum Horti Medici Oxoniensis Alkanet upright white, Anchusa recta flo. albo. Upright blew Alkanet, Anchusa recta cærulea. Creeping Alkanet, Anchusa repens.

1684 R. Sibbald Scotl. Illustr. ii. i. 9 Anchusa degeneris... Lithospermum arvense... Bastard Alkanet, or Bastard Gromell.

1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 47 Ever-green Alkanet, or Bugloss.

1779 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 340 Bastard Alkanet. This and the Pearl-wort are rough hairy plants.

1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 337 L[ithospermum] canescens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon. Alkanet.)

1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. IV. 50 The roots of most of the Alkanets furnish some slight degree of red colouring matter.

1894 Times 21 May 12/1 Amongst other weeds of arable land..are the little field madder and the tall-growing corn gromwell, or bastard alkanet.

1924 W. H. Fitch et al. Illustr. Brit. Flora (ed. 5) 176 Anchusa officinalis L. Common alkanet; b[lue].

1960 S. Ary & M. Gregory Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 170/1 Several different plants from the roots of which a red dye used to be extracted are called Alkanet.

1993 A. F. Rhoads & W. M. Klein Vascular Flora Pennsylvania 296 Bastard alkanet, Corn gromwell... Lithospermun arvense.

2004 D. Stuart Dangerous Garden 23 Ulcers..were sometimes treated with..some of the more powerfully antibacterial and antifungal plants such as alkanet (Pentaglottis sempervirens).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	alkanet
释义	alkanetn. Brit. /ˈalkənɛt/, U.S. /ˈælkəˌnɛt/ Forms: Middle English alcannet, Middle English alkaned, Middle English alkenade, Middle English alkenald, Middle English alkenet, Middle English alkinet, Middle English alknatte, 1500s alcainet, 1500s– alkanet, 1600s alchanet, 1600s 1900s– alcanet. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from Arabic. Etymon: Arabic ḥinnā'. Etymology: Origin uncertain; ultimately < Arabic ḥinnā' henna (see alcanna n.), although the forms of the English word are difficult to explain (see note). Compare Anglo-Norman alkenet (1394 or earlier). Compare later alcanna n. Compare also later orcanet n. N.E.D. (1884) suggests an etymology from Spanish alcaneta , but this form has not been traced. It has been suggested that the English word derives from an unattested colloquial Arabic phrase *al-ḥannat ( < al- the + colloquial Arabic ḥannat- , ḥanna , variant of literary Arabic ḥinnā' ), but such a phrase would be ungrammatical, as the construct state form ḥannat- cannot be preceded by the definite article al- . It is possible that the ending -et may reflect a Romance diminutive suffix (compare -et suffix¹), although the lack of evidence for the suggested Spanish etymon and the later attestation of Anglo-Norman alkenet appear to argue against this. 1. A red dye obtained from the root of the plant Alkanna tinctoria (see sense 2), and used for various purposes including dyeing cloth and (now esp.) as a food colouring. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > red colouring matter > [noun] > dyes and dyestuffs madderOE grain1335 alkanet1343 Brazilc1386 crop-maddera1399 red-scarletc1400 alcanna?a1425 lac?c1425 madder root?c1450 incarnationa1475 jarecork1483 orchil1483 mull1507 orcanet1548 Bristol-red1551 red sanders1553 cochineal1582 safflower1583 chay1588 Pernambuco1595 red sanderswood1598 redwood1634 peach woodc1638 scarlet1653 mesteque1667 bow-dye1676 sylvester1697 corkir1703 gamene1703 orchilla1703 crap1721 saffranon1731 kino1788 Turkey red1789 lizary1791 granilla1812 munjeet1813 rubiate1835 orcein1838 purpurin1839 ruby wood1843 sassafrid1852 aal1853 pink salt1853 magenta1860 fuchsine1865 paeonin1865 safranine1868 corallin1873 marina1874 Magdala red1875 alizarin1878 eosin1879 Turkey red oil1879 roccelline1880 ponceau1885 amarant1888 phloxine1890 hypernic1897 Turkish red1900 Lithol red1930 1343 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 39 (MED) 1 quarteron cynamomi et alkenald emp. ?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 456 Take alkenet ii. penyworth, and frie hit in faire grese. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xv There will remaine in the bottome a pure & cleare oile, whereto you may give a curious colour by mixing therewith some Alkanet. 1710 W. Salmon Family Dict. (ed. 4) 208 at Gelly With Saffron you may make some of it Blew, with Alkanet it may be made Red. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. Introd. 11 Others again prepared their cloth with alkanet. 1876 A. Ure Dict. Arts I. 89 Oil coloured by alkanet is used for staining wood in imitation of rosewood. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. viii. 287 Alkanet, another red food dye, was obtained from the roots of a south European borage. 2007 Nelson (Brit. Columbia) Daily News (Nexis) 6 June 11 The longer you soak the alkanet, the deeper the colour. 2. The southern European plant, Alkanna tinctoria (family Boraginaceae), having blue flowers and a blackish root from which a red dye is obtained (see sense 1); also called dyer's bugloss, orcanet. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants used in dyeing > [noun] > alkanet alcanna?a1425 alkanet?c1425 anchusa1548 orcanet1548 alkany1719 ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Alkanne(t [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. Þe rote of Alcanne] alknatte [N.Y. Acad. Med. continues & indic ar rotes vpon which men beþ aggregate in teignyng ouþer to blac ouþer to ȝelow]. 1499 Promptorium Parvulorum (Pynson) sig. a. iii/1 Alkenet herbe, alcanea. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 9 The first [of the smal Buglosses] is called in French Orchanette, in English Alkanet, or Orchanet. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. lxxi. 420 Red [Waxe is made] by putting of the roote of Alkanet vnto common wax. 1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa ii. ii. v. 223 If you desire to give the colour of the Roses to the Oyntment..throw in two ounces of the Roots of Alcanet. 1776 Farmer's Mag. Oct. 262 There is a reddish liquor..sold to destroy ticks... It is nothing more than spirits of turpentine coloured with alkanet root. 1828 S. F. Gray Operative Chemist 541 Alkanet root gives a fine colour. 1895 Proc. Royal Soc. 59 339 The colouring matters of alkanet-root or picro-carmine, which present in the visible spectrum absorption bands not unlike those of the blood colouring matter. 1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 282 The ‘little alcanna’, or Alkanet, was the name given to the colouring plant Alkanna tinctoria, the red roots of which have been imported from France and Germany for a score of uses, among them..colouring the liquid in thermometers. 1996 Chiltern Seeds Catal. 16 Alkanet. With its large number of spikes..of purple-blue flowers from mid-summer until frost, this is a striking plant for the border. 3. Chiefly with distinguishing word. Any of various other plants of the family Boraginaceae which resemble Alkanna tinctoria or are used to produce a red dye; esp. (a) any of various plants of the genus Anchusa, esp. (more fully common alkanet) A. officinalis; (b) either of two plants of (or formerly included in) the genus Lithospermum, corn gromwell, Buglossoides arvensis (in full bastard alkanet), and hoary pucoon, L. canescens; (c) (in full evergreen alkanet, green alkanet) Pentaglottis sempervirens. ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 657 The Alkanets flower and flourish in the sommer moneths. 1648 J. Bobart Eng. Catal. in Catalogus Plantarum Horti Medici Oxoniensis Alkanet upright white, Anchusa recta flo. albo. Upright blew Alkanet, Anchusa recta cærulea. Creeping Alkanet, Anchusa repens. 1684 R. Sibbald Scotl. Illustr. ii. i. 9 Anchusa degeneris... Lithospermum arvense... Bastard Alkanet, or Bastard Gromell. 1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 47 Ever-green Alkanet, or Bugloss. 1779 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 340 Bastard Alkanet. This and the Pearl-wort are rough hairy plants. 1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 337 L[ithospermum] canescens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon. Alkanet.) 1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. IV. 50 The roots of most of the Alkanets furnish some slight degree of red colouring matter. 1894 Times 21 May 12/1 Amongst other weeds of arable land..are the little field madder and the tall-growing corn gromwell, or bastard alkanet. 1924 W. H. Fitch et al. Illustr. Brit. Flora (ed. 5) 176 Anchusa officinalis L. Common alkanet; b[lue]. 1960 S. Ary & M. Gregory Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 170/1 Several different plants from the roots of which a red dye used to be extracted are called Alkanet. 1993 A. F. Rhoads & W. M. Klein Vascular Flora Pennsylvania 296 Bastard alkanet, Corn gromwell... Lithospermun arvense. 2004 D. Stuart Dangerous Garden 23 Ulcers..were sometimes treated with..some of the more powerfully antibacterial and antifungal plants such as alkanet (Pentaglottis sempervirens). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1343
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