enthymemen.

Brit.

/ˈɛnθᵻmiːm/, U.S.

/ˈɛnθəˌmim/

Inflections: Plural enthymemes, (rare) enthymemata.

Forms:

α. 1500s–1600s enthimem, 1500s–1600s enthimeme, 1500s–1800s enthymem, 1500s– enthymeme.

β. 1500s–1600s enthimema, 1500s– enthymema.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin enthȳmēma.

Etymology: < classical Latin enthȳmēma thought, concept, used by Cicero ( Topica 13) for a striking antithesis closing a rhetorical period (compare sense 2), syllogistic form of argument based on merely probable premises, and usually involving suppression of one proposition (Quintilian) < ancient Greek ἐνθύμημα thought, piece of reasoning, argument, (in Aristotle's Logic) rhetorical syllogism drawn from probable premises (compare sense 1b) < ἐνθυμεῖσθαι to think, consider, infer ( < ἐν- en- prefix² + θυμός mind: see thymoleptic adj.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).Compare Middle French entimeme , emptimeme (late 14th cent.; French enthymème ). Sense 1a is due to a misapprehension (already in Boethius a524), the description of the enthymeme (sense 1b) as ‘an imperfect syllogism’ (ἀτελὴς συλλογισμός) having been interpreted as referring to its form instead of its matter.

1. Logic and Rhetoric.

a. A deductive argument having a proposition that is not explicitly stated; esp. a syllogism with an unstated premise. Also: the form of such an argument; argumentation in such a form.The argument, All cats are mammals; therefore all lions are mammals, is an enthymeme because the minor premise, All lions are cats, is left unstated.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > types of syllogisms

enthymeme1532

paralogism1565

prosyllogism1574

epicheirema1583

frame1584

prossyllogism1620

episyllogism1851

hypothetico-disjunctive1864

1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. B.i^v The Logician..treateth of the fourme of sillogismes, enthimemes and inductions.

1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike ii. ix. f. 98^v An Enthymeme is nothing but a contracted syllogisme.

?1626 Bp. T. Morton Grand Imposture Church of Rome xiii. 208 Your Enthymeme from hence is this; These Titles haue beene giuen by Councells vnto the Pope and Sea of Rome. Ergo the Pope and Church of Rome haue Monarchicall power.

1656 A. Cowley Pindarique Odes 50 in Poems In Enthymemes..half is left out to be supplyed by the Hearer.

1712 J. Arbuthnot Lewis Baboon iii. 16 I desire to know whither you will have it by way of Syllogism, Enthymem, Dilemma or Sorites.

1764 T. Reid Inq. Human Mind i. §3. 16 Perhaps Des Cartes meant not to assume his own existence in this enthymeme, but the existence of thought.

1795 G. Wythe Decis. Cases Virginia 15 The argument included in this opinion is an enthymema.

1826 R. Whately Elements Logic i. 24 When one of the premises is suppressed..the argument is called an Enthymeme.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic iii. 57 The common form of argumentation is the Enthymeme, which consists of but two propositions.

1914 Eng. Rev. Jan. 295 Mr. Carrington's logic cultivates the enthymeme to a point rarely reached hitherto.

1961 Jrnl. Philos. 58 714 Both views make hash of the distinction between logically valid arguments and enthymemes.

2014 A. Ney Metaphysics 12 In the case of an enthymeme, an author leaves out some premises.

b. A deductive argument (often with one or more statements left implicit) which proceeds from merely probable or accepted premises rather than from necessary or certain premises; a rhetorical syllogism. Now usually: any of various forms of argument in which at least one premise (or the conclusion) is left unstated with the intention that the audience should supply it or take it for granted.Aristotle’s account in his Prior Analytics (70a10) of an enthymeme as having merely probable or widely-accepted premises reflects the way he contrasts the subject-matter of rhetorical syllogisms, and of rhetoric in general, with that of the demonstrative or scientific syllogisms of logic. See demonstrative syllogism n. at demonstrative adj. and n. Compounds, and scientific syllogism at scientific adj. 2. Cf. also example n. 8.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > types of logical argument

enthymeme1570

argumentum ad hominem1690

dialogism1880

argumentum e (or ex) silentio1934

1570 T. Wilson Testimonies in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations sig. **.iv^v Those short argumentes called Enthymemata, framed togither with excellent cunning.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxiii. xii. 481 These strange Enthymemes and conclusions.

1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 5 Must we learne from Canons..to illumin a period, to wreath an Enthymema w^th maistrous dexterity?

a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 18 Oratours back their Enthymemes (or rational Argumentations) with Inductions, (or singular Examples).

1768 E. Wynne Eunomus I. 42 The Enthymeme..was called by Aristotle the oratorical demonstration, as containing a just form of reasoning, and easily reducible to the most perfect syllogysm; but at the same time without its fetters or parade.

1828 T. De Quincey Elements Rhetoric in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 888/1 The matter..of the syllogism being certain and apodeictic; that of the enthymeme probable, and drawn from the province of opinion.

1867 E. M. Cope Introd. Aristotle's Rhetoric 153 In rhetoric the only instruments of proof are enthymeme and example.

1905 C. Read Logic (ed. 3) xi. 134 The Enthymeme, according to Aristotle, is the Syllogism of probable reasoning about practical affairs and matters of opinion, in contrast with the Syllogism of theoretical demonstration upon necessary grounds.

1977 C. E. Butterworth in tr. Averroës 3 Short Comm. Aristotle's ‘Topics,’ ‘Rhetoric’ & ‘Poetics’ 33 The art of rhetoric should be organized in a way that permits the enthymemes to have their rightful precedence.

2006 S. McCarthy Polit. Theory Tyranny Singapore & Burma i. 4 Successful political rhetoric requires that enthymemes..must appeal to the commonly held opinions of the people.

2. Rhetoric. An antithesis (antithesis n. 2b) that closes a rhetorical period; (also) the use of antithesis to close a rhetorical period. Now rare.Chiefly with reference to or in translations of Cicero (see etymology). This rhetorical device typically relies on an underlying logical enthymeme (sense 1a).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of structure or thought > [noun] > antithesis > instance of

adversativea1504

enthymeme1550

antithesism1816

1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. F. vii An Enthimeme..is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men it is a greate shame.

1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 260 An Enthymem..is, as Cicero saith, when the sentence concluded consisteth of contraries.

1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. I Enthymem [with Rhetoricians] is when the concluding Sentence consists of Contraries.

1774 J. Patsall in tr. Quintilian Inst. Orator II. viii. v. 79 The enthymeme is not always used for the purpose of forming an argument, but sometimes for ornament sake, as by Cicero.

1871 C. D. Yonge tr. Cicero Treat. on Topics in tr. Cicero Orations (new ed.) IV. 472 Those results of the rhetoricians drawn from contraries, which they call enthymemes.

1988 E. Stump tr. Boethius In Ciceronis Topica v. 152 Put in the form of a question, it becomes an enthymeme..: ‘What you know is useful; is what you do not know no hindrance?’

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	enthymeme
释义	enthymemen. Brit. /ˈɛnθᵻmiːm/, U.S. /ˈɛnθəˌmim/ Inflections: Plural enthymemes, (rare) enthymemata. Forms: α. 1500s–1600s enthimem, 1500s–1600s enthimeme, 1500s–1800s enthymem, 1500s– enthymeme. β. 1500s–1600s enthimema, 1500s– enthymema. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin enthȳmēma. Etymology: < classical Latin enthȳmēma thought, concept, used by Cicero ( Topica 13) for a striking antithesis closing a rhetorical period (compare sense 2), syllogistic form of argument based on merely probable premises, and usually involving suppression of one proposition (Quintilian) < ancient Greek ἐνθύμημα thought, piece of reasoning, argument, (in Aristotle's Logic) rhetorical syllogism drawn from probable premises (compare sense 1b) < ἐνθυμεῖσθαι to think, consider, infer ( < ἐν- en- prefix² + θυμός mind: see thymoleptic adj.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form).Compare Middle French entimeme , emptimeme (late 14th cent.; French enthymème ). Sense 1a is due to a misapprehension (already in Boethius a524), the description of the enthymeme (sense 1b) as ‘an imperfect syllogism’ (ἀτελὴς συλλογισμός) having been interpreted as referring to its form instead of its matter. 1. Logic and Rhetoric. a. A deductive argument having a proposition that is not explicitly stated; esp. a syllogism with an unstated premise. Also: the form of such an argument; argumentation in such a form.The argument, All cats are mammals; therefore all lions are mammals, is an enthymeme because the minor premise, All lions are cats, is left unstated. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > types of syllogisms enthymeme1532 paralogism1565 prosyllogism1574 epicheirema1583 frame1584 prossyllogism1620 episyllogism1851 hypothetico-disjunctive1864 1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. B.i^v The Logician..treateth of the fourme of sillogismes, enthimemes and inductions. 1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike ii. ix. f. 98^v An Enthymeme is nothing but a contracted syllogisme. ?1626 Bp. T. Morton Grand Imposture Church of Rome xiii. 208 Your Enthymeme from hence is this; These Titles haue beene giuen by Councells vnto the Pope and Sea of Rome. Ergo the Pope and Church of Rome haue Monarchicall power. 1656 A. Cowley Pindarique Odes 50 in Poems In Enthymemes..half is left out to be supplyed by the Hearer. 1712 J. Arbuthnot Lewis Baboon iii. 16 I desire to know whither you will have it by way of Syllogism, Enthymem, Dilemma or Sorites. 1764 T. Reid Inq. Human Mind i. §3. 16 Perhaps Des Cartes meant not to assume his own existence in this enthymeme, but the existence of thought. 1795 G. Wythe Decis. Cases Virginia 15 The argument included in this opinion is an enthymema. 1826 R. Whately Elements Logic i. 24 When one of the premises is suppressed..the argument is called an Enthymeme. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic iii. 57 The common form of argumentation is the Enthymeme, which consists of but two propositions. 1914 Eng. Rev. Jan. 295 Mr. Carrington's logic cultivates the enthymeme to a point rarely reached hitherto. 1961 Jrnl. Philos. 58 714 Both views make hash of the distinction between logically valid arguments and enthymemes. 2014 A. Ney Metaphysics 12 In the case of an enthymeme, an author leaves out some premises. b. A deductive argument (often with one or more statements left implicit) which proceeds from merely probable or accepted premises rather than from necessary or certain premises; a rhetorical syllogism. Now usually: any of various forms of argument in which at least one premise (or the conclusion) is left unstated with the intention that the audience should supply it or take it for granted.Aristotle’s account in his Prior Analytics (70a10) of an enthymeme as having merely probable or widely-accepted premises reflects the way he contrasts the subject-matter of rhetorical syllogisms, and of rhetoric in general, with that of the demonstrative or scientific syllogisms of logic. See demonstrative syllogism n. at demonstrative adj. and n. Compounds, and scientific syllogism at scientific adj. 2. Cf. also example n. 8. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > types of logical argument enthymeme1570 argumentum ad hominem1690 dialogism1880 argumentum e (or ex) silentio1934 1570 T. Wilson Testimonies in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations sig. *.iv^v Those short argumentes called Enthymemata, framed togither with excellent cunning. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist.* xxiii. xii. 481 These strange Enthymemes and conclusions. 1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 5 Must we learne from Canons..to illumin a period, to wreath an Enthymema w^th maistrous dexterity? a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 18 Oratours back their Enthymemes (or rational Argumentations) with Inductions, (or singular Examples). 1768 E. Wynne Eunomus I. 42 The Enthymeme..was called by Aristotle the oratorical demonstration, as containing a just form of reasoning, and easily reducible to the most perfect syllogysm; but at the same time without its fetters or parade. 1828 T. De Quincey Elements Rhetoric in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 888/1 The matter..of the syllogism being certain and apodeictic; that of the enthymeme probable, and drawn from the province of opinion. 1867 E. M. Cope Introd. Aristotle's Rhetoric 153 In rhetoric the only instruments of proof are enthymeme and example. 1905 C. Read Logic (ed. 3) xi. 134 The Enthymeme, according to Aristotle, is the Syllogism of probable reasoning about practical affairs and matters of opinion, in contrast with the Syllogism of theoretical demonstration upon necessary grounds. 1977 C. E. Butterworth in tr. Averroës 3 Short Comm. Aristotle's ‘Topics,’ ‘Rhetoric’ & ‘Poetics’ 33 The art of rhetoric should be organized in a way that permits the enthymemes to have their rightful precedence. 2006 S. McCarthy Polit. Theory Tyranny Singapore & Burma i. 4 Successful political rhetoric requires that enthymemes..must appeal to the commonly held opinions of the people. 2. Rhetoric. An antithesis (antithesis n. 2b) that closes a rhetorical period; (also) the use of antithesis to close a rhetorical period. Now rare.Chiefly with reference to or in translations of Cicero (see etymology). This rhetorical device typically relies on an underlying logical enthymeme (sense 1a). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of structure or thought > [noun] > antithesis > instance of adversativea1504 enthymeme1550 antithesism1816 1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. F. vii An Enthimeme..is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men it is a greate shame. 1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 260 An Enthymem..is, as Cicero saith, when the sentence concluded consisteth of contraries. 1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. I Enthymem [with Rhetoricians] is when the concluding Sentence consists of Contraries. 1774 J. Patsall in tr. Quintilian Inst. Orator II. viii. v. 79 The enthymeme is not always used for the purpose of forming an argument, but sometimes for ornament sake, as by Cicero. 1871 C. D. Yonge tr. Cicero Treat. on Topics in tr. Cicero Orations (new ed.) IV. 472 Those results of the rhetoricians drawn from contraries, which they call enthymemes. 1988 E. Stump tr. Boethius In Ciceronis Topica v. 152 Put in the form of a question, it becomes an enthymeme..: ‘What you know is useful; is what you do not know no hindrance?’ This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1532
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