heatn.

Brit.

/hiːt/, U.S.

/hit/

Forms: Old English hǽto, hǽtu, hǽte, Middle English hæte, Middle English–1500s hete, Middle English, 1500s–1600s heate, 1500s– heat, (Middle English hette, heite, Middle English–1500s heete, Scottish heit, Middle English het, Middle English heyte, Middle English–1500s heet).

Etymology: Old English hǽtu , hǽto , strong feminine, also hǽte , weak feminine; the former = Old Frisian hête , Middle Dutch hête , heete , heite , Old High German heiȥî < Old Germanic *haitîn- , < *haito- hot n.²: compare brede, heal nouns; hǽte corresponds to a type *haitjôn-. Other words from same root (hit, hît, hait), differing in ablaut-grade and suffix, are German hitze, Old High German hizza, Old Saxon hittia, Dutch hitte < Old Germanic *hitjâ-, also Old Norse hite (masculine), and Gothic heitô fever.

a. The quality of being hot; that quality or condition of matter which produces the sensation described in 1b; often regarded as a substance or thing contained in or issuing from bodies: esp. In ordinary use, A high or sensible degree of this quality; the condition of being hot; high temperature; warmth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun]

heatc825

hotOE

hotnessOE

burninga1522

calidity1528

calor1599

chaud1659

caloric1794

c825 Vesp. Psalter xviii. 7 [xix. 6] Ne is se ðe hine ahyde from haeto his.

971 Blickl. Hom. 51 Þære sunnan hæto þe þas eorþan hlyweþ.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1487 Þu..grindesst itt. & cnedesst itt & harrdnesst itt wiþþ hæte.

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 119 Fir haueð on him þre mihtes, on to giuende hete, oðer to giuende liht [etc.]

a1300 Cursor Mundi 2248 Þe hette [v.r. hete] o þe sun.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 238/1 Hete, calor, estus.

c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 116 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 259 Þe gret heit of þe sone.

1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. Pvi^v As heit procedis fra ye fyr.

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes G vij a If there should bee twoo sonnes, it wer perill least their two heates should burne vp al the arth.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. viii. 7 b The..stoves of Germanie in the whiche with a small heate they do breed and hatch their egges.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 39 A Thermometer, thus marked and prepared, will be the fittest Instrument to make a Standard of heat and cold.

1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments i. 3 The Heat in Land Animals helps likewise to the Solution of the Aliment.

1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic xxxiii. 291 Heat means ordinarily the excess of temperature above the ordinary mean.

b. The sensation or perception of this quality or condition; one of the primary sensations, produced by contact with or nearness to fire or any body at a high temperature, and also by various other causes, e.g. by any agency that quickens the circulation of the blood.(In early use not easily separable from that which causes the sensation, the external or internal quality (senses 1, 4); see esp. quots. a1225, c1480 at sense 4c.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > hot sensation

glowing1562

scalding1597

heata1704

glow1793

a1704 [see sense 2b].

1794 J. Hutton Diss. Philos. Light 19 When we approach the fire, our sense informs us in a particular manner; and this we name heat, which is then purely a sensation.

1864 A. Bain Senses & Intellect (ed. 2) Introd. i. 9 We can neither feel nor know heat, except in the transition from cold.

1865–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 15 The word Heat is used in common language, both as the name of a particular kind of sensation, and to denote that condition of matter in which it is capable of producing this sensation in us.

c. With adjectives of colour, used in reference to the appearance of metals and some other substances when at certain high temperatures, as blue, red, white heat; also with other defining words, as animal, blood, fever heat, etc.: see these words.

ΚΠ

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 8 Several degrees of Heats Smiths take of their Iron..as first, a Blood-red Heat. Secondly, a White Flame Heat. Thirdly, a Sparkling or Welding Heat.

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a. In Physics, formerly supposed to be an elastic material fluid (caloric n.), of extreme subtility, attracted and absorbed by all bodies; now held to be a form of energy n., viz. the kinetic and potential energy of the invisible molecules of bodies, capable of being transmitted from one body to another, whether in contact (see conduction n. 6, convection n.) or separated (see radiation n.): in the latter case, the energy during the transmission takes the form of:

b. radiant heat, which is not properly heat at all, but the energy of vibration of the intervening ether, being identical, within a certain range of wave-length, with light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > emission or diffusion > energy produced by

radiant heat1626

radiant heating1825

radiant energy1869

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §99 It is certaine, that of all Powers in Nature, Heat is the chiefe.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 37 Heat is a property of a body arising from the motion or agitation of its parts; and therefore whatever body is thereby toucht must necessarily receive some part of that motion, whereby its parts will be shaken.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia Table 248 Experiments to shew, that bodies expand by heat.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 121 Heat and Fire differ but in degree: and Heat is Fire only in lesser quantity. Fire I shall shew to be a Fluid consisting of Parts extremely small and light, and consequently very subtile, active, and susceptive of Motion.

a1704 J. Locke Elem. Nat. Philos. (?1750) xi. 43 Heat, is a very brisk agitation of the insensible parts of the object, which produces in us that sensation, from whence we denominate the object hot; so what in our sensation is heat; in the object is nothing but motion.

1760 J. Black Inq. Nat. Heat 529 But heat is evidently not passive; it is an expansive fluid, which dilates in consequence of the repulsion subsisting among its own particles.

1833 N. Arnott Elements Physics (ed. 5) II. 10 Heat cannot be exhibited apart, nor proved to have weight or inertia.

c1860 M. Faraday Var. Forces Nature iii. 79 Whenever we diminish the attraction of cohesion we absorb heat.

1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. viii. §66 That mode of force which we distinguish as Heat, is now generally regarded by physicists as molecular motion.

1879 W. Thomson & P. G. Tait Treat. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) I: Pt. i. §385 The Dynamical Theory of Heat..is based upon the conclusion from experiment that heat is a form of energy.

c. specific heat (Physics): the heat required to raise the temperature of a given substance to a given extent (usually one degree); it is calculated relatively to some standard substance, usually water (see quot. 1871), and forms a measure of the given substance's capacity for heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > specific heat

specific heata1832

a1832 Sir J. Leslie in Encycl. Brit. I. 645/2 The best series of experiments on the distribution of heat among different bodies was performed before the year 1784 by Professor Gadolin of Abo, who, rejecting the notion of Capacity, introduced the unexceptionable expression, Specific Heat.

1842 W. T. Brande Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 544/2 The term specific heat is applied to the quantity of thermometric heat required to raise different substances to the same temperature... The specific heat of water being = 1, that of oil is 0·5.

1863 J. Tyndall Heat (1870) 139 As the specific heat increases, the atomic weight diminishes, and vice versa.

1871 J. C. Maxwell Theory of Heat iii. 66 The Specific Heat of a body is the ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise that body one degree to the quantity required to raise an equal weight of water one degree.

1881 Nature No. 627. 15 Platinum has a specific heat of only ·032.

d. atomic heat, latent heat, molecular heat: see the first element.

3. spec.

a. A hot condition of the atmosphere or physical environment; hot weather or climate: often spoken of as an agent perceptible by its effects (cf. cold n. 4).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > hot weather > [noun]

heatc825

torridness1638

torridity1846

c825 Vesp. Hymns viii. 8 Bledsiað cele and hætu dryhten.

c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 12 Gelice us þe bæron byrþena on þises dæges hæton.

1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 1438 Now es cald, now es hete, Now es dry, and now es wete.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. viii. 22 All the daies of the erthe, seed and ripe, coold and hete, somer and wynter, nyȝt and day, shulen not rest.

c1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 41 If hit [water] be cole in hete an luke in colde.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 2 In September..Quhen passyt by the hycht was off the hette [v.r. heit].

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. H4 Some darke deepe desert..That knowes not parching heat, nor freezing cold.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 140 Weary with his Toyl, and scorch'd with Heat .

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 78 Throughout a great part of September, the heat continued with little sign of abatement.

1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 4 I had not felt the heat before, save as a beautiful exaggeration of sun~shine.

b. (with plural) An instance of this condition; a hot period or season.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > hot weather > [noun] > spell or season of

heat1390

hot wave1876

heatwave1878

the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > with reference to weather conditions > rainy or hot season

heat1390

rainy season1655

wet1733

monsoon season1976

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 106 The cheles bothe and eke the hetes.

1448 Prose Chron. in R. Glouc. (1724) 520 This yere [1252] was a gret hete and droughthe in Engelond.

1526 J. Skelton Magnyfycence 12 After a hete oft cometh a stormy colde.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 The great heates are abated.

1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) II. 267 The heats not being excessive, nor the colds severe.

1856 A. P. Stanley Sinai & Palestine i. i. 19 The chief resorts of the Bedouin tribes during the summer heats.

c. A hot place; a fire.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun]

fireOE

heat1382

gleedc1400

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxviii. 3 An eddre, whanne she cam forth fro the heete, asailide his hond.

a1400 Sir Perc. 862 He keste the wiche in the hete.

1611 Bible (King James) Acts xxviii. 3 There came a Uiper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.

d. High temperature produced by fermentation or putrefaction, as in a hotbed; hence applied concretely to a hotbed, esp. in in heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > putrefying or fermenting heat

heatc1400

fracedoa1676

sweat heat1843

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > hotbed [phrase]

in heat1796

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > division or part of garden > [noun] > bed or plot > hotbed

hotbed1626

bark-bed1732

heat1796

ridge1798

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) v. 49 Thei..coveren hem [Eyren of Hennes, etc.] with Hete of Hors Dong, with outen Henne, Goos or Doke, or any other Foul.

1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 12 The Dung..must have passed its first Heat, lest applied before, it burn the Plant.

1724 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. (at cited word) All Heat of Hot-Beds, Mr. Bradley says, proceeds from fermentation.

1796 C. Marshall Gardening (1815) xix. 385 Some chuse to forward them on heat, in March and April.

1887 Gardening 3 Dec. 531/1 Those that are wanted to come in early may at once be put in heat.

1887 Gardening 17 Dec. 567/3 Strike them..in a moderate bottom-heat.

4. As a quality or condition of animal bodies.

a. The normal high temperature of the body in warm-blooded animals; the warmth characteristic of a living body ( natural heat, vital heat).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > temperature and regulation > [noun] > normal temperature

heat1340

warmth1599

animal heat1603

body temperature1865

normothermia1898

1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 328 Whan we holde waxen, Whan mihte lakken our limus & lesen our hete, We schulle forleten oure lif.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 251 The life hath lost his kindely hete, And he lay dede as any stone.

1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 31 The vitall heate is quyghte extinguished.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 279 Astonish'd at the sight, the vital Heat Forsakes her Limbs.

b. High temperature in the body arising from a disordered condition, as in inflammation or fever; inflamed or feverish state.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > inflammation > [noun]

heatc1000

fireOE

burning1382

phlegmona1398

disdainc1400

angerc1440

scaldingc1450

brounes1528

inflaming1530

combustion?1541

inflammation1541

incension1598

fieriness1600

angriness1612

exustion1657

phlogosis1666

phlegmasia1706

scald1882

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > high or low temperature > [noun] > high temperature

heatc1000

fever heata1398

empyreuma1634

empyreum1651

hyperthermia1886

c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 82 Gif se lichoma hwær mid hefighere hæto sy gebysgod.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 84 Wiþ wunda hatum genim þonne wegbrædan þa wyrt.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15249 Þa iwarð þe king..hafde þat uuel hate.

a1535 T. More Wks. (R.) 572 (R.) No more then the heate of a feuer is a right natural heate.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 It helpeth the head ache, the burning heat of the eyes, and other inflammations.

1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 135 The iuice [of onions] taketh away the heate of scalding with water or oile.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia I. ii. viii. 291 The burning heat of the skin.

1862 J. B. Harrison Lett. Dis. Children 192 There is room for more apprehension..if there be no febrile heat.

c. A condition of the body in which the general surface temperature is higher than usual, producing the sensation described under 1b; the state of feeling hot.

ΚΠ

a1225 Leg. Kath. 1701 Ne eileð þer na mon..nowðer heate ne chele nowðer hunger ne þurst.

c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 912 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 He tholit..bath gret hungir & het.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xx. 452 For there nys noo man so oolde, but he sholde soone gete hete there wythin a lityll while.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 When they were in heate with drinking.

1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion ii. Argt. 23 Where, ouertoyld, her heate to coole, Shee bathes her in the pleasant Poole.

1887 Princess Christian Mem. Margrav. Baireuth 383 The soldiers..having got into a fearful state of heat, threw themselves into cold water.

d. with a (rarely in plural): An instance of this bodily condition. †to catch or get a heat: to become hot or warm (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > be hot [verb (intransitive)] > have or get the sensation of heat

burnc1000

heata1300

enchafec1380

to catch or get a heat?1528

to-brenn1598

broil1623

bake1847

a1400–50 Alexander 3803 A litill drysnynge of dewe..[he] bringis it to oure balde kyng to brigge with his hetis.

?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 46 Me think ther haldis ȝow a hete, as ȝe sum harme alyt.

?1528 J. Skelton Dyuers Balettys & Dyties iii After her cold she cought a hete.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiv. 248 When she walketh apace for her pleasure, or to catch her a heate in the colde mornings.

1887 ‘Rita’ Ladye Nancye i. ix. 37 To commence, he was in a profuse heat.

†5. In medieval physiology, as a quality of ‘elements’, ‘humours’, and bodies in general: see hot adj. and n.¹ Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > as a quality of elements or humours

heat1390

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 100 The drie coler with his hete By wey of kinde his propre sete Hath in the galle.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iii. xiv. 58 Bi hete and wete the vertue inmutatiua werkyth the softer substaunce.

1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke i. ii. 2 By heat, in this chapter, is ment, a hoate distempure without any kind of humour.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §758 Doues are the fullest of Heat and Moisture amongst Birds.

6. The quality of being ‘hot’ in taste; strength or pungency of flavour.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sourness or acidity > [noun] > pungency

peppera1425

tangc1440

mordacity1583

heat1586

saltness1612

piquantness1648

quickness1652

subtilty1661

penetratingness1662

pungency1663

piquancy1664

poignancy1677

mordicancy1693

pertness1756

causticity1772

poignance1782

pungence1810

warmth1816

piquance1867

zinginess1938

1586 G. Pettie & B. Yong tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (rev. ed.) iv. f. 190^v She caused the heate of the wine to be delayed with water.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vii. 20 The heate, a the Ginger.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §863 The Root [orris root] seemeth to haue a Tender dainty Heat.

a. A redness or eruption on the skin, accompanied by a sensation of heat, or indicating inflammation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions

impetigo1398

deadingc1400

St Anthonyc1405

foulness1559

acrochordon1565

foulness1583

heat1597

bleach1601

Anthony's fire1609

desquamation1726

sivvens1762

erythema1778

rupia1813

morula1817

dermalgia1842

mycosis1846

cheloid1854

keloid1854

morule1857

kelis1864

dermatosis1866

epithelioma1872

vagabond's disease1876

vagabond's skin1876

dermatitis1877

erysipeloid1888

Ritter's disease1888

acanthosis nigricans1890

angiokeratoma1891

sunburn1891

porokeratosis1893

acrodermatitis1894

epidermolysis1894

keratolysis1895

dermographism1896

neurodermatitis1896

peau d'orange1896

X-ray dermatitis1897

dermatomyositis1899

papulo-erythema1899

pyodermia1899

tar acne1899

dermographia1900

radiodermatitis1903

poikiloderma1907

neurodermatosis1909

leishmanoid1922

razor burn1924

pyoderma1930

photodermatosis1931

photodermatitis1933

necrobiosis lipoidica1934

pyoderma gangrenosum1936

fassy1943

acrodermatitis enteropathica1945

chicken skin1946

nylon stocking dermatitis1947

Sézary('s) syndrome1953

pigskin1966

washerwoman's skin1981

strimmer rash1984

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 845 The ripe Strawberries..taketh away..the rednes and heate of the face.

1676 London Gaz. No. 1146/4 A black brown [Nag] having a little heat on his fore-feet.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 57. ¶5 I have seen a Woman's Face break out in Heats, as she has been talking against a great Lord.

1773 (title) The History of a Gentleman cured of Heats in the Face.

b. prickly heat: a skin disease common in hot climates ( Lichen tropicus), characterized by minute papulæ formed by the hyperæmia of the sweat follicles.

ΚΠ

1736 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 37 She had only the prickly heat, a sort of rash, very common here in summer.

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Lichen Tropicus..Prickly Heat, the pimples are bright red..with heat, itching, and pricking as if by needles.

†8.

a. A heating (in to give a heat to). Obsolete except as in 8b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [noun] > a heating or warming

heatc1430

warm1768

warm-up1878

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 22 Sette it on þe fyre, an ȝif it an hete.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 151 Thay gaif thame in the fyre a heit.

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 6 I woulde desyre all bowyers to season theyr staues well, to woorke them and synke them well, to gyue them heetes conuenient, and tyllerynges plentye.

b. A single operation of heating, as of iron in a furnace; hence concrete the quantity of metal heated at one operation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [noun] > a heating or warming > single operation of

heat1594

1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. B^v I haue left my M. striking of a heat and stole away.

1602 W. S. True Chron. Hist. Ld. Cromwell sig. A2^v You idle knaues..What not a heate among your worke to day.

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 10 But if it be not throughly welded at the first Heat, you must reitterate your Heats so oft.

1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 84 It [the..metal] is piled loosely in the middle of the furnace, and is called a heat.

1888 Sci. Amer. 21 Apr. 246/3 A field bakery of this kind can deliver 17,928 loaves of bread for nine ‘heats’, each loaf forming two rations.

1892 Labour Commission Gloss. at Heats The quantity of metal or steel placed in a puddling mill or Siemens furnace is called a heat.

†c. A run given to a race-horse by way of exercise in preparation for a race. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > training or exercise run

heat1683

sweat1705

stripped gallop1896

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 123^v Then walke him, to chafe him, and put him in a heate.]

1683 Markham's Master-piece Revived (ed. 11) (title page) Containing Methods for the Training of Horses up for Racing, with their Heats and Courses.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1670 (1955) III. 556 The Jockies breathing their fine barbs & racers, & giving them their heates.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Two Heats in a Week are reckon'd a just Measure for any Horse of what State or Constitution whatever.—The Jockies lay it down as a Rule, that one of the Heats be given on the same Day of the Week, whereon the Horse is to run his Match.

9. figurative. A single intense effort or bout of action; one continuous operation; a stroke, a ‘go’. Chiefly in at a heat. (Sometimes associated with 8b.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > spell or bout of action

turnc1230

heatc1380

touch1481

pluck?1499

push?1560

bout1575

yoking1594

pull1667

tirl1718

innings1772

go1784

gamble1785

pop1839

run1864

gang1879

inning1885

shot1939

the world > action or operation > doing > in action [phrase] > in one bout of action

at a heat1676

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2762 Capouns y-bake al-so tok he foure in þilke hete.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10288 Miche harme, in þat hete, happit to falle.

1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe ii. 16 I'll strike my Fortunes with him at a heat: And give him not the leisure to forget.

1681 J. Dryden Spanish Fryar Ep. Ded. Neither can a true just play, which is to bear the test of ages, be produced at a heat.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture III. 26/2 One..shewed him a piece of Painting, with a boast, that he had done it at a single heat.

1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. p. iv The new articles..having been ‘thrown off at a heat’, stood particularly in want of re-revision.

1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic II. ii. viii. 13 On one occasion he hanged twenty heretics, including a minister, at a single heat.

10.

a. A single course in a race or other contest. (See also dead heat n.)

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > game or definite spell of play > specific one of series

heata1663

rubber game1793

round1837

rubber match1843

tie-match1864

final1880

postseason1882

semi-final1884

preliminary1886

cup-tie1895

play-off1895

tie1895

leg1899

repechage1899

qualifier1908

quarter-final1916

playdown1918

rounder1918

go-around1933

quick death1938

semi1942

pretrial1946

quarter1950

barrage1955

tie-breaker1961

semi-main1968

tie-break1970

breaker1979

a1663 Visct. Falkland Marriage Nt. ii, in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1876) XV. 129 And will ride his heats as cleanly as a dieted Gelding.

1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iv. i. 54 I, take heat after heat, like a well-breath'd Courser.

1675 London Gaz. No. 1026/4 The second Plate will be Run for on the same Moor, by three Heats.

1697 London Gaz. No. 3315/4 The same day in the morning will be run for, by Women, a Smock of 5l. value, 3 Heats, half a mile each Heat.

1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle IV. xcvi. 40 Seeing his antagonists distanced in the first and second heat.

1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod ii. ii. 82 These contests are extended to two or three heats or trials.

1873 J. Bennett & ‘Cavendish’ Billiards 12 He won three heats of 100 up, and in the second heat made 22 spot-hazards.

b. transferred and figurative.

ΚΠ

1685 J. Dryden Albion & Albanius Epil. sig. (c)2^v Feign'd Zeal, you saw, set out the speedier pace; But, the last heat, Plain Dealing won the Race.

1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 222 He that gives out, at the last Heat, loses the Benefit of all his labours and successes in the former.

1817 Ld. Byron Let. 9 Apr. (1976) V. 209 As for ‘Manfred’ The 2 first acts are the best—the third so so—but I was blown with the first and second heats.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. iv. 40 Pen had started in the first heat of the mad race.

†c. The ground on which a heat is run; a race-course. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1682 London Gaz. No. 1741/4 The Plates are run for 3 times round the Round-Heat.

1701 London Gaz. No. 3751/8 3 Plates will be run for on the new Heat upon Epsom Downs.

11.

a. Intensity or great warmth of feeling; fervour, ardour, animation, vehemence, eagerness, excitement, passion, rage.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > [noun]

heatc825

earnestOE

fervour1340

ardourc1386

fever heata1398

burning1398

lowea1425

fervencec1430

ferventnessc1430

flame1548

ardency1549

fervency1554

fire1579

calenture1596

inflammation1600

warmth1600

brimstonea1616

incandescence1656

fervidness1692

candency1723

glow1748

white heat1814

hwyl1899

the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > [noun] > a burning feeling of passion

heatc825

leye971

flamea1340

fire1340

swelmea1400

wildfirea1400

burning1822

the mind > emotion > anger > [noun] > heat of anger

swelmea1400

heatc1480

chafe1551

warmness1563

fire1694

c825 Vesp. Hymns xi. 9 Se rehta geleafa mid hætu walle.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13855 Off all soþ lufess hæte.

c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 104 Dewe of grace..wiþ þe hete of charite.

c1480 (a1400) St. Katherine 386 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 453 In ire & in gret het.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 103 Fooles that in hete hasten hem so moche.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. KK I wyll..nat departe, for all this intemperate heate.

1580 Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David vi. i While thou art in the heate of thy displeasure.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. ii. 40 It is a businesse of some heate .

1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης i. 6 He was sorry to heare with what popular heat Elections were carri'd in many places.

1694 F. Bragge Pract. Disc. Parables iv. 155 Many a man injures another in suddain heat and passion.

1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 66 A lady, who spoke with some heat, and great volubility.

1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Halliburton's Troubles III. iii. 44 It was done in the heat of passion.

1958 Listener 30 Oct. 709/2 The heat is being pumped into utterly different quarrels.

1962 Listener 5 Apr. 587/1 His foreign minister..had set himself the task of taking the heat out of inter-Arab exchanges.

1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 100 This merely added more heat to the argument.

b. (with plural) An instance of this: an access of feeling or intensity.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > passion > [noun] > sudden outburst or access of passion

heatc1200

gerec1369

accessc1384

braida1450

guerie1542

bursting1552

ruff1567

riot1575

suddentyc1575

pathaire1592

flaw1596

blaze1597

start1598

passion1599

firework1601

storm1602

estuation1605

gare1606

accession?1608

vehemency1612

boutade1614

flush1614

escapea1616

egression1651

ebullition1655

ebulliency1667

flushinga1680

ecstasy1695

gusta1704

gush1720

vehemence1741

burst1751

overboiling1767

explosion1769

outflaming1836

passion fit1842

outfly1877

Vesuvius1886

outflame1889

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 He is sendere of alle holie heten.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 124 Temperance aye þet zouþ aye þe wykkede hetes.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iii. 103 That he..myght eschewe the heetes and occasions of lecherye.

1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 238 Amplifications, or heats of speech, the better to stirre vp, and to enflame the minds of the Hearers.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 261. ¶6 When the first Heats of Desire are extinguished.

1856 W. Arthur Tongue of Fire (1885) ii. 27 The very head whose heats of ambition and of vindictiveness He had rebuked.

c. (with plural) A fit of passion or anger; †a quarrel, angry dispute (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > quarrel or quarrelling > [noun] > noisy or angry quarrel > instance of

ganglinga1387

altercation1410

brawla1500

heat1549

wranglea1555

brabble1566

paroxysm1578

wrangling1580

brangle1600

branglement1617

rixation1623

row1746

skimmington1753

mêlée1765

breeze1785

squeal1788

hash1789

rook1808

blow-up1809

blowout1825

scena1826

reerie1832

catfight1854

barney1855

wigs on the green1856

bull and cow1859

scrap1890

slanging match1896

snap1897

up-and-downer1927

brannigan1941

rhubarb1941

bitch fight1949

punch-up1958

shout-up1965

shouting match1970

1549 W. Wrightman in P. F. Tytler Eng. Reigns Edw. VI & Mary (1839) I. 170 He was in a great heat.

1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 290 Betweene whom and the predecessours of these Monkes, ther had been great heates for the erection of the same.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iv. 184 A vexatious dispute..which..signified no more than a Heat 'twixt two Oyster-wives in Billingsgate.

1733 A. Pope 1st Satire 2nd Bk. Horace Imitated ii. i. 17 Fond to spread Friendships, but to cover Heats.

1804 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) III. 107 To keep alive heats and animosities.

1887 ‘E. Lyall’ Knight-errant I. xii. 240 Vexed! I was never in such a heat in my life.

†d. As a personal quality: Passionateness, excitability, ardour of temperament. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > excitement > excitability of temperament > [noun]

suscitability1612

fieriness1625

heat1689

inflammability1787

excitability1797

mobility1824

inflammableness1830

excitableness1875

gustiness1901

1689 Bp. G. Burnet Tracts I. 44 One sees in them a heat, and bigotry beyond what appears either in France or Italy.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 440. ¶6 The Man of Heat replied to every Answer of his Antagonist with a louder Note than ordinary.

1718 Mem. Life J. Kettlewell iii. cxix. 483 She should not choose People of Heat for her Companions.

e. U.S. slang. A state of intoxication caused by alcohol or drugs, esp. in to have a heat on.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > effects of drugs > be under influence of drugs [verb (intransitive)]

to have a heat on1912

buzz1927

to be on1938

to string out1967

tweak1981

the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (intransitive)] > be drunk

bewetc1400

to be in beer1532

to have one's cap set1546

to have a pot in the pate1655

to be bit by a barn weasel1673

to have been in the sun1770

to have been in the sunshine1818

to have (also get) the sun in one's eyes1841

to have a brick in one's hat1847

stimulate1882

to beer up1892

to be (the) worse for liquor1893

to have a few1903

to have a heat on1912

1912 D. Lowrie My Life in Prison vii. 77 A few years ago this dump was full of dope. Every other man y'r met had a heat on, an' lots o' young kids what came here strong an' healthy went out with a habit.

1931 D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) ii. 41 The party is going big along toward one o'clock when all of a sudden in comes Handsome Jack Maddigan with half a heat on, and in five minutes he is all over the joint, drinking everything that is offered him.

12.

a. The intense or violent stage of any action; greatest vehemence or intensity; height, stress (e.g. of conflict, debate, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > violent emotion > [noun] > most violent stage

heat1588

the mind > emotion > excitement > [noun] > a high degree of excitement

heat1588

boiling-point1773

fever pitch1837

fortissimo1856

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or intensity of action > stage of greatest

vigour1563

heat1588

paroxysm1650

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [noun] > extreme > instance or stage of

rage1548

heat1588

paroxysm1650

1588 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Nichols Progresses Queen Elizabeth (1823) II. 536 Being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. iii. 17 To com vpon them, in the heate of their diuision.

1695 London Gaz. No. 3098/2 The heat of the Action lasted about two hours.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 42 At the first Heat of the Distemper.

1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. iii. 106 In the very heat of the war against the insurgent Catalans.

1944 ‘N. Shute’ Pastoral ix. 206 He wants to get you both off the station on leave till the heat goes off.

1970 E. R. Johnson God Keepers (1971) xii. 132 There was a lot of merit in having the ranking man right where the heat was going to be.

b. slang (originally U.S.), in various interconnected senses, notably (a) a gun (? as an instrument of ‘heat’); cf. heater n. 1b; (b) in to turn on (or give) the heat, to use a gun, hence figurative, to turn the heat on (someone), to apply pressure on; (c) involvement with or pursuit by the police; a police officer, the police.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > policeman

truncheon officer1708

runner1735

horny1753

nibbing-cull1775

nabbing-cull1780

police officer1784

police constable1787

policeman1788

scout1789

nabman1792

nabber1795

pig1811

Bow-street officer1812

nab1813

peeler1816

split1819

grunter1823

robin redbreast1824

bulky1828

raw (or unboiled) lobster1829

Johnny Darm1830

polis1833

crusher1835

constable1839

police1839

agent1841

johndarm1843

blue boy1844

bobby1844

bluebottle1845

copper1846

blue1848

polisman1850

blue coat1851

Johnny1851

PC1851

spot1851

Jack1854

truncheonist1854

fly1857

greycoat1857

cop1859

Cossack1859

slop1859

scuffer1860

nailerc1863

worm1864

Robert1870

reeler1879

minion of the law1882

ginger pop1887

rozzer1888

nark1890

bull1893

grasshopper1893

truncheon-bearer1896

John1898

finger1899

flatty1899

mug1903

John Dunn1904

John Hop1905

gendarme1906

Johnny Hop1908

pavement pounder1908

buttons1911

flat-foot1913

pounder1919

Hop1923

bogy1925

shamus1925

heat1928

fuzz1929

law1929

narker1932

roach1932

jonnop1938

grass1939

roller1940

Babylon1943

walloper1945

cozzer1950

Old Bill1958

cowboy1959

monaych1961

cozzpot1962

policeperson1965

woolly1965

Fed1966

wolly1970

plod1971

roz1971

Smokey Bear1974

bear1975

beast1978

woodentop1981

Five-O1983

dibble1990

Bow-street runner-

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > discharge firearms [verb (intransitive)]

to let fly1611

gun1622

fire1635

pop1650

pluff1826

squib1831

crack1835

poop1915

loose1928

to turn on (or give) the heat1928

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > [noun] > crime > involvement with the police

trouble1560

heat1928

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > small-arm > [noun]

handgun1411

piece1575

small arms1685

popper1751

shooting-iron1775

pelter1827

squib1839

shooter1840

shooting-stick1845

Betsy1856

smoke-wagon1891

rod1903

gat1904

belt gun1905

roscoe1914

smoke-stick1927

heat1928

heater1929

smoke-pole1929

John Roscoe1932

the mind > will > motivation > persuasion > persuade (a person) [verb (transitive)] > pressurize

to put (also bring, exert) pressure on1853

squeeze1888

pressure1911

high-pressure1925

to put the lug on1929

to put the squeeze on1941

pressurize1945

to turn the heat on1957

to lean on1960

society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun]

police1798

police force1820

constabulary1837

the force1851

John Law1903

button1921

fuzz1929

law1929

Babylon1943

monaych1961

filth1967

heat1967

Bill1969

Old Bill1970

beast1978

blues and twos1985

dibble1990

po-po1994

1928 Amer. Mercury May 80/1 The greatest difficulty for such a mob was to avoid another's heat.

1928 Amer. Mercury May 80/1 It's not so much your own heat you got to watch, but you're apt to run into a bunch of hoosiers out looking for another outfit just hot from some caper.

1929 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 13 Apr. 54/3 A pistol may be a heat... A man shooting a gun is fogging... ‘I fogged away with my heat until I pooped that dummy.’

1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 456/1 Either take our beer or it's plenty of heat for yours.

1931 G. Irwin Amer. Tramp & Underworld Slang 96 Heat, the state of mind of the police or public following a crime or series of crimes, when the people are ‘hot under the collar’ or ‘all heated up’. More lately, any trouble, as ‘in hot water’.

1931 D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) iii. 58 Maybe you remember John the Boss, and the heat which develops around and about when he is scragged in Detroit?

1934 H. N. Rose Thes. Slang iii. 16/2 Cover One with a Gun (v. phr.): to turn on the heat.

1936 J. G. Brandon Pawnshop Murder xxv. 246 You planted yourself in a safe spot to give Lou the heat.

1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster xiv. 174 But the word went out that the government heat was on. The FBI was known to be relentless in its pursuit.

1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster ii. 14 During the heat on the bank robbers the field agents almost lost the habit of sleep.

1937 E. H. Sutherland Professional Thief 238 Heat, danger in general; an investigation; a policeman.

1938 ‘J. Curtis’ They drive by Night xix. 211 The bleeding heat's on here for me.

1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xiv. 110 Then he leaned back..and held the Colt on his knee. ‘Don't kid yourself I won't use this heat, if I have to.’

1957 Listener 24 Oct. 637/2 The moment seemed opportune to ‘turn the heat’ on Turkey.

1967 W. Murray Sweet Ride x. 168 He got busted last week and he don't take that too kindly. Guess he figured you was heat.

1969 New Yorker 19 July 20 Out the door comes this great big porcine member of the heat, all belts and bullets and pistols and keys.

1970 C. Major Dict. Afro-Amer. Slang 65 Heat, law-enforcement officer.

13. Sexual excitement in animals, especially in the female, during the breeding season; usually in at or in heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > sexual organs and reproduction > [noun] > mating > rut

rutc1381

rutsonc1425

pride1483

shaleur1509

rutting1575

orgasm1754

heat1768

oestrum1773

oestruation1857

oestrus1890

1768 G. Washington Writings (1889) II. 243 Music was also in heat and served promiscuously by all the Dogs.

1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 102 The female is in heat in the winter, and bears her young in..March.

1836–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 441/2 This state of excitement, generally named ‘the heat’, lasts for a longer or shorter period.

Phrases

Proverb. if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen and variants: if you cannot cope with the pressures and difficulties of a situation, you should leave others to deal with it rather than complaining.ⓘUsed originally with reference to politics and often associated with Harry S. Truman, U.S. President 1945–53, who popularized the phrase.Quot. 1931 is cited by some sources, in an incorrect form, as the first use of this phrase, but the original newspaper text does not in fact include the words can't stand the heat; however the phrase actually used is clearly similar in intent.

ΚΠ

1931 Independence (Missouri) Examiner 1 Jan. 1/2 But if a fellow doesn't want to get hot once in a while he had better stay out of the kitchen.]

1942 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 12 July 7/6 Favorite rejoinder of Sen. Harry S. Truman, when a member of his war contracts investigating committee objects to his strenuous pace. ‘If you don’t like the heat, get out of the kitchen.’

1952 Time 28 Apr. 19/1 The President [sc. Truman] gave a..down-to-earth reason for his retirement, quoting a favorite expression of his military jester, Major General Harry Vaughan: ‘If you don't like the heat, get out of the kitchen’.

2020 Daily Express 10 Mar. 44/4 With the ongoing saga of the resignation of Sir Philip Rutnam, Richard Madeley has it spot on: if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive.

(a)

heat-action n.

ΚΠ

1875 Wonders Physical World II. iv. 311 The heat-action of the sun.

heat-capacity n.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 279/2 The heat-capacity of the water.

heat-chart n.

ΚΠ

1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 42 Weather, wind and heat charts.

heat-cloud n.

ΚΠ

1895 R. Kipling Second Jungle Bk. 140 When the heat-cloud sucks the tempest.

heat-conduction n.

ΚΠ

1881 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1017 The axis of greatest heat-conduction in uniaxial crystals is parallel to the direction of easiest cleavage.

heat-conductivity n.

ΚΠ

1881 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1017 The heat-conductivity of mercury.

heat-flame n.

ΚΠ

1871 tr. H. Schellen Spectrum Anal. iii. 11 No soot is deposited..by the non-luminous heat-flame.

heat-flow n.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 297/1 Heat-flow due to Conduction.

1925 J. Joly Surface-hist. Earth vi. 104 Steady heat-flow to the surface.

1955 Times 11 July 2/6 A research group investigating problems of heat flow in supersonic aircraft.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth iii. 67/1 The ‘heat flow’—the rate of escape of interior heat from the Earth's surface.

heat-focus n.

heat-force n.

heat-haze n.

ΚΠ

1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 12 Sept. 17 Wind~mills..with those unwieldy arms swaying around in the heat-haze.

1899 Daily News 12 Jan. 6/2 The flat, endless continent, fading away in the heat-haze.

1901 ‘Linesman’ Words by Eyewitness (1902) 30 The ranks of little kopjes across the river slumbered in the heat-haze.

1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 Summer lanes Whose sound quivers like heat-haze endlessly.

heat-insulation n.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 283/2 Expansion or compression under the condition of heat-insulation, represented by curves called Adiabatics.

heat-insulator n.

ΚΠ

1937 Discovery Feb. 35/1 Double walls of canvas enclosing an air space, which acted as a perfect heat insulator.

heat-lamp n.

heat-mist n.

ΚΠ

1901 H. W. Wilson With Flag to Pretoria I. vi. 91 Indistinct lines of Boer entrenchments, flickering through the heat-mist.

1940 W. Empson Gathering Storm 48 The heat-mists that my vision hood Shudder precisely with the throng.

heat-power n.

ΚΠ

1905 Westm. Gaz. 26 Aug. 13/2 The practical science of heat-power-production.

1956 A. H. Compton Atomic Quest 52 10,000 kilowatts of heat-power.

heat-ray n.

ΚΠ

1866 W. T. Brande & G. W. Cox Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art (new ed.) II. 102/2 Heat Rays,..applied to the red rays of the spectrum, and to other rays which fall outside the red end of the spectrum, and which are consequently invisible.

1887 H. M. Ward tr. J. von Sachs Lect. Physiol. Plants xxxix. 696 The least refrangible heat-rays.

heat-retrogression n.

ΚΠ

1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. vi. 312 Periods of heat-retrogression (such as the glacial).

heat-shock n.

ΚΠ

1946 Nature 23 Nov. 763/1 The production in certain varieties of apples, of diploid pollen by heat-shock treatment of the pollen mother cells.

1956 Nature 4 Feb. 227/2 In Drosophila, heat-shock at an appropriate stage results in the development of the cross-veinless phenotype.

heat-supply n.

heat-test n.

ΚΠ

1901 Kynoch Jrnl. Feb.–Mar. 57/1 The Heat-Test of Nitro Explosives.

heat-trap n.

ΚΠ

1906 W. De Morgan Joseph Vance xviii I think of the sole di marzo blazing on the roses in that Tuscan heat-trap.

heat-value n.

ΚΠ

1887 Chambers's Jrnl. 24 Sept. 623/1 The exact heat-value of different kinds of liquid fuel.

1962 Economist 21 July 256/1 The main use of this gas should be to fuel power stations (at a ‘heat value’ parity price with coal or oil).

(b) (In sense 4b.)

heat-pimple n.

ΚΠ

a1665 in I. Walton Life Hooker in R. Hooker Wks. (1888) I. 77 His face full of heat-pimples.

heat-rash n.

ΚΠ

1887 G. Saintsbury Hist. Elizabethan Lit. Concl. 450 They were only harmless heat-rashes, not malignant distempers.

(c)

heat-like adj. and adv.

ΚΠ

1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 308 As a spiritual quality..Hidden or open, heatlike doth inhere In all existence.

(d)

heat-labile adj.

ΚΠ

1946 Nature 27 July 121/1 One vital heat-labile system in the earliest stages of the chain of activity preceding cell division.

1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 342 A hot-water extract (containing the substrate but not the heat-labile enzyme).

heat-sensitive adj.

ΚΠ

1946 Nature 10 Aug. 194/1 Electronics have brought a contribution in the evaporation of solutions of heat-sensitive materials such as penicillin.

1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. i. 5 This may cause the decomposition of one or more of the heat-sensitive components.

heat-stable adj.

ΚΠ

1946 Nature 23 Nov. 760/1 Heat-stable enzyme.

1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) xxiii. 339 R. prowazeki and R. mooseri..are differentiated by specific heat-labile major antigens, but share a common heat-stable antigen.

b. Objective and obj. gen., as heat-absorbing, heat-absorption, heat-economizer, heat-evolution, heat-forming, heat-giver, heat-giving, heat-loss, heat-making, heat-measurer, heat-producer, heat-production, heat-radiator (= radiator n.), heat-regulator, heat-regulating, heat-resistant, heat-resisting, heat-storage, heat-tempering adjs.

ΚΠ

a1618 J. Sylvester Posthumi Sonn. xiii, in Wks. (1880) II. 323 The timely sweet heat-temp'ring showers.

1800 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 90 310 If the coloured rays themselves are not of a heat-making nature.

1857 Chambers's Information for People (new ed.) I. 739/1 The proportion of nutritive to the heat~forming principle in loaf-bread is 10 to 46.

1865 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1862–4 9 343 The heat-absorbing capacity of aqueous vapor.

1868 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1865–6 6 53 Heat Radiator [exhibited].

1874 R. J. Dunglison Dunglison's Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) at Aliment Liebig divides them [sc. aliments] into two classes..flesh formers..and..heat givers.

1877 D. Estes Half-hour Recreations 2nd Ser. 148 An accurate Heat-Measurer.

1879–81 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1018 The heat-conducting power of water.

1884 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 11 141 He believed the central nervous system to have an immediate influence on heat-production.

1897 Daily News 8 Jan. 9/1 Infra-red waves or the invisible rays beyond the red end of the spectrum..being calorific or heat-producing.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 26 The paralysis of the heat-regulating centres.

1899 H. L. Callendar & H. T. Barnes in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 626 The external heat loss is more regular and certain.

1899 Daily News 21 July 4/4 A heat-resisting alloy.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 280/1 Heat-evolution is reckoned as positive, heat-absorption as negative.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 508/1 The heat-loss can be reduced to a minimum.

1904 G. F. Goodchild & C. F. Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 283/2 Heat radiator, a device by which the cooling of the cylinder of a motor cycle or of the condenser of a car is promoted.

1904 Daily Chron. 29 Nov. 4/5 The heat-regulating mechanism of the body.

1905 Daily Chron. 14 July 4/4 Animal foods rich in fat..are heat-producers of the first order.

1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley Animal Biol. iii. 87 If we put our man..into a calorimeter for a day and measure his heat-production.

1934 Archit. Rev. 75 24/2 With the removal of weight from partitions and external walls came a reduction in thickness of material, with a consequent loss of sound and heat-resisting qualities.

1935 Archit. Rev. 78 129 A double window was evolved with central heating between the two glass lines to minimize the heat loss occasioned by the lavish use of glass.

1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 263/1 All heat-storage cookers have insulated hot-plate covers.

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 22 Mar. (Suppl.) 11/3 The steel-reinforced, heat-resistant handle.

1961 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) ii. 17 The ultimate test of a sterilizer is to show that live spores are killed. The spores must be carefully chosen—soil bacteria are often too heat-resistant for the purpose.

1962 Gloss. Terms Glass Industry (B.S.I.) 8 Heat-resisting glass, a glass able to withstand high thermal shock.

1964 L. C. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) vii. 227 A varicocœle may also upset the heat-regulating mechanism and this is aggravated by a suspensory bandage.

1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference viii. 151 As ground current flows through the ground rod electrode, heat is generated that follows the well known I²R heat-loss pattern.

c. Instrumental, as heat-clouded, heat-concreted, heat-cracked, heat-crazed, heat-hazed, heat-killed, heat-laden, heat-misted, heat-oppressed, heat-set adjs. (so heat-setting n. and adj.); heat-seal vb. (so heat-sealed, heat-sealing adjs.); also with meaning ‘against or from heat’, as heat-insulated, heat-isolated, heat-isolation, heat-proof adjs.

ΚΠ

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 343 Heate-concreted sand-heapes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. i. 39 A false Creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed Braine.

1859 Ld. Lytton Wanderer (ed. 2) 179 The glimmer Of day thro' the heat-clouded window.

1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda IV. vii. liv. 102 Heat-cracked clay.

1894 M. Dyan All in Man's Keeping I. vi. 98 The deep heat-misted valley.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 288/1 If the system is heat-isolated.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 288/1 The difficulty of realizing experimentally the condition of heat-isolation.

1906 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 6 Jan. 5/6 Get a 34-inch poker for your air-tight heater; they are nicely made and have the Alaska heat~proof handle.

1909 Daily Chron. 21 Jan. 4/7 Glasses treated in this manner become heat-proof, and may last for years.

1913 E. F. Benson Thorley Weir iii. 82 Over all lay a grey heat-hazed sky.

1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. 21 This novel covering of feathers, this new heat-proof contrivance that life had chanced upon.

1926 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 23 July 1/4 In Jersey City, three heat-crazed dogs attacked two young boys.

1946 Nature 27 July 121/1 In heat-killed grain there was no change in nucleolar size.

1952 E. J. Labarre Dict. Paper (ed. 2) 125/2 Heat-sealing papers include several types of paper coated with wax, varnish..which will adhere when pressed together with heat.

1957 Textile Terms & Defs. (ed. 3) 88 at Setting In order to ensure that the crimp is not readily removed..the fibre may be set to impart permanency of crimp, and the operation is known as heat-setting.

1961 Lancet 9 Sept. 592/1 This is heat-sealed across its width.

1962 J. T. Marsh Self-smoothing Fabrics ii. 8 During the early investigations into the finishing of nylon fabrics, it was found that a heat-setting process had a stabilising effect.

1963 A. J. Hall Student's Handbk. Textile Sci. iii. 130 The yarn becomes bulky, with each filament having heat-set small loops closely but irregularly spaced.

1963 A. J. Hall Student's Handbk. Textile Sci. v. 221 The pin or clip chains over the greater part of their travel run through a heat-insulated chamber.

1964 Discovery Oct. 17/1 So impervious to water-vapour is the laminate, even along heat-sealed seams, that less than 0.012 grams per square metre can be leaked through samples every 24 hours.

C2. Special combinations. See also heat-drop n., heat-spot n., heatwave n.

heat-apoplexy n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > fit or stroke > heat stroke

heat-apoplexy1874

heat-stroke1874

1874 Dunglison's Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) Coup de soleil, any affection produced by the action of the sun on some region of the body;..has, also, been called..heat or solar asphyxia, heatstroke,..heat apoplexy.

1891 Daily News 21 Sept. 6/1 Two men were seized with heat apoplexy.

heat-asphyxia n. = heat-stroke n.

heat balance n. the distribution of the flow of heat and other forms of energy into and out of a system in which there is no change in internal energy; also, an account or record of such a distribution, esp. as a means of evaluating the efficiency of boilers, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > distribution of flow of heat

heat balance1898

1898 B. Donkin Heat Efficiency Steam Boilers xiv. 239/2 An approximate ‘heat balance’, or statement of the distribution of the heating value of the coal among the several items of heat utilised and heat lost, may be included in the report of a test.

1954 Jrnl. Meteorol. 11 8/1 The heat balance between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere..involves a flux of latent heat and of sensible heat, in addition to the radiational items.

1971 Nature 25 June 540/1 Ecologists are therefore interested in ways of inferring the temperature of a leaf from a knowledge of its heat balance.

heat barrier n. Aeronautics the limitation on the speed of aircraft, etc., due to heating by air friction.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > specific movements or positions of aircraft > aerodynamic forces and concepts > [noun] > limitations on speed

sound barrier1939

thermal barrier1951

heat barrier1953

1953 H. Haber Man in Space 66 The designers of the Sky-rocket had to be on guard against not only the sonic barrier. With its high rate of speed their craft might run into an obstacle more serious than buffeting shock waves: the heat barrier.

1953 Sci. Amer. Dec. 80/1 This is the heat barrier: the heating of a plane by the friction and piling up of air on aircraft surfaces at supersonic speeds.

1954 Times 5 Mar. 11/5 They might well find that [the ultimate limits of manned aircraft] were very high and that in the same way as the sound barrier had been overcome the problems of the heat barrier would be solved also.

1957 Ann. Reg. 1956 346 Problems of producing aircraft for still higher speeds, with special attention for the next main obstacle—the heat barrier.

1970 J. Chaplin Wings & Space 146/1 There is no way to break through the heat barrier as there is with sound.

heat bump n. a protuberance on the skin supposed to be due to heat.

ΚΠ

1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 57 Spots, which, it is hoped, are heat-bumps.

heat-centre n. Physiology any of several areas within the central nervous system which control the regulation of the body temperature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [noun] > as (supposed) seat of faculty > seats of specific faculties

sensorium1613

sensitory1649

sensory1653

sensoriolum1715

respiratory centre1841

Broca1875

writing centre1878

speech-centre1881

heat-centre1884

speech area1885

pleasure centre1892

language area1898

motorium1900

isocortex1934

visceral brain1949

satiety centre1951

limbic system1952

reward cell1956

1884 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 11 141 Tscheschichin was the first to announce the existence of an inhibitory heat-centre in the nervous system.

1907 Practitioner June 771 The action of the heat-centres being sluggish.

1968 M. Monnier Funct. Nerv. Syst. I. xv. 422 Successful protection from cold is possible through the central nervous co~ordination of several biophysical and chemical mechanisms. This is accomplished by the so-called heat center in the posterior hypothalamus.

heat coil n. a device fitted in a telephone exchange to protect the lines against small harmful currents.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > exchange > exchange equipment

private line1852

bank1884

call-disc1884

howler1886

trunk1889

multiple switchboard1891

rack1893

line switch1898

heat coil1900

relay rack1902

multiple1905

listening key1906

telharmonium1906

wiper1906

preselector1912

line finder1922

rank1924

routiner1928

keysender1929

uniselector1930

wiper arm1933

1900 K. B. Miller Amer. Telephone Pract. (ed. 3) xxiii. 275 A device to afford protection against currents such as these [sc. sneak currents]..is termed a heat coil.

1971 Gloss. Electrotechnical Power Terms (B.S.I.) iii. ii. 13 Heat coil, a thermal device to protect apparatus from damage by external currents.

heat cycle n. a cycle of operations or states in a heat engine.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > other types of engine > [noun] > hot-air > cycle in

Carnot cycle1887

Stirling (or Stirling's) cycle1887

heat cycle1894

1894 B. Donkin Text-bk. Gas, Oil, & Air Engines i. ii. 13 (heading) Heat ‘cycles’ and classification of gas engines... Engineers have agreed to designate as a ‘cycle’ the successive operations taking place in a heat motor.

1930 Engineering 8 Aug. 187/3 The following..trends were..observable:..design and operation on more efficient heat cycles [etc.].

heat-death n. (see quot. 1930).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > [noun] > heat-death

heat-death1930

1930 J. H. Jeans Universe around Us (ed. 2) i. 13 The second law of thermodynamics predicts that there can be but one end to the universe—a ‘heat-death’ in which the total energy of the universe is uniformly distributed, and all the substance of the universe is at the same temperature.

1959 J. Blish Clash of Cymbals iii. 73 Any cyclical theory of the universe, any continuous and eternal systole/diastole from monobloc to heat-death and back again.

1973 Nature 11 May 65/1 What lies ahead is, in Clausius's later term, ‘a heat death’.

heat-energy n. that form of energy which is manifested in heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > as a form of energy

heat-energy1876

heat-

1876 P. G. Tait Lect. Recent Adv. in Physical Sci. 138 We are led to speak of the availability of an amount of heat-energy.

1893 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 8 Sept. 897/1 The practically unavoidable waste of heat energy.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 283/2 The whole of its intrinsic heat energy might theoretically be recovered in the form of external work.

1915 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 43/1 For all the heat-energy wasted..the consumer has had to pay.

1968 R. A. Lyttleton Myst. Solar Syst. ii. 77 The release exceeds the gentle loss of heat-energy arising from the very slow processes of conduction within the Earth.

heat-engine n. an engine in which the motive power is produced by heat, a thermodynamic engine.

ΚΠ

1894 J. A. Ewing Steam-engine iv. 118 Any heat-engine will serve as a heat-pump if it be forced to trace its indicator diagram backwards.

1948 E. F. Obert Thermodynamics xiv. 520 The reversed heat-engine cycle is called a refrigerator (and, also a heat pump) when the evaporator is used for cooling purposes..; the same cycle is called a heat pump (but not a refrigerator) when the condenser is used for heating purposes.

heat equator n. = thermal equator at equator n. 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > line on map > temperature

isochimenal1846

isocheim1864

heat equator1904

1904 G. F. Goodchild & C. F. Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 283/2 Heat Equator.

1911 M. I. Newbigin Mod. Geogr. iv. 87 Those regions of the earth which are directly beneath the vertical rays of the sun are heated most intensely... This belt of high temperature is called the heat equator.

heat exchange n. (also heat exchanging)

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer

heat exchange1902

heat transfer1937

1902 G. E. Davis Handbk. Chem. Engin. II. ii. 132 (caption) Diagrammatic sketch of heat-exchanging tanks.

1908 Sci. Abstr. A. 11 203 For snow the average total daily heat-exchange is 19 gm. cals. per cm.²

1915 Chem. Abstr. 9 2332 (heading) Heat exchange apparatus wherein the one agent flows through one tube and the other agent flows through an annular chamber surrounding the said tube.

1924 R. Seligman Brit. Patent 223,033 In some..descriptions of heat exchanging or sterilising apparatus..it has been proposed in order to obtain a tight jointing to groove and tongue the rims.

1924 R. Seligman Brit. Patent 223,033 The plates would be working in parallel and the heat exchange effected by counter current.

heat exchanger n. a device used for the transference of heat from one medium to another.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > [noun] > which transfer power

heat exchanger1902

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer > device for

heat-pump1894

interchanger1896

heat exchanger1902

1902 G. E. Davis Handbk. Chem. Engin. II. ii. 133 (heading) Heat exchangers... In no case would the cold water be heated to the temperature of the original hot water.

1947 Sci. News 4 33 A heat exchanger, then, is merely a means whereby the heat which would normally be wasted is used for combustion.

1952 Sci. News 25 87 This is done by means of the heat exchanger, which by various means effects the transfer of heat from the gases leaving the turbine to the air entering the combustion chamber.

1958 Engineering 28 Feb. 284/1 As an aid in securing high thermal efficiency from gas-turbine plants, use is frequently made of a heat exchanger, whereby the turbine exhaust heat is used to preheat the combustion gas.

1959 Listener 29 Oct. 732/3 Twelve heat exchangers for the new Bradwell (Essex) nuclear power station.

1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World v. 157 Where refractories are used to store and transfer heat, as in heat exchangers, the most important property required is high heat capacity.

heat-factor n. = entropy n.

ΚΠ

1859 W. J. M. Rankine Man. Steam Engine 310 ϕ is called the thermodynamic function of the substance for the kind of work in question; and in some papers, the heat-factor.

heat-fever n. fever caused by exposure to heat.

ΚΠ

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) ii. 19 The lord sal sende pestilens on the, the heyt feueir, droutht.

heat filter n. any device that selectively removes heat radiation but permits the passage of light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > [noun] > lamp > parts of

sink1440

snuff1611

turret1626

discus1680

oxidator1853

chimney1857

flame-cap1893

heat filter1898

bracket-light-

1898 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 367 I have taken a powerful projection lantern and set it as near to the microscope as the intervening heat-filter will permit.

1962 Which? Mar. 68/2 The heat filter prevents much of the heat radiated from the lamp, from reaching the slide.

heat flash n. (see quot. 1958).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > radiation of heat > from a bomb

heat flash1958

1958 Chambers's Techn. Dict. Suppl. 984/1 Heat flash, intense heat radiation from an elevated A or H bomb, detection of which, by heat-sensitive paint, gives the precise indication of ground-zero.

1961 ‘C. E. Maine’ Man who owned World x. 118 Central London was a wilderness of fused stone and leaning skeletal buildings, blackened and oxidised by nuclear heat flash.

heat-lightning n. summer lightning, occurring in hot weather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > [noun] > lightning > sheet lightning

summer lightning1679

sheet lightning1794

wildfirea1831

heat-lightning1834

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [noun] > lightning > specific types

fireball1611

forked lightning1611

summer lightning1679

ball of fire1684

thunder-ball1686

sheet lightning1794

wildfirea1831

heat-lightning1834

globular lightning1843

ribbon lightning1888

beaded lightning1889

bead lightning1899

1834 C. A. Davis Lett. J. Downing, Major i. 17 You may just as well try to paint a flash of heat-lightning in dog-days.

1849 H. D. Thoreau Week Concord & Merrimack Rivers 275 Friendship is..remembered like heat lightning in past summers.

1890 J. P. Ballard Among Moths & Butterflies 122 Like the play of miniature heat-lightning.

heat-pipe n. a closed, evacuated tube containing around its inner surface a wire mesh or other wick saturated with a working liquid, which through the capillary action of the wick and the higher vapour pressure of the liquid when heated makes possible the rapid conduction of heat away from a source.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > to carry off excess heat

heat-pipe1964

1964 G. M. Grover et al. in Jrnl. Appl. Physics 35 1990/1 We will refer to devices of this general class, for brevity, as ‘heat pipes’.

1964 G. M. Grover et al. in Jrnl. Appl. Physics 35 1991/1 A liquid sodium heat pipe for operation at about 1100°K was constructed.

1969 New Scientist 19 June 641/1 A heat pipe is one of the major components of the most powerful and efficient radioisotope-heated power generator yet built.

1969 New Scientist 19 June 641/1 The advantage of the heat pipe is that the outside surface is at the same temperature along the whole of its length.

heat-potential n. term used by Rankine for the rate of isometric variation with temperature of the external work done by a body per unit mass during its isothermal expansion to any volume from a standard volume.

ΚΠ

1853 W. J. M. Rankine in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 20 569 I shall call this function a heat-potential.

heat-pump n. a heat-engine working in reverse (such as a refrigerator), in which work supplied to it is used to transfer heat from a colder to a hotter body.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer > device for

heat-pump1894

interchanger1896

heat exchanger1902

1894 J. A. Ewing Steam-engine iv. 118 By a refrigerating machine or heat-pump is meant a machine which will carry heat from a cold to a hotter body.

1957 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 55/2 The heat-pump system..is a conventional refrigeration system where the heat rejected by the refrigerant at the condenser is utilized for heating during the winter while the evaporator absorbs heat from..any..low-grade heat source.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VI. 369/1 Unless the price of electric energy is low..the heat pump cannot be justified solely as a heating device. However, if there is also need for comfort cooling..in the summer, the heat pump, to do both the cooling and heating, becomes attractive.

heat-seeker n. (a) a heat-seeking missile; (b) a device which detects infra-red radiation and the direction from which it comes and supplies the information to the control system of a heat-seeking missile, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > electronic > used for specific purpose

gas detector1865

hydrostat1871

kinesiscope1893

leak detector1921

mine detector1943

sky screen1945

heat-seeker1956

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > guided or ballistic missile > [noun] > types of

loon1947

seeker1949

Honest John1952

Nike1952

heat-seeker1956

anti-ballistic missile1957

Polaris1957

Pershing1958

SAM1958

cruise missile1959

sea-cat1959

minuteman1961

ABM1963

lance1964

Exocet1970

trident1972

MX missile1973

stinger1975

cruise1976

tomahawk1976

silo buster1977

Euromissile1979

Brilliant Pebbles1988

1956 W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 248/1 Heat seeker, a guided missile or the like incorporating a heat-seeking device for homing on heat-radiating machines or installations, such as an aircraft engine or blast furnace. Colloq.

1961 Flight 80 716/2 Other features include a wide-angle heat-seeker behind the hemispherical glass nose, and extreme system simplicity.

1984 Pacific Defence Reporter Aug. 61 It is an all-aspect heat seeker that can perform 30 g maneuvers, and can be launched in a very wide envelope.

1986 Rotor & Wing Internat. Feb. 84 Texas Instruments is developing an enhanced signal processor using very high speed integrated circuits..for the missile's infrared heat-seeker.

heat-seeking adj. (of a missile etc.) using the infra-red radiation emitted by a target to home on it.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > guided or ballistic missile > [adjective] > other attributes

proximity-fused1945

surface-to-air1950

surface-to-surface1951

heat-seeking1956

ship-to-air1957

targetable1968

silo-busting1970

1956Heat-seeking [see heat-seeker n.].

1966 Sunday Times 25 Sept. 2/7 The MiG 17 does not carry heat-seeking missiles but is an excellent plane in low-level combat.

1985 Daily Tel. 22 Nov. 32/6 This equipment can be used to counter heat-seeking missiles such as the Soviet SA-7 Grail shoulder-fired weapon, now extensively deployed in Third World countries.

heat-set ink n. (see quots.) see also heat-set at Compounds 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > inking equipment > [noun] > ink > types of ink

long ink1887

heat-set ink1941

heat-setting ink1947

1941 Inland Printer Nov. 42/1 The new presses..would enable us to print the body of the magazine entirely with the improved heat-set inks.

1963 W. C. Kenneison & A. J. B. Spilman Dict. Printing 91 Heat-set inks, printing inks manufactured in a special way to induce quicker drying... The vehicle of these inks is such that it vaporizes rapidly when the paper is heated after printing.

heat-setting ink n. (see quot.) see also heat-setting at Compounds 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > inking equipment > [noun] > ink > types of ink

long ink1887

heat-set ink1941

heat-setting ink1947

1947 R. Burns Printing Inks v. 249 (heading) Heat-setting inks. The fresh prints are exposed to intense heat from gas flames or radiant surfaces for a very short period.

heat-shield n. (see quots.).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > spacecraft > parts of spacecraft > [noun] > coating on capsule carrying off re-entry heat

heat-shield1957

1957 W. E. Clason Elsevier's Dict. Electronics 226 Heat shield, a metallic surface surrounding a heat radiating element e.g. a hot cathode in order to reduce the radiation loss.

1962 in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit 245 Heatshield, as used in Project Mercury missions..consists of a coating of ablative material on the rounded base of the capsule which evaporates during re-entry and carries off much of the heat in the form of a gas.

1968 Times 16 Dec. 7/3 Reentry speed was slightly faster than expected for Apollo 8 and the heat shield on the space~craft was charred to a depth of three-quarters of an inch.

heat-sink n. (see quot. 1965²).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > substance or device to absorb excess heat

heat sponge1949

heat-sink1956

1956 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. 15 302 The determination of optimum sink temperature is beyond the scope of this paper, particularly since thorough analysis of the entire radiation heat sink problem has been previously presented.

1957 W. E. Clason Elsevier's Dict. Electronics 226 Heat sink, used with power transistors to dissipate heat.

1959 Listener 28 May 930/1 By mounting the transistor on a relatively large piece of metal, which in turn is fixed to what is called a heat sink—something into which unwanted heat can be shot—the powers that transistors can handle..have been greatly increased.

1961 Aeroplane 100 372/2 For the Mach 2 aircraft the air supply from the main engines can be cooled by using the fuel as a heat sink.

1965 New Scientist 20 May 507/1 Satisfactory control of the rate and extent of cooling of the patient is obtained by regulating the temperature of the heat sink.

1965 W. H. Allen Dict. Techn. Terms for Aerospace Use 132/2 Heat sink, (1) in thermodynamic theory, a means by which heat is stored, or is dissipated or transferred from the system under consideration; (2) a place toward which the heat moves in a system; (3) a material capable of absorbing heat; a device utilizing such a material and used as a thermal protection device on a spacecraft or reentry vehicle; (4) in nuclear propulsion, any thermodynamic device, such as a radiator or condenser, that is designed to absorb the excess heat energy of the working fluid.

1972 Sci. Amer. Mar. 118/2 All power transistors..must be mounted on heat sinks that have large cooling fins.

heat-spectrum n. the spectrum of heat-rays, visible and invisible.

heat sponge n. a type of heat sink.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > substance or device to absorb excess heat

heat sponge1949

heat-sink1956

1949 A. R. Weyl Guided Missiles 15 For short ranges, cooling of the heated walls may be avoided, either by the ‘heat sponge’ principle (absorption and conduction of heat through walls of substantial thickness) [etc.].

1958 A. G. Haley Rocketry iii. 57 The American Rocket Society..developed a ‘heat sponge’ motor, wherein blocks of aluminum absorbed large amounts of heat.

heat-stroke n. an affection of the nervous system, frequently fatal, caused by exposure to excessive heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > fit or stroke > heat stroke

heat-apoplexy1874

heat-stroke1874

1874Heat-stroke [see heat-apoplexy n.].

1891 Lancet 11 July 82 Heat~stroke is not a frequent disease in the British Navy..the cases..generally arise in the Red Sea in the persons of cooks, stewards, bakers, and occasionally stokers.

heat tinting n. (see quot. 1958).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > testing

assayc1386

toucha1450

say1567

essay1668

assaying1728

parting assay1758

van1778

docimasy1803

touching1908

heat tinting1910

cupping1921

Magnaflux1935

1910 C. H. Desch Metallogr. vii. 149 Stead has devised an electrical heater, by means of which the heat-tinting can be carried on on the stage of the microscope.

1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 121/2 Heat tinting, a method of distinguishing and of identifying the micro-constituents of a polished surface of a metallographic specimen. The method is based on the fact that temper colours or heat tints..appear when oxidation begins on a polished surface that is being heated.

heat tonality n. = heat toning n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction

heat toning1895

heat tone1902

heat tonality1934

1934 A. J. Mee Physical Chem. xv. 608 The term ‘heat tonality’ is sometimes used to denote the amount of heat associated with a chemical reaction.

heat tone n. = heat toning n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction

heat toning1895

heat tone1902

heat tonality1934

1902 H. C. Jones Elements Physical Chem. 286 Since we have reactions which evolve heat.., and also reactions in which heat is absorbed.., the heat tone may be positive or negative.

1940 S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. iii. 192 At one time the heat of reaction at constant volume was called the ‘heat tone’ (Wärmetönung) of the reaction; although this term is still used in German scientific literature, its significance is now equivalent to the general expression ‘heat of reaction’, the qualification of constant volume or pressure being added.

heat toning n. [translating German wärmetönung] Physical Chemistry the sum of the heat produced in a chemical reaction and of the work done by the system, expressed in heat-units; the heat of reaction at constant volume (disused).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction

heat toning1895

heat tone1902

heat tonality1934

1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iii. iv. 435 Instead of using the ‘heat-toning’ (heat tonality) to determine the ratio of distribution, one may employ..the changes in the volumes..of the solutions, on neutralisation.

1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iv. i. 491 The sum of the heat produced in the reaction, and of the external work performed,..we will call the ‘heat-toning’ (Wärmetönung) of the reaction... This ‘heat-toning’ represents the change of the total energy..of the system.

heat transfer n. the transfer of heat from one medium to another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer

heat exchange1902

heat transfer1937

1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 121 He had been very interested in discovering the relationship between heat transfer and friction.

1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 121 It was well known that a flat plate and a rough surface produced comparatively the same rate of heat transfer.

1958 Times Rev. Industry Apr. 9/1 The relative virtues of..heat-transfer media.

1966 W. A. Heflin Second Aerospace Gloss. 60/2 Heat transfer, the transfer of heat within a substance or structure by radiation, conduction, or convection.

heat-unit n. a unit quantity of heat; usually reckoned as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit weight (pound, gramme, etc.) of water one degree.

Draft additions September 2004

heat-shock protein n. Biochemistry any of a group of proteins whose synthesis is initiated or increased in cells exposed to high temperatures (or certain other stresses), most of which are thought to regulate the folding of other protein molecules; abbreviated hsp.

ΚΠ

1975 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 1117/1 We find that temperature elevation causes the rapid disappearance of preexisting polysomes, followed by the buildup of new polysomes on which the heat shock proteins are presumably synthesized.

1989 Nature 23 Feb. 688/1 Ubiquitin is one of the group of proteins called heat-shock proteins which are induced in cells in response to stresses such as thermal shock, heavy metals, oxidants and amino-acid analogues.

2002 New Scientist 18 May 25/1 A molecule that ‘blocks’ evolution has been discovered in plants. Called heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), it eliminates kinks and abnormalities from the regulatory proteins that dictate the growth, development and shape of plants.

Draft additions April 2011

heat island n. an area or locality which has a higher temperature than its surroundings; esp. (in full urban heat island) an urban area having a sustained higher temperature, owing to heat generation by vehicles and energy consumption, and to the absorption of sunlight by roads and buildings.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > [noun] > urban area with sustained high temperature

urban heat island1954

1922 Geogr. Rev. 12 122 Stations in the low-lying and arid ‘heat island’ of southern Arizona have quite a different temperature curve.

1954 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 35 202/2 The maximum is almost always located in the most densely built-up area, defining the center of an urban heat island.

1964 Trans. & Papers (Instit. Brit. Geographers) No. 35. 69 Although the Manchester heat island is well developed today, it would be difficult to estimate its period of most rapid intensification.

2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 11 July ii. 12/4 The sun baked, and the urban heat island retained and enhanced the heat and humidity.

2009 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 21 Mar. d2/2 Climate change..requires us to lengthen both ends of the growing season. Examine cold and hot frames, cloches, greenhouses, wind barriers, heat islands, and other features.

Draft additions June 2015

heat exhaustion n. a condition of fatigue and weakness, usually with normal body temperature, resulting from water or salt depletion during prolonged exposure to heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [noun] > specific

breathlessness1612

overfatigue1727

standstill1788

footsoreness1849

heat exhaustion1861

staleness1868

burn-out1903

chronic fatigue1908

driver fatigue1922

bonk1952

the wall1974

1861 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. July 216 Dr. Gross..says nothing about heat-exhaustion and sunstroke, a source of casualty well known to the French and British armies.

1908 A. S. Stevens Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 8) 460 Sunstroke... (Heat-stroke; Thermic Fever Coup de Soleil Insolation; Heat-exhaustion.)... An affection resulting from exposure to excessive heat... Two varieties are observed: thermic fever and heat exhaustion.

1979 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 8 a72 The patients with heat stroke..were somewhat more dehydrated than those with heat exhaustion..as measured by differences in serum creatinine, sodium and osmolality.

2006 Mother & Baby Aug. 85/3 Exposing your child to hot temperatures can cause several problems, including dehydration and heat exhaustion, heatstroke and prickly heat.

Draft additions June 2016

heat map n. (a) a map or image showing the distribution of temperatures or of infrared emission over a surface or area, spec. = thermogram n. 2; (b) a representation of data in the form of a map, diagram, or image in which data values are represented as colours.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > [noun] > by means of a computer > photographs or images obtained by X-ray, etc.

thermotype1877

phosphorograph1880

shadow-picture1889

inductoscript1892

radiogram1896

radiograph1896

roentgenogram1896

shadowgraph1896

shadow-photograph1896

skiagram1896

skiagraph1896

X-radiograph1899

X-ray1900

autoradiograph1903

vaporograph1903

vapourgraph1903

radiophotograph1904

roentgenograph1905

microradiogram1913

radiophoto1915

powder photograph1917

interferogram1921

radioautograph1941

microradiograph1944

topograph1944

heat map1947

cinefluorograph1949

scan1953

thermogram1957

thermograph1964

cineradiograph1965

stereoscan1968

Kirlian1970

autorad1985

1947 Theatre Catal. 5 387/1 Here is how hot the exterior of your theatre may get during August, as shown by a United States heat map.

1989 Best 14 Apr. 26/3 Thermography, in which the temperature of various parts of the leg is used to plot a heat map, is an alternative.

1997 L. Gibson in F. J. Fabozzi Pension Fund Investm. Managem. (new ed.) xvii. 255 The manager needs to identify ‘worst-case’ market scenarios by shocking key drivers on a heat map.

2011 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 17 Sept. b8/3 Swing states Florida, Arizona, Nevada, Ohio and Michigan—they all pulse red-hot on a foreclosure rate ‘heat map’.

Draft additions June 2022

heat stress n. the physical stress undergone by an object, or the physiological stress experienced by an organism, as a result of high ambient temperature; (also) an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1909 Jrnl. Assoc. Engin. Societies 43 46 The temperature of any body on the absolute scale is momentarily its index of heat stress or potential.

1944 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 88 197/1 The addition of 2 lb. of weight to the footwear is equal in terms of heat stress to adding four times that weight or 8 lb. to the pack on the soldier's back.

1992 S. Logie Winging It v. 95 Dealing with the heat stress on more than a hundred turbine blades is a formidable challenge from design and manufacturing points of view.

2014 G. Vince Adventures in Anthropocene iv. 132 Another kind of aerial dispersal, solar radiation management (sulphate droplets injected into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight into space..), could solve the problem of heat stress lowering yields.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	heat
释义	heatn. Brit. /hiːt/, U.S. /hit/ Forms: Old English hǽto, hǽtu, hǽte, Middle English hæte, Middle English–1500s hete, Middle English, 1500s–1600s heate, 1500s– heat, (Middle English hette, heite, Middle English–1500s heete, Scottish heit, Middle English het, Middle English heyte, Middle English–1500s heet). Etymology: Old English hǽtu , hǽto , strong feminine, also hǽte , weak feminine; the former = Old Frisian hête , Middle Dutch hête , heete , heite , Old High German heiȥî < Old Germanic haitîn- , < haito- hot n.²: compare brede, heal nouns; hǽte corresponds to a type haitjôn-. Other words from same root (hit, hît, hait), differing in ablaut-grade and suffix, are German hitze, Old High German hizza, Old Saxon hittia, Dutch hitte* < Old Germanic hitjâ-, also Old Norse hite* (masculine), and Gothic heitô fever. 1. a. The quality of being hot; that quality or condition of matter which produces the sensation described in 1b; often regarded as a substance or thing contained in or issuing from bodies: esp. In ordinary use, A high or sensible degree of this quality; the condition of being hot; high temperature; warmth. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] heatc825 hotOE hotnessOE burninga1522 calidity1528 calor1599 chaud1659 caloric1794 c825 Vesp. Psalter xviii. 7 [xix. 6] Ne is se ðe hine ahyde from haeto his. 971 Blickl. Hom. 51 Þære sunnan hæto þe þas eorþan hlyweþ. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1487 Þu..grindesst itt. & cnedesst itt & harrdnesst itt wiþþ hæte. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 119 Fir haueð on him þre mihtes, on to giuende hete, oðer to giuende liht [etc.] a1300 Cursor Mundi 2248 Þe hette [v.r. hete] o þe sun. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 238/1 Hete, calor, estus. c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 116 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 259 Þe gret heit of þe sone. 1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. Pvi^v As heit procedis fra ye fyr. 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes G vij a If there should bee twoo sonnes, it wer perill least their two heates should burne vp al the arth. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. viii. 7 b The..stoves of Germanie in the whiche with a small heate they do breed and hatch their egges. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 39 A Thermometer, thus marked and prepared, will be the fittest Instrument to make a Standard of heat and cold. 1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments i. 3 The Heat in Land Animals helps likewise to the Solution of the Aliment. 1870 W. S. Jevons Elem. Lessons Logic xxxiii. 291 Heat means ordinarily the excess of temperature above the ordinary mean. b. The sensation or perception of this quality or condition; one of the primary sensations, produced by contact with or nearness to fire or any body at a high temperature, and also by various other causes, e.g. by any agency that quickens the circulation of the blood.(In early use not easily separable from that which causes the sensation, the external or internal quality (senses 1, 4); see esp. quots. a1225, c1480 at sense 4c.) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > hot sensation glowing1562 scalding1597 heata1704 glow1793 a1704 [see sense 2b]. 1794 J. Hutton Diss. Philos. Light 19 When we approach the fire, our sense informs us in a particular manner; and this we name heat, which is then purely a sensation. 1864 A. Bain Senses & Intellect (ed. 2) Introd. i. 9 We can neither feel nor know heat, except in the transition from cold. 1865–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 15 The word Heat is used in common language, both as the name of a particular kind of sensation, and to denote that condition of matter in which it is capable of producing this sensation in us. c. With adjectives of colour, used in reference to the appearance of metals and some other substances when at certain high temperatures, as blue, red, white heat; also with other defining words, as animal, blood, fever heat, etc.: see these words. ΚΠ 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 8 Several degrees of Heats Smiths take of their Iron..as first, a Blood-red Heat. Secondly, a White Flame Heat. Thirdly, a Sparkling or Welding Heat. 2. Thesaurus » Categories » a. In Physics, formerly supposed to be an elastic material fluid (caloric n.), of extreme subtility, attracted and absorbed by all bodies; now held to be a form of energy n., viz. the kinetic and potential energy of the invisible molecules of bodies, capable of being transmitted from one body to another, whether in contact (see conduction n. 6, convection n.) or separated (see radiation n.): in the latter case, the energy during the transmission takes the form of: b. radiant heat, which is not properly heat at all, but the energy of vibration of the intervening ether, being identical, within a certain range of wave-length, with light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > emission or diffusion > energy produced by radiant heat1626 radiant heating1825 radiant energy1869 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §99 It is certaine, that of all Powers in Nature, Heat is the chiefe. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 37 Heat is a property of a body arising from the motion or agitation of its parts; and therefore whatever body is thereby toucht must necessarily receive some part of that motion, whereby its parts will be shaken. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia Table 248 Experiments to shew, that bodies expand by heat. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 121 Heat and Fire differ but in degree: and Heat is Fire only in lesser quantity. Fire I shall shew to be a Fluid consisting of Parts extremely small and light, and consequently very subtile, active, and susceptive of Motion. a1704 J. Locke Elem. Nat. Philos. (?1750) xi. 43 Heat, is a very brisk agitation of the insensible parts of the object, which produces in us that sensation, from whence we denominate the object hot; so what in our sensation is heat; in the object is nothing but motion. 1760 J. Black Inq. Nat. Heat 529 But heat is evidently not passive; it is an expansive fluid, which dilates in consequence of the repulsion subsisting among its own particles. 1833 N. Arnott Elements Physics (ed. 5) II. 10 Heat cannot be exhibited apart, nor proved to have weight or inertia. c1860 M. Faraday Var. Forces Nature iii. 79 Whenever we diminish the attraction of cohesion we absorb heat. 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. viii. §66 That mode of force which we distinguish as Heat, is now generally regarded by physicists as molecular motion. 1879 W. Thomson & P. G. Tait Treat. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) I: Pt. i. §385 The Dynamical Theory of Heat..is based upon the conclusion from experiment that heat is a form of energy. c. specific heat (Physics): the heat required to raise the temperature of a given substance to a given extent (usually one degree); it is calculated relatively to some standard substance, usually water (see quot. 1871), and forms a measure of the given substance's capacity for heat. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > specific heat specific heata1832 a1832 Sir J. Leslie in Encycl. Brit. I. 645/2 The best series of experiments on the distribution of heat among different bodies was performed before the year 1784 by Professor Gadolin of Abo, who, rejecting the notion of Capacity, introduced the unexceptionable expression, Specific Heat. 1842 W. T. Brande Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art 544/2 The term specific heat is applied to the quantity of thermometric heat required to raise different substances to the same temperature... The specific heat of water being = 1, that of oil is 0·5. 1863 J. Tyndall Heat (1870) 139 As the specific heat increases, the atomic weight diminishes, and vice versa. 1871 J. C. Maxwell Theory of Heat iii. 66 The Specific Heat of a body is the ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise that body one degree to the quantity required to raise an equal weight of water one degree. 1881 Nature No. 627. 15 Platinum has a specific heat of only ·032. d. atomic heat, latent heat, molecular heat: see the first element. 3. spec. a. A hot condition of the atmosphere or physical environment; hot weather or climate: often spoken of as an agent perceptible by its effects (cf. cold n. 4). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > hot weather > [noun] heatc825 torridness1638 torridity1846 c825 Vesp. Hymns viii. 8 Bledsiað cele and hætu dryhten. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 12 Gelice us þe bæron byrþena on þises dæges hæton. 1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 1438 Now es cald, now es hete, Now es dry, and now es wete. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. viii. 22 All the daies of the erthe, seed and ripe, coold and hete, somer and wynter, nyȝt and day, shulen not rest. c1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 41 If hit [water] be cole in hete an luke in colde. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 2 In September..Quhen passyt by the hycht was off the hette [v.r. heit]. 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. H4 Some darke deepe desert..That knowes not parching heat, nor freezing cold. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 140 Weary with his Toyl, and scorch'd with Heat . View more context for this quotation 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 78 Throughout a great part of September, the heat continued with little sign of abatement. 1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 4 I had not felt the heat before, save as a beautiful exaggeration of sun~shine. b. (with plural) An instance of this condition; a hot period or season. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > hot weather > [noun] > spell or season of heat1390 hot wave1876 heatwave1878 the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > with reference to weather conditions > rainy or hot season heat1390 rainy season1655 wet1733 monsoon season1976 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 106 The cheles bothe and eke the hetes. 1448 Prose Chron. in R. Glouc. (1724) 520 This yere [1252] was a gret hete and droughthe in Engelond. 1526 J. Skelton Magnyfycence 12 After a hete oft cometh a stormy colde. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 The great heates are abated. 1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) II. 267 The heats not being excessive, nor the colds severe. 1856 A. P. Stanley Sinai & Palestine i. i. 19 The chief resorts of the Bedouin tribes during the summer heats. c. A hot place; a fire. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] fireOE heat1382 gleedc1400 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxviii. 3 An eddre, whanne she cam forth fro the heete, asailide his hond. a1400 Sir Perc. 862 He keste the wiche in the hete. 1611 Bible (King James) Acts xxviii. 3 There came a Uiper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. View more context for this quotation d. High temperature produced by fermentation or putrefaction, as in a hotbed; hence applied concretely to a hotbed, esp. in in heat. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > putrefying or fermenting heat heatc1400 fracedoa1676 sweat heat1843 the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > hotbed [phrase] in heat1796 the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > division or part of garden > [noun] > bed or plot > hotbed hotbed1626 bark-bed1732 heat1796 ridge1798 c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) v. 49 Thei..coveren hem [Eyren of Hennes, etc.] with Hete of Hors Dong, with outen Henne, Goos or Doke, or any other Foul. 1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 12 The Dung..must have passed its first Heat, lest applied before, it burn the Plant. 1724 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. (at cited word) All Heat of Hot-Beds, Mr. Bradley says, proceeds from fermentation. 1796 C. Marshall Gardening (1815) xix. 385 Some chuse to forward them on heat, in March and April. 1887 Gardening 3 Dec. 531/1 Those that are wanted to come in early may at once be put in heat. 1887 Gardening 17 Dec. 567/3 Strike them..in a moderate bottom-heat. 4. As a quality or condition of animal bodies. a. The normal high temperature of the body in warm-blooded animals; the warmth characteristic of a living body ( natural heat, vital heat). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > temperature and regulation > [noun] > normal temperature heat1340 warmth1599 animal heat1603 body temperature1865 normothermia1898 1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 328 Whan we holde waxen, Whan mihte lakken our limus & lesen our hete, We schulle forleten oure lif. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 251 The life hath lost his kindely hete, And he lay dede as any stone. 1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors iii. f. 31 The vitall heate is quyghte extinguished. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 279 Astonish'd at the sight, the vital Heat Forsakes her Limbs. b. High temperature in the body arising from a disordered condition, as in inflammation or fever; inflamed or feverish state. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > inflammation > [noun] heatc1000 fireOE burning1382 phlegmona1398 disdainc1400 angerc1440 scaldingc1450 brounes1528 inflaming1530 combustion?1541 inflammation1541 incension1598 fieriness1600 angriness1612 exustion1657 phlogosis1666 phlegmasia1706 scald1882 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > high or low temperature > [noun] > high temperature heatc1000 fever heata1398 empyreuma1634 empyreum1651 hyperthermia1886 c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 82 Gif se lichoma hwær mid hefighere hæto sy gebysgod. c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 84 Wiþ wunda hatum genim þonne wegbrædan þa wyrt. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15249 Þa iwarð þe king..hafde þat uuel hate. a1535 T. More Wks. (R.) 572 (R.) No more then the heate of a feuer is a right natural heate. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 It helpeth the head ache, the burning heat of the eyes, and other inflammations. 1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 135 The iuice [of onions] taketh away the heate of scalding with water or oile. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia I. ii. viii. 291 The burning heat of the skin. 1862 J. B. Harrison Lett. Dis. Children 192 There is room for more apprehension..if there be no febrile heat. c. A condition of the body in which the general surface temperature is higher than usual, producing the sensation described under 1b; the state of feeling hot. ΚΠ a1225 Leg. Kath. 1701 Ne eileð þer na mon..nowðer heate ne chele nowðer hunger ne þurst. c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 912 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 He tholit..bath gret hungir & het. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xx. 452 For there nys noo man so oolde, but he sholde soone gete hete there wythin a lityll while. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie H 320 When they were in heate with drinking. 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion ii. Argt. 23 Where, ouertoyld, her heate to coole, Shee bathes her in the pleasant Poole. 1887 Princess Christian Mem. Margrav. Baireuth 383 The soldiers..having got into a fearful state of heat, threw themselves into cold water. d. with a (rarely in plural): An instance of this bodily condition. †to catch or get a heat: to become hot or warm (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > be hot [verb (intransitive)] > have or get the sensation of heat burnc1000 heata1300 enchafec1380 to catch or get a heat?1528 to-brenn1598 broil1623 bake1847 a1400–50 Alexander 3803 A litill drysnynge of dewe..[he] bringis it to oure balde kyng to brigge with his hetis. ?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 46 Me think ther haldis ȝow a hete, as ȝe sum harme alyt. ?1528 J. Skelton Dyuers Balettys & Dyties iii After her cold she cought a hete. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiv. 248 When she walketh apace for her pleasure, or to catch her a heate in the colde mornings. 1887 ‘Rita’ Ladye Nancye i. ix. 37 To commence, he was in a profuse heat. †5. In medieval physiology, as a quality of ‘elements’, ‘humours’, and bodies in general: see hot adj. and n.¹ Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > as a quality of elements or humours heat1390 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 100 The drie coler with his hete By wey of kinde his propre sete Hath in the galle. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iii. xiv. 58 Bi hete and wete the vertue inmutatiua werkyth the softer substaunce. 1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke i. ii. 2 By heat, in this chapter, is ment, a hoate distempure without any kind of humour. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §758 Doues are the fullest of Heat and Moisture amongst Birds. 6. The quality of being ‘hot’ in taste; strength or pungency of flavour. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sourness or acidity > [noun] > pungency peppera1425 tangc1440 mordacity1583 heat1586 saltness1612 piquantness1648 quickness1652 subtilty1661 penetratingness1662 pungency1663 piquancy1664 poignancy1677 mordicancy1693 pertness1756 causticity1772 poignance1782 pungence1810 warmth1816 piquance1867 zinginess1938 1586 G. Pettie & B. Yong tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (rev. ed.) iv. f. 190^v She caused the heate of the wine to be delayed with water. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vii. 20 The heate, a the Ginger. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §863 The Root [orris root] seemeth to haue a Tender dainty Heat. 7. a. A redness or eruption on the skin, accompanied by a sensation of heat, or indicating inflammation. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions impetigo1398 deadingc1400 St Anthonyc1405 foulness1559 acrochordon1565 foulness1583 heat1597 bleach1601 Anthony's fire1609 desquamation1726 sivvens1762 erythema1778 rupia1813 morula1817 dermalgia1842 mycosis1846 cheloid1854 keloid1854 morule1857 kelis1864 dermatosis1866 epithelioma1872 vagabond's disease1876 vagabond's skin1876 dermatitis1877 erysipeloid1888 Ritter's disease1888 acanthosis nigricans1890 angiokeratoma1891 sunburn1891 porokeratosis1893 acrodermatitis1894 epidermolysis1894 keratolysis1895 dermographism1896 neurodermatitis1896 peau d'orange1896 X-ray dermatitis1897 dermatomyositis1899 papulo-erythema1899 pyodermia1899 tar acne1899 dermographia1900 radiodermatitis1903 poikiloderma1907 neurodermatosis1909 leishmanoid1922 razor burn1924 pyoderma1930 photodermatosis1931 photodermatitis1933 necrobiosis lipoidica1934 pyoderma gangrenosum1936 fassy1943 acrodermatitis enteropathica1945 chicken skin1946 nylon stocking dermatitis1947 Sézary('s) syndrome1953 pigskin1966 washerwoman's skin1981 strimmer rash1984 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 845 The ripe Strawberries..taketh away..the rednes and heate of the face. 1676 London Gaz. No. 1146/4 A black brown [Nag] having a little heat on his fore-feet. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 57. ¶5 I have seen a Woman's Face break out in Heats, as she has been talking against a great Lord. 1773 (title) The History of a Gentleman cured of Heats in the Face. b. prickly heat: a skin disease common in hot climates ( Lichen tropicus), characterized by minute papulæ formed by the hyperæmia of the sweat follicles. ΚΠ 1736 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 37 She had only the prickly heat, a sort of rash, very common here in summer. 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Lichen Tropicus..Prickly Heat, the pimples are bright red..with heat, itching, and pricking as if by needles. †8. a. A heating (in to give a heat to). Obsolete except as in 8b. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [noun] > a heating or warming heatc1430 warm1768 warm-up1878 c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 22 Sette it on þe fyre, an ȝif it an hete. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 151 Thay gaif thame in the fyre a heit. 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 6 I woulde desyre all bowyers to season theyr staues well, to woorke them and synke them well, to gyue them heetes conuenient, and tyllerynges plentye. b. A single operation of heating, as of iron in a furnace; hence concrete the quantity of metal heated at one operation. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [noun] > a heating or warming > single operation of heat1594 1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. B^v I haue left my M. striking of a heat and stole away. 1602 W. S. True Chron. Hist. Ld. Cromwell sig. A2^v You idle knaues..What not a heate among your worke to day. 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. i. 10 But if it be not throughly welded at the first Heat, you must reitterate your Heats so oft. 1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 84 It [the..metal] is piled loosely in the middle of the furnace, and is called a heat. 1888 Sci. Amer. 21 Apr. 246/3 A field bakery of this kind can deliver 17,928 loaves of bread for nine ‘heats’, each loaf forming two rations. 1892 Labour Commission Gloss. at Heats The quantity of metal or steel placed in a puddling mill or Siemens furnace is called a heat. †c. A run given to a race-horse by way of exercise in preparation for a race. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > training or exercise run heat1683 sweat1705 stripped gallop1896 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 123^v Then walke him, to chafe him, and put him in a heate.] 1683 Markham's Master-piece Revived (ed. 11) (title page) Containing Methods for the Training of Horses up for Racing, with their Heats and Courses. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1670 (1955) III. 556 The Jockies breathing their fine barbs & racers, & giving them their heates. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Two Heats in a Week are reckon'd a just Measure for any Horse of what State or Constitution whatever.—The Jockies lay it down as a Rule, that one of the Heats be given on the same Day of the Week, whereon the Horse is to run his Match. 9. figurative. A single intense effort or bout of action; one continuous operation; a stroke, a ‘go’. Chiefly in at a heat. (Sometimes associated with 8b.) ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > spell or bout of action turnc1230 heatc1380 touch1481 pluck?1499 push?1560 bout1575 yoking1594 pull1667 tirl1718 innings1772 go1784 gamble1785 pop1839 run1864 gang1879 inning1885 shot1939 the world > action or operation > doing > in action [phrase] > in one bout of action at a heat1676 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2762 Capouns y-bake al-so tok he foure in þilke hete. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 10288 Miche harme, in þat hete, happit to falle. 1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe ii. 16 I'll strike my Fortunes with him at a heat: And give him not the leisure to forget. 1681 J. Dryden Spanish Fryar Ep. Ded. Neither can a true just play, which is to bear the test of ages, be produced at a heat. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture III. 26/2 One..shewed him a piece of Painting, with a boast, that he had done it at a single heat. 1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. p. iv The new articles..having been ‘thrown off at a heat’, stood particularly in want of re-revision. 1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic II. ii. viii. 13 On one occasion he hanged twenty heretics, including a minister, at a single heat. 10. a. A single course in a race or other contest. (See also dead heat n.) ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > game or definite spell of play > specific one of series heata1663 rubber game1793 round1837 rubber match1843 tie-match1864 final1880 postseason1882 semi-final1884 preliminary1886 cup-tie1895 play-off1895 tie1895 leg1899 repechage1899 qualifier1908 quarter-final1916 playdown1918 rounder1918 go-around1933 quick death1938 semi1942 pretrial1946 quarter1950 barrage1955 tie-breaker1961 semi-main1968 tie-break1970 breaker1979 a1663 Visct. Falkland Marriage Nt. ii, in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1876) XV. 129 And will ride his heats as cleanly as a dieted Gelding. 1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iv. i. 54 I, take heat after heat, like a well-breath'd Courser. 1675 London Gaz. No. 1026/4 The second Plate will be Run for on the same Moor, by three Heats. 1697 London Gaz. No. 3315/4 The same day in the morning will be run for, by Women, a Smock of 5l. value, 3 Heats, half a mile each Heat. 1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle IV. xcvi. 40 Seeing his antagonists distanced in the first and second heat. 1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod ii. ii. 82 These contests are extended to two or three heats or trials. 1873 J. Bennett & ‘Cavendish’ Billiards 12 He won three heats of 100 up, and in the second heat made 22 spot-hazards. b. transferred and figurative. ΚΠ 1685 J. Dryden Albion & Albanius Epil. sig. (c)2^v Feign'd Zeal, you saw, set out the speedier pace; But, the last heat, Plain Dealing won the Race. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 222 He that gives out, at the last Heat, loses the Benefit of all his labours and successes in the former. 1817 Ld. Byron Let. 9 Apr. (1976) V. 209 As for ‘Manfred’ The 2 first acts are the best—the third so so—but I was blown with the first and second heats. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. iv. 40 Pen had started in the first heat of the mad race. †c. The ground on which a heat is run; a race-course. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1682 London Gaz. No. 1741/4 The Plates are run for 3 times round the Round-Heat. 1701 London Gaz. No. 3751/8 3 Plates will be run for on the new Heat upon Epsom Downs. 11. a. Intensity or great warmth of feeling; fervour, ardour, animation, vehemence, eagerness, excitement, passion, rage. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > [noun] heatc825 earnestOE fervour1340 ardourc1386 fever heata1398 burning1398 lowea1425 fervencec1430 ferventnessc1430 flame1548 ardency1549 fervency1554 fire1579 calenture1596 inflammation1600 warmth1600 brimstonea1616 incandescence1656 fervidness1692 candency1723 glow1748 white heat1814 hwyl1899 the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > [noun] > a burning feeling of passion heatc825 leye971 flamea1340 fire1340 swelmea1400 wildfirea1400 burning1822 the mind > emotion > anger > [noun] > heat of anger swelmea1400 heatc1480 chafe1551 warmness1563 fire1694 c825 Vesp. Hymns xi. 9 Se rehta geleafa mid hætu walle. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 13855 Off all soþ lufess hæte. c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 104 Dewe of grace..wiþ þe hete of charite. c1480 (a1400) St. Katherine 386 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 453 In ire & in gret het. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 103 Fooles that in hete hasten hem so moche. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. KK I wyll..nat departe, for all this intemperate heate. 1580 Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David vi. i While thou art in the heate of thy displeasure. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. ii. 40 It is a businesse of some heate . View more context for this quotation 1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης i. 6 He was sorry to heare with what popular heat Elections were carri'd in many places. 1694 F. Bragge Pract. Disc. Parables iv. 155 Many a man injures another in suddain heat and passion. 1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 66 A lady, who spoke with some heat, and great volubility. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Halliburton's Troubles III. iii. 44 It was done in the heat of passion. 1958 Listener 30 Oct. 709/2 The heat is being pumped into utterly different quarrels. 1962 Listener 5 Apr. 587/1 His foreign minister..had set himself the task of taking the heat out of inter-Arab exchanges. 1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 100 This merely added more heat to the argument. b. (with plural) An instance of this: an access of feeling or intensity. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > passion > [noun] > sudden outburst or access of passion heatc1200 gerec1369 accessc1384 braida1450 guerie1542 bursting1552 ruff1567 riot1575 suddentyc1575 pathaire1592 flaw1596 blaze1597 start1598 passion1599 firework1601 storm1602 estuation1605 gare1606 accession?1608 vehemency1612 boutade1614 flush1614 escapea1616 egression1651 ebullition1655 ebulliency1667 flushinga1680 ecstasy1695 gusta1704 gush1720 vehemence1741 burst1751 overboiling1767 explosion1769 outflaming1836 passion fit1842 outfly1877 Vesuvius1886 outflame1889 c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 111 He is sendere of alle holie heten. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 124 Temperance aye þet zouþ aye þe wykkede hetes. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iii. 103 That he..myght eschewe the heetes and occasions of lecherye. 1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 238 Amplifications, or heats of speech, the better to stirre vp, and to enflame the minds of the Hearers. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 261. ¶6 When the first Heats of Desire are extinguished. 1856 W. Arthur Tongue of Fire (1885) ii. 27 The very head whose heats of ambition and of vindictiveness He had rebuked. c. (with plural) A fit of passion or anger; †a quarrel, angry dispute (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > quarrel or quarrelling > [noun] > noisy or angry quarrel > instance of ganglinga1387 altercation1410 brawla1500 heat1549 wranglea1555 brabble1566 paroxysm1578 wrangling1580 brangle1600 branglement1617 rixation1623 row1746 skimmington1753 mêlée1765 breeze1785 squeal1788 hash1789 rook1808 blow-up1809 blowout1825 scena1826 reerie1832 catfight1854 barney1855 wigs on the green1856 bull and cow1859 scrap1890 slanging match1896 snap1897 up-and-downer1927 brannigan1941 rhubarb1941 bitch fight1949 punch-up1958 shout-up1965 shouting match1970 1549 W. Wrightman in P. F. Tytler Eng. Reigns Edw. VI & Mary (1839) I. 170 He was in a great heat. 1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 290 Betweene whom and the predecessours of these Monkes, ther had been great heates for the erection of the same. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iv. 184 A vexatious dispute..which..signified no more than a Heat 'twixt two Oyster-wives in Billingsgate. 1733 A. Pope 1st Satire 2nd Bk. Horace Imitated ii. i. 17 Fond to spread Friendships, but to cover Heats. 1804 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) III. 107 To keep alive heats and animosities. 1887 ‘E. Lyall’ Knight-errant I. xii. 240 Vexed! I was never in such a heat in my life. †d. As a personal quality: Passionateness, excitability, ardour of temperament. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > excitement > excitability of temperament > [noun] suscitability1612 fieriness1625 heat1689 inflammability1787 excitability1797 mobility1824 inflammableness1830 excitableness1875 gustiness1901 1689 Bp. G. Burnet Tracts I. 44 One sees in them a heat, and bigotry beyond what appears either in France or Italy. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 440. ¶6 The Man of Heat replied to every Answer of his Antagonist with a louder Note than ordinary. 1718 Mem. Life J. Kettlewell iii. cxix. 483 She should not choose People of Heat for her Companions. e. U.S. slang. A state of intoxication caused by alcohol or drugs, esp. in to have a heat on. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > effects of drugs > be under influence of drugs [verb (intransitive)] to have a heat on1912 buzz1927 to be on1938 to string out1967 tweak1981 the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [verb (intransitive)] > be drunk bewetc1400 to be in beer1532 to have one's cap set1546 to have a pot in the pate1655 to be bit by a barn weasel1673 to have been in the sun1770 to have been in the sunshine1818 to have (also get) the sun in one's eyes1841 to have a brick in one's hat1847 stimulate1882 to beer up1892 to be (the) worse for liquor1893 to have a few1903 to have a heat on1912 1912 D. Lowrie My Life in Prison vii. 77 A few years ago this dump was full of dope. Every other man y'r met had a heat on, an' lots o' young kids what came here strong an' healthy went out with a habit. 1931 D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) ii. 41 The party is going big along toward one o'clock when all of a sudden in comes Handsome Jack Maddigan with half a heat on, and in five minutes he is all over the joint, drinking everything that is offered him. 12. a. The intense or violent stage of any action; greatest vehemence or intensity; height, stress (e.g. of conflict, debate, etc.). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > violent emotion > [noun] > most violent stage heat1588 the mind > emotion > excitement > [noun] > a high degree of excitement heat1588 boiling-point1773 fever pitch1837 fortissimo1856 the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or intensity of action > stage of greatest vigour1563 heat1588 paroxysm1650 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [noun] > extreme > instance or stage of rage1548 heat1588 paroxysm1650 1588 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Nichols Progresses Queen Elizabeth (1823) II. 536 Being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. iii. 17 To com vpon them, in the heate of their diuision. View more context for this quotation 1695 London Gaz. No. 3098/2 The heat of the Action lasted about two hours. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 42 At the first Heat of the Distemper. 1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. iii. 106 In the very heat of the war against the insurgent Catalans. 1944 ‘N. Shute’ Pastoral ix. 206 He wants to get you both off the station on leave till the heat goes off. 1970 E. R. Johnson God Keepers (1971) xii. 132 There was a lot of merit in having the ranking man right where the heat was going to be. b. slang (originally U.S.), in various interconnected senses, notably (a) a gun (? as an instrument of ‘heat’); cf. heater n. 1b; (b) in to turn on (or give) the heat, to use a gun, hence figurative, to turn the heat on (someone), to apply pressure on; (c) involvement with or pursuit by the police; a police officer, the police. ΘΚΠ society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > policeman truncheon officer1708 runner1735 horny1753 nibbing-cull1775 nabbing-cull1780 police officer1784 police constable1787 policeman1788 scout1789 nabman1792 nabber1795 pig1811 Bow-street officer1812 nab1813 peeler1816 split1819 grunter1823 robin redbreast1824 bulky1828 raw (or unboiled) lobster1829 Johnny Darm1830 polis1833 crusher1835 constable1839 police1839 agent1841 johndarm1843 blue boy1844 bobby1844 bluebottle1845 copper1846 blue1848 polisman1850 blue coat1851 Johnny1851 PC1851 spot1851 Jack1854 truncheonist1854 fly1857 greycoat1857 cop1859 Cossack1859 slop1859 scuffer1860 nailerc1863 worm1864 Robert1870 reeler1879 minion of the law1882 ginger pop1887 rozzer1888 nark1890 bull1893 grasshopper1893 truncheon-bearer1896 John1898 finger1899 flatty1899 mug1903 John Dunn1904 John Hop1905 gendarme1906 Johnny Hop1908 pavement pounder1908 buttons1911 flat-foot1913 pounder1919 Hop1923 bogy1925 shamus1925 heat1928 fuzz1929 law1929 narker1932 roach1932 jonnop1938 grass1939 roller1940 Babylon1943 walloper1945 cozzer1950 Old Bill1958 cowboy1959 monaych1961 cozzpot1962 policeperson1965 woolly1965 Fed1966 wolly1970 plod1971 roz1971 Smokey Bear1974 bear1975 beast1978 woodentop1981 Five-O1983 dibble1990 Bow-street runner- society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > discharge firearms [verb (intransitive)] to let fly1611 gun1622 fire1635 pop1650 pluff1826 squib1831 crack1835 poop1915 loose1928 to turn on (or give) the heat1928 society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > [noun] > crime > involvement with the police trouble1560 heat1928 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > small-arm > [noun] handgun1411 piece1575 small arms1685 popper1751 shooting-iron1775 pelter1827 squib1839 shooter1840 shooting-stick1845 Betsy1856 smoke-wagon1891 rod1903 gat1904 belt gun1905 roscoe1914 smoke-stick1927 heat1928 heater1929 smoke-pole1929 John Roscoe1932 the mind > will > motivation > persuasion > persuade (a person) [verb (transitive)] > pressurize to put (also bring, exert) pressure on1853 squeeze1888 pressure1911 high-pressure1925 to put the lug on1929 to put the squeeze on1941 pressurize1945 to turn the heat on1957 to lean on1960 society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] police1798 police force1820 constabulary1837 the force1851 John Law1903 button1921 fuzz1929 law1929 Babylon1943 monaych1961 filth1967 heat1967 Bill1969 Old Bill1970 beast1978 blues and twos1985 dibble1990 po-po1994 1928 Amer. Mercury May 80/1 The greatest difficulty for such a mob was to avoid another's heat. 1928 Amer. Mercury May 80/1 It's not so much your own heat you got to watch, but you're apt to run into a bunch of hoosiers out looking for another outfit just hot from some caper. 1929 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 13 Apr. 54/3 A pistol may be a heat... A man shooting a gun is fogging... ‘I fogged away with my heat until I pooped that dummy.’ 1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 456/1 Either take our beer or it's plenty of heat for yours. 1931 G. Irwin Amer. Tramp & Underworld Slang 96 Heat, the state of mind of the police or public following a crime or series of crimes, when the people are ‘hot under the collar’ or ‘all heated up’. More lately, any trouble, as ‘in hot water’. 1931 D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) iii. 58 Maybe you remember John the Boss, and the heat which develops around and about when he is scragged in Detroit? 1934 H. N. Rose Thes. Slang iii. 16/2 Cover One with a Gun (v. phr.): to turn on the heat. 1936 J. G. Brandon Pawnshop Murder xxv. 246 You planted yourself in a safe spot to give Lou the heat. 1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster xiv. 174 But the word went out that the government heat was on. The FBI was known to be relentless in its pursuit. 1936 H. Corey Farewell, Mr. Gangster ii. 14 During the heat on the bank robbers the field agents almost lost the habit of sleep. 1937 E. H. Sutherland Professional Thief 238 Heat, danger in general; an investigation; a policeman. 1938 ‘J. Curtis’ They drive by Night xix. 211 The bleeding heat's on here for me. 1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xiv. 110 Then he leaned back..and held the Colt on his knee. ‘Don't kid yourself I won't use this heat, if I have to.’ 1957 Listener 24 Oct. 637/2 The moment seemed opportune to ‘turn the heat’ on Turkey. 1967 W. Murray Sweet Ride x. 168 He got busted last week and he don't take that too kindly. Guess he figured you was heat. 1969 New Yorker 19 July 20 Out the door comes this great big porcine member of the heat, all belts and bullets and pistols and keys. 1970 C. Major Dict. Afro-Amer. Slang 65 Heat, law-enforcement officer. 13. Sexual excitement in animals, especially in the female, during the breeding season; usually in at or in heat. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > sexual organs and reproduction > [noun] > mating > rut rutc1381 rutsonc1425 pride1483 shaleur1509 rutting1575 orgasm1754 heat1768 oestrum1773 oestruation1857 oestrus1890 1768 G. Washington Writings (1889) II. 243 Music was also in heat and served promiscuously by all the Dogs. 1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 102 The female is in heat in the winter, and bears her young in..March. 1836–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 441/2 This state of excitement, generally named ‘the heat’, lasts for a longer or shorter period. Phrases Proverb. if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen and variants: if you cannot cope with the pressures and difficulties of a situation, you should leave others to deal with it rather than complaining.ⓘUsed originally with reference to politics and often associated with Harry S. Truman, U.S. President 1945–53, who popularized the phrase.Quot. 1931 is cited by some sources, in an incorrect form, as the first use of this phrase, but the original newspaper text does not in fact include the words can't stand the heat; however the phrase actually used is clearly similar in intent. ΚΠ 1931 Independence (Missouri) Examiner 1 Jan. 1/2 But if a fellow doesn't want to get hot once in a while he had better stay out of the kitchen.] 1942 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 12 July 7/6 Favorite rejoinder of Sen. Harry S. Truman, when a member of his war contracts investigating committee objects to his strenuous pace. ‘If you don’t like the heat, get out of the kitchen.’ 1952 Time 28 Apr. 19/1 The President [sc. Truman] gave a..down-to-earth reason for his retirement, quoting a favorite expression of his military jester, Major General Harry Vaughan: ‘If you don't like the heat, get out of the kitchen’. 2020 Daily Express 10 Mar. 44/4 With the ongoing saga of the resignation of Sir Philip Rutnam, Richard Madeley has it spot on: if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen. Compounds C1. a. General attributive. (a) heat-action n. ΚΠ 1875 Wonders Physical World II. iv. 311 The heat-action of the sun. heat-capacity n. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 279/2 The heat-capacity of the water. heat-chart n. ΚΠ 1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 42 Weather, wind and heat charts. heat-cloud n. ΚΠ 1895 R. Kipling Second Jungle Bk. 140 When the heat-cloud sucks the tempest. heat-conduction n. ΚΠ 1881 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1017 The axis of greatest heat-conduction in uniaxial crystals is parallel to the direction of easiest cleavage. heat-conductivity n. ΚΠ 1881 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1017 The heat-conductivity of mercury. heat-flame n. ΚΠ 1871 tr. H. Schellen Spectrum Anal. iii. 11 No soot is deposited..by the non-luminous heat-flame. heat-flow n. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 297/1 Heat-flow due to Conduction. 1925 J. Joly Surface-hist. Earth vi. 104 Steady heat-flow to the surface. 1955 Times 11 July 2/6 A research group investigating problems of heat flow in supersonic aircraft. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth iii. 67/1 The ‘heat flow’—the rate of escape of interior heat from the Earth's surface. heat-focus n. heat-force n. heat-haze n. ΚΠ 1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 12 Sept. 17 Wind~mills..with those unwieldy arms swaying around in the heat-haze. 1899 Daily News 12 Jan. 6/2 The flat, endless continent, fading away in the heat-haze. 1901 ‘Linesman’ Words by Eyewitness (1902) 30 The ranks of little kopjes across the river slumbered in the heat-haze. 1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 Summer lanes Whose sound quivers like heat-haze endlessly. heat-insulation n. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 283/2 Expansion or compression under the condition of heat-insulation, represented by curves called Adiabatics. heat-insulator n. ΚΠ 1937 Discovery Feb. 35/1 Double walls of canvas enclosing an air space, which acted as a perfect heat insulator. heat-lamp n. heat-mist n. ΚΠ 1901 H. W. Wilson With Flag to Pretoria I. vi. 91 Indistinct lines of Boer entrenchments, flickering through the heat-mist. 1940 W. Empson Gathering Storm 48 The heat-mists that my vision hood Shudder precisely with the throng. heat-power n. ΚΠ 1905 Westm. Gaz. 26 Aug. 13/2 The practical science of heat-power-production. 1956 A. H. Compton Atomic Quest 52 10,000 kilowatts of heat-power. heat-ray n. ΚΠ 1866 W. T. Brande & G. W. Cox Dict. Sci., Lit. & Art (new ed.) II. 102/2 Heat Rays,..applied to the red rays of the spectrum, and to other rays which fall outside the red end of the spectrum, and which are consequently invisible. 1887 H. M. Ward tr. J. von Sachs Lect. Physiol. Plants xxxix. 696 The least refrangible heat-rays. heat-retrogression n. ΚΠ 1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. vi. 312 Periods of heat-retrogression (such as the glacial). heat-shock n. ΚΠ 1946 Nature 23 Nov. 763/1 The production in certain varieties of apples, of diploid pollen by heat-shock treatment of the pollen mother cells. 1956 Nature 4 Feb. 227/2 In Drosophila, heat-shock at an appropriate stage results in the development of the cross-veinless phenotype. heat-supply n. heat-test n. ΚΠ 1901 Kynoch Jrnl. Feb.–Mar. 57/1 The Heat-Test of Nitro Explosives. heat-trap n. ΚΠ 1906 W. De Morgan Joseph Vance xviii I think of the sole di marzo blazing on the roses in that Tuscan heat-trap. heat-value n. ΚΠ 1887 Chambers's Jrnl. 24 Sept. 623/1 The exact heat-value of different kinds of liquid fuel. 1962 Economist 21 July 256/1 The main use of this gas should be to fuel power stations (at a ‘heat value’ parity price with coal or oil). (b) (In sense 4b.) heat-pimple n. ΚΠ a1665 in I. Walton Life Hooker in R. Hooker Wks. (1888) I. 77 His face full of heat-pimples. heat-rash n. ΚΠ 1887 G. Saintsbury Hist. Elizabethan Lit. Concl. 450 They were only harmless heat-rashes, not malignant distempers. (c) heat-like adj. and adv. ΚΠ 1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 308 As a spiritual quality..Hidden or open, heatlike doth inhere In all existence. (d) heat-labile adj. ΚΠ 1946 Nature 27 July 121/1 One vital heat-labile system in the earliest stages of the chain of activity preceding cell division. 1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 342 A hot-water extract (containing the substrate but not the heat-labile enzyme). heat-sensitive adj. ΚΠ 1946 Nature 10 Aug. 194/1 Electronics have brought a contribution in the evaporation of solutions of heat-sensitive materials such as penicillin. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. i. 5 This may cause the decomposition of one or more of the heat-sensitive components. heat-stable adj. ΚΠ 1946 Nature 23 Nov. 760/1 Heat-stable enzyme. 1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) xxiii. 339 R. prowazeki and R. mooseri..are differentiated by specific heat-labile major antigens, but share a common heat-stable antigen. b. Objective and obj. gen., as heat-absorbing, heat-absorption, heat-economizer, heat-evolution, heat-forming, heat-giver, heat-giving, heat-loss, heat-making, heat-measurer, heat-producer, heat-production, heat-radiator (= radiator n.), heat-regulator, heat-regulating, heat-resistant, heat-resisting, heat-storage, heat-tempering adjs. ΚΠ a1618 J. Sylvester Posthumi Sonn. xiii, in Wks. (1880) II. 323 The timely sweet heat-temp'ring showers. 1800 W. Herschel in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 90 310 If the coloured rays themselves are not of a heat-making nature. 1857 Chambers's Information for People (new ed.) I. 739/1 The proportion of nutritive to the heat~forming principle in loaf-bread is 10 to 46. 1865 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1862–4 9 343 The heat-absorbing capacity of aqueous vapor. 1868 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1865–6 6 53 Heat Radiator [exhibited]. 1874 R. J. Dunglison Dunglison's Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) at Aliment Liebig divides them [sc. aliments] into two classes..flesh formers..and..heat givers. 1877 D. Estes Half-hour Recreations 2nd Ser. 148 An accurate Heat-Measurer. 1879–81 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VIII. ii. 1018 The heat-conducting power of water. 1884 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 11 141 He believed the central nervous system to have an immediate influence on heat-production. 1897 Daily News 8 Jan. 9/1 Infra-red waves or the invisible rays beyond the red end of the spectrum..being calorific or heat-producing. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 26 The paralysis of the heat-regulating centres. 1899 H. L. Callendar & H. T. Barnes in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 626 The external heat loss is more regular and certain. 1899 Daily News 21 July 4/4 A heat-resisting alloy. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 280/1 Heat-evolution is reckoned as positive, heat-absorption as negative. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 508/1 The heat-loss can be reduced to a minimum. 1904 G. F. Goodchild & C. F. Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 283/2 Heat radiator, a device by which the cooling of the cylinder of a motor cycle or of the condenser of a car is promoted. 1904 Daily Chron. 29 Nov. 4/5 The heat-regulating mechanism of the body. 1905 Daily Chron. 14 July 4/4 Animal foods rich in fat..are heat-producers of the first order. 1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley Animal Biol. iii. 87 If we put our man..into a calorimeter for a day and measure his heat-production. 1934 Archit. Rev. 75 24/2 With the removal of weight from partitions and external walls came a reduction in thickness of material, with a consequent loss of sound and heat-resisting qualities. 1935 Archit. Rev. 78 129 A double window was evolved with central heating between the two glass lines to minimize the heat loss occasioned by the lavish use of glass. 1951 Good Housek. Home Encycl. 263/1 All heat-storage cookers have insulated hot-plate covers. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 22 Mar. (Suppl.) 11/3 The steel-reinforced, heat-resistant handle. 1961 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) ii. 17 The ultimate test of a sterilizer is to show that live spores are killed. The spores must be carefully chosen—soil bacteria are often too heat-resistant for the purpose. 1962 Gloss. Terms Glass Industry (B.S.I.) 8 Heat-resisting glass, a glass able to withstand high thermal shock. 1964 L. C. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) vii. 227 A varicocœle may also upset the heat-regulating mechanism and this is aggravated by a suspensory bandage. 1964 R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference viii. 151 As ground current flows through the ground rod electrode, heat is generated that follows the well known I²R heat-loss pattern. c. Instrumental, as heat-clouded, heat-concreted, heat-cracked, heat-crazed, heat-hazed, heat-killed, heat-laden, heat-misted, heat-oppressed, heat-set adjs. (so heat-setting n. and adj.); heat-seal vb. (so heat-sealed, heat-sealing adjs.); also with meaning ‘against or from heat’, as heat-insulated, heat-isolated, heat-isolation, heat-proof adjs. ΚΠ 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 343 Heate-concreted sand-heapes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. i. 39 A false Creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed Braine. View more context for this quotation 1859 Ld. Lytton Wanderer (ed. 2) 179 The glimmer Of day thro' the heat-clouded window. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda IV. vii. liv. 102 Heat-cracked clay. 1894 M. Dyan All in Man's Keeping I. vi. 98 The deep heat-misted valley. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 288/1 If the system is heat-isolated. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 288/1 The difficulty of realizing experimentally the condition of heat-isolation. 1906 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 6 Jan. 5/6 Get a 34-inch poker for your air-tight heater; they are nicely made and have the Alaska heat~proof handle. 1909 Daily Chron. 21 Jan. 4/7 Glasses treated in this manner become heat-proof, and may last for years. 1913 E. F. Benson Thorley Weir iii. 82 Over all lay a grey heat-hazed sky. 1920 H. G. Wells Outl. Hist. 21 This novel covering of feathers, this new heat-proof contrivance that life had chanced upon. 1926 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 23 July 1/4 In Jersey City, three heat-crazed dogs attacked two young boys. 1946 Nature 27 July 121/1 In heat-killed grain there was no change in nucleolar size. 1952 E. J. Labarre Dict. Paper (ed. 2) 125/2 Heat-sealing papers include several types of paper coated with wax, varnish..which will adhere when pressed together with heat. 1957 Textile Terms & Defs. (ed. 3) 88 at Setting In order to ensure that the crimp is not readily removed..the fibre may be set to impart permanency of crimp, and the operation is known as heat-setting. 1961 Lancet 9 Sept. 592/1 This is heat-sealed across its width. 1962 J. T. Marsh Self-smoothing Fabrics ii. 8 During the early investigations into the finishing of nylon fabrics, it was found that a heat-setting process had a stabilising effect. 1963 A. J. Hall Student's Handbk. Textile Sci. iii. 130 The yarn becomes bulky, with each filament having heat-set small loops closely but irregularly spaced. 1963 A. J. Hall Student's Handbk. Textile Sci. v. 221 The pin or clip chains over the greater part of their travel run through a heat-insulated chamber. 1964 Discovery Oct. 17/1 So impervious to water-vapour is the laminate, even along heat-sealed seams, that less than 0.012 grams per square metre can be leaked through samples every 24 hours. C2. Special combinations. See also heat-drop n., heat-spot n., heatwave n. heat-apoplexy n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > fit or stroke > heat stroke heat-apoplexy1874 heat-stroke1874 1874 Dunglison's Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) Coup de soleil, any affection produced by the action of the sun on some region of the body;..has, also, been called..heat or solar asphyxia, heatstroke,..heat apoplexy. 1891 Daily News 21 Sept. 6/1 Two men were seized with heat apoplexy. heat-asphyxia n. = heat-stroke n. heat balance n. the distribution of the flow of heat and other forms of energy into and out of a system in which there is no change in internal energy; also, an account or record of such a distribution, esp. as a means of evaluating the efficiency of boilers, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > distribution of flow of heat heat balance1898 1898 B. Donkin Heat Efficiency Steam Boilers xiv. 239/2 An approximate ‘heat balance’, or statement of the distribution of the heating value of the coal among the several items of heat utilised and heat lost, may be included in the report of a test. 1954 Jrnl. Meteorol. 11 8/1 The heat balance between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere..involves a flux of latent heat and of sensible heat, in addition to the radiational items. 1971 Nature 25 June 540/1 Ecologists are therefore interested in ways of inferring the temperature of a leaf from a knowledge of its heat balance. heat barrier n. Aeronautics the limitation on the speed of aircraft, etc., due to heating by air friction. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > specific movements or positions of aircraft > aerodynamic forces and concepts > [noun] > limitations on speed sound barrier1939 thermal barrier1951 heat barrier1953 1953 H. Haber Man in Space 66 The designers of the Sky-rocket had to be on guard against not only the sonic barrier. With its high rate of speed their craft might run into an obstacle more serious than buffeting shock waves: the heat barrier. 1953 Sci. Amer. Dec. 80/1 This is the heat barrier: the heating of a plane by the friction and piling up of air on aircraft surfaces at supersonic speeds. 1954 Times 5 Mar. 11/5 They might well find that [the ultimate limits of manned aircraft] were very high and that in the same way as the sound barrier had been overcome the problems of the heat barrier would be solved also. 1957 Ann. Reg. 1956 346 Problems of producing aircraft for still higher speeds, with special attention for the next main obstacle—the heat barrier. 1970 J. Chaplin Wings & Space 146/1 There is no way to break through the heat barrier as there is with sound. heat bump n. a protuberance on the skin supposed to be due to heat. ΚΠ 1927 W. E. Collinson Contemp. Eng. 57 Spots, which, it is hoped, are heat-bumps. heat-centre n. Physiology any of several areas within the central nervous system which control the regulation of the body temperature. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [noun] > as (supposed) seat of faculty > seats of specific faculties sensorium1613 sensitory1649 sensory1653 sensoriolum1715 respiratory centre1841 Broca1875 writing centre1878 speech-centre1881 heat-centre1884 speech area1885 pleasure centre1892 language area1898 motorium1900 isocortex1934 visceral brain1949 satiety centre1951 limbic system1952 reward cell1956 1884 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 11 141 Tscheschichin was the first to announce the existence of an inhibitory heat-centre in the nervous system. 1907 Practitioner June 771 The action of the heat-centres being sluggish. 1968 M. Monnier Funct. Nerv. Syst. I. xv. 422 Successful protection from cold is possible through the central nervous co~ordination of several biophysical and chemical mechanisms. This is accomplished by the so-called heat center in the posterior hypothalamus. heat coil n. a device fitted in a telephone exchange to protect the lines against small harmful currents. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > exchange > exchange equipment private line1852 bank1884 call-disc1884 howler1886 trunk1889 multiple switchboard1891 rack1893 line switch1898 heat coil1900 relay rack1902 multiple1905 listening key1906 telharmonium1906 wiper1906 preselector1912 line finder1922 rank1924 routiner1928 keysender1929 uniselector1930 wiper arm1933 1900 K. B. Miller Amer. Telephone Pract. (ed. 3) xxiii. 275 A device to afford protection against currents such as these [sc. sneak currents]..is termed a heat coil. 1971 Gloss. Electrotechnical Power Terms (B.S.I.) iii. ii. 13 Heat coil, a thermal device to protect apparatus from damage by external currents. heat cycle n. a cycle of operations or states in a heat engine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > other types of engine > [noun] > hot-air > cycle in Carnot cycle1887 Stirling (or Stirling's) cycle1887 heat cycle1894 1894 B. Donkin Text-bk. Gas, Oil, & Air Engines i. ii. 13 (heading) Heat ‘cycles’ and classification of gas engines... Engineers have agreed to designate as a ‘cycle’ the successive operations taking place in a heat motor. 1930 Engineering 8 Aug. 187/3 The following..trends were..observable:..design and operation on more efficient heat cycles [etc.]. heat-death n. (see quot. 1930). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > [noun] > heat-death heat-death1930 1930 J. H. Jeans Universe around Us (ed. 2) i. 13 The second law of thermodynamics predicts that there can be but one end to the universe—a ‘heat-death’ in which the total energy of the universe is uniformly distributed, and all the substance of the universe is at the same temperature. 1959 J. Blish Clash of Cymbals iii. 73 Any cyclical theory of the universe, any continuous and eternal systole/diastole from monobloc to heat-death and back again. 1973 Nature 11 May 65/1 What lies ahead is, in Clausius's later term, ‘a heat death’. heat-energy n. that form of energy which is manifested in heat. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > as a form of energy heat-energy1876 heat- 1876 P. G. Tait Lect. Recent Adv. in Physical Sci. 138 We are led to speak of the availability of an amount of heat-energy. 1893 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 8 Sept. 897/1 The practically unavoidable waste of heat energy. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 283/2 The whole of its intrinsic heat energy might theoretically be recovered in the form of external work. 1915 Chambers's Jrnl. Jan. 43/1 For all the heat-energy wasted..the consumer has had to pay. 1968 R. A. Lyttleton Myst. Solar Syst. ii. 77 The release exceeds the gentle loss of heat-energy arising from the very slow processes of conduction within the Earth. heat-engine n. an engine in which the motive power is produced by heat, a thermodynamic engine. ΚΠ 1894 J. A. Ewing Steam-engine iv. 118 Any heat-engine will serve as a heat-pump if it be forced to trace its indicator diagram backwards. 1948 E. F. Obert Thermodynamics xiv. 520 The reversed heat-engine cycle is called a refrigerator (and, also a heat pump) when the evaporator is used for cooling purposes..; the same cycle is called a heat pump (but not a refrigerator) when the condenser is used for heating purposes. heat equator n. = thermal equator at equator n. 3b. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > map > [noun] > line on map > temperature isochimenal1846 isocheim1864 heat equator1904 1904 G. F. Goodchild & C. F. Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 283/2 Heat Equator. 1911 M. I. Newbigin Mod. Geogr. iv. 87 Those regions of the earth which are directly beneath the vertical rays of the sun are heated most intensely... This belt of high temperature is called the heat equator. heat exchange n. (also heat exchanging) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer heat exchange1902 heat transfer1937 1902 G. E. Davis Handbk. Chem. Engin. II. ii. 132 (caption) Diagrammatic sketch of heat-exchanging tanks. 1908 Sci. Abstr. A. 11 203 For snow the average total daily heat-exchange is 19 gm. cals. per cm.² 1915 Chem. Abstr. 9 2332 (heading) Heat exchange apparatus wherein the one agent flows through one tube and the other agent flows through an annular chamber surrounding the said tube. 1924 R. Seligman Brit. Patent 223,033 In some..descriptions of heat exchanging or sterilising apparatus..it has been proposed in order to obtain a tight jointing to groove and tongue the rims. 1924 R. Seligman Brit. Patent 223,033 The plates would be working in parallel and the heat exchange effected by counter current. heat exchanger n. a device used for the transference of heat from one medium to another. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > [noun] > which transfer power heat exchanger1902 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer > device for heat-pump1894 interchanger1896 heat exchanger1902 1902 G. E. Davis Handbk. Chem. Engin. II. ii. 133 (heading) Heat exchangers... In no case would the cold water be heated to the temperature of the original hot water. 1947 Sci. News 4 33 A heat exchanger, then, is merely a means whereby the heat which would normally be wasted is used for combustion. 1952 Sci. News 25 87 This is done by means of the heat exchanger, which by various means effects the transfer of heat from the gases leaving the turbine to the air entering the combustion chamber. 1958 Engineering 28 Feb. 284/1 As an aid in securing high thermal efficiency from gas-turbine plants, use is frequently made of a heat exchanger, whereby the turbine exhaust heat is used to preheat the combustion gas. 1959 Listener 29 Oct. 732/3 Twelve heat exchangers for the new Bradwell (Essex) nuclear power station. 1967 M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World v. 157 Where refractories are used to store and transfer heat, as in heat exchangers, the most important property required is high heat capacity. heat-factor n. = entropy n. ΚΠ 1859 W. J. M. Rankine Man. Steam Engine 310 ϕ is called the thermodynamic function of the substance for the kind of work in question; and in some papers, the heat-factor. heat-fever n. fever caused by exposure to heat. ΚΠ c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) ii. 19 The lord sal sende pestilens on the, the heyt feueir, droutht. heat filter n. any device that selectively removes heat radiation but permits the passage of light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > [noun] > lamp > parts of sink1440 snuff1611 turret1626 discus1680 oxidator1853 chimney1857 flame-cap1893 heat filter1898 bracket-light- 1898 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 367 I have taken a powerful projection lantern and set it as near to the microscope as the intervening heat-filter will permit. 1962 Which? Mar. 68/2 The heat filter prevents much of the heat radiated from the lamp, from reaching the slide. heat flash n. (see quot. 1958). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > radiation of heat > from a bomb heat flash1958 1958 Chambers's Techn. Dict. Suppl. 984/1 Heat flash, intense heat radiation from an elevated A or H bomb, detection of which, by heat-sensitive paint, gives the precise indication of ground-zero. 1961 ‘C. E. Maine’ Man who owned World x. 118 Central London was a wilderness of fused stone and leaning skeletal buildings, blackened and oxidised by nuclear heat flash. heat-lightning n. summer lightning, occurring in hot weather. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > [noun] > lightning > sheet lightning summer lightning1679 sheet lightning1794 wildfirea1831 heat-lightning1834 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [noun] > lightning > specific types fireball1611 forked lightning1611 summer lightning1679 ball of fire1684 thunder-ball1686 sheet lightning1794 wildfirea1831 heat-lightning1834 globular lightning1843 ribbon lightning1888 beaded lightning1889 bead lightning1899 1834 C. A. Davis Lett. J. Downing, Major i. 17 You may just as well try to paint a flash of heat-lightning in dog-days. 1849 H. D. Thoreau Week Concord & Merrimack Rivers 275 Friendship is..remembered like heat lightning in past summers. 1890 J. P. Ballard Among Moths & Butterflies 122 Like the play of miniature heat-lightning. heat-pipe n. a closed, evacuated tube containing around its inner surface a wire mesh or other wick saturated with a working liquid, which through the capillary action of the wick and the higher vapour pressure of the liquid when heated makes possible the rapid conduction of heat away from a source. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > to carry off excess heat heat-pipe1964 1964 G. M. Grover et al. in Jrnl. Appl. Physics 35 1990/1 We will refer to devices of this general class, for brevity, as ‘heat pipes’. 1964 G. M. Grover et al. in Jrnl. Appl. Physics 35 1991/1 A liquid sodium heat pipe for operation at about 1100°K was constructed. 1969 New Scientist 19 June 641/1 A heat pipe is one of the major components of the most powerful and efficient radioisotope-heated power generator yet built. 1969 New Scientist 19 June 641/1 The advantage of the heat pipe is that the outside surface is at the same temperature along the whole of its length. heat-potential n. term used by Rankine for the rate of isometric variation with temperature of the external work done by a body per unit mass during its isothermal expansion to any volume from a standard volume. ΚΠ 1853 W. J. M. Rankine in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 20 569 I shall call this function a heat-potential. heat-pump n. a heat-engine working in reverse (such as a refrigerator), in which work supplied to it is used to transfer heat from a colder to a hotter body. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer > device for heat-pump1894 interchanger1896 heat exchanger1902 1894 J. A. Ewing Steam-engine iv. 118 By a refrigerating machine or heat-pump is meant a machine which will carry heat from a cold to a hotter body. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 55/2 The heat-pump system..is a conventional refrigeration system where the heat rejected by the refrigerant at the condenser is utilized for heating during the winter while the evaporator absorbs heat from..any..low-grade heat source. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VI. 369/1 Unless the price of electric energy is low..the heat pump cannot be justified solely as a heating device. However, if there is also need for comfort cooling..in the summer, the heat pump, to do both the cooling and heating, becomes attractive. heat-seeker n. (a) a heat-seeking missile; (b) a device which detects infra-red radiation and the direction from which it comes and supplies the information to the control system of a heat-seeking missile, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > electronic > used for specific purpose gas detector1865 hydrostat1871 kinesiscope1893 leak detector1921 mine detector1943 sky screen1945 heat-seeker1956 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > guided or ballistic missile > [noun] > types of loon1947 seeker1949 Honest John1952 Nike1952 heat-seeker1956 anti-ballistic missile1957 Polaris1957 Pershing1958 SAM1958 cruise missile1959 sea-cat1959 minuteman1961 ABM1963 lance1964 Exocet1970 trident1972 MX missile1973 stinger1975 cruise1976 tomahawk1976 silo buster1977 Euromissile1979 Brilliant Pebbles1988 1956 W. A. Heflin U.S. Air Force Dict. 248/1 Heat seeker, a guided missile or the like incorporating a heat-seeking device for homing on heat-radiating machines or installations, such as an aircraft engine or blast furnace. Colloq. 1961 Flight 80 716/2 Other features include a wide-angle heat-seeker behind the hemispherical glass nose, and extreme system simplicity. 1984 Pacific Defence Reporter Aug. 61 It is an all-aspect heat seeker that can perform 30 g maneuvers, and can be launched in a very wide envelope. 1986 Rotor & Wing Internat. Feb. 84 Texas Instruments is developing an enhanced signal processor using very high speed integrated circuits..for the missile's infrared heat-seeker. heat-seeking adj. (of a missile etc.) using the infra-red radiation emitted by a target to home on it. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > guided or ballistic missile > [adjective] > other attributes proximity-fused1945 surface-to-air1950 surface-to-surface1951 heat-seeking1956 ship-to-air1957 targetable1968 silo-busting1970 1956Heat-seeking [see heat-seeker n.]. 1966 Sunday Times 25 Sept. 2/7 The MiG 17 does not carry heat-seeking missiles but is an excellent plane in low-level combat. 1985 Daily Tel. 22 Nov. 32/6 This equipment can be used to counter heat-seeking missiles such as the Soviet SA-7 Grail shoulder-fired weapon, now extensively deployed in Third World countries. heat-set ink n. (see quots.) see also heat-set at Compounds 1c. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > inking equipment > [noun] > ink > types of ink long ink1887 heat-set ink1941 heat-setting ink1947 1941 Inland Printer Nov. 42/1 The new presses..would enable us to print the body of the magazine entirely with the improved heat-set inks. 1963 W. C. Kenneison & A. J. B. Spilman Dict. Printing 91 Heat-set inks, printing inks manufactured in a special way to induce quicker drying... The vehicle of these inks is such that it vaporizes rapidly when the paper is heated after printing. heat-setting ink n. (see quot.) see also heat-setting at Compounds 1c. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > inking equipment > [noun] > ink > types of ink long ink1887 heat-set ink1941 heat-setting ink1947 1947 R. Burns Printing Inks v. 249 (heading) Heat-setting inks. The fresh prints are exposed to intense heat from gas flames or radiant surfaces for a very short period. heat-shield n. (see quots.). ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > spacecraft > parts of spacecraft > [noun] > coating on capsule carrying off re-entry heat heat-shield1957 1957 W. E. Clason Elsevier's Dict. Electronics 226 Heat shield, a metallic surface surrounding a heat radiating element e.g. a hot cathode in order to reduce the radiation loss. 1962 in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit 245 Heatshield, as used in Project Mercury missions..consists of a coating of ablative material on the rounded base of the capsule which evaporates during re-entry and carries off much of the heat in the form of a gas. 1968 Times 16 Dec. 7/3 Reentry speed was slightly faster than expected for Apollo 8 and the heat shield on the space~craft was charred to a depth of three-quarters of an inch. heat-sink n. (see quot. 1965²). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > substance or device to absorb excess heat heat sponge1949 heat-sink1956 1956 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. 15 302 The determination of optimum sink temperature is beyond the scope of this paper, particularly since thorough analysis of the entire radiation heat sink problem has been previously presented. 1957 W. E. Clason Elsevier's Dict. Electronics 226 Heat sink, used with power transistors to dissipate heat. 1959 Listener 28 May 930/1 By mounting the transistor on a relatively large piece of metal, which in turn is fixed to what is called a heat sink—something into which unwanted heat can be shot—the powers that transistors can handle..have been greatly increased. 1961 Aeroplane 100 372/2 For the Mach 2 aircraft the air supply from the main engines can be cooled by using the fuel as a heat sink. 1965 New Scientist 20 May 507/1 Satisfactory control of the rate and extent of cooling of the patient is obtained by regulating the temperature of the heat sink. 1965 W. H. Allen Dict. Techn. Terms for Aerospace Use 132/2 Heat sink, (1) in thermodynamic theory, a means by which heat is stored, or is dissipated or transferred from the system under consideration; (2) a place toward which the heat moves in a system; (3) a material capable of absorbing heat; a device utilizing such a material and used as a thermal protection device on a spacecraft or reentry vehicle; (4) in nuclear propulsion, any thermodynamic device, such as a radiator or condenser, that is designed to absorb the excess heat energy of the working fluid. 1972 Sci. Amer. Mar. 118/2 All power transistors..must be mounted on heat sinks that have large cooling fins. heat-spectrum n. the spectrum of heat-rays, visible and invisible. heat sponge n. a type of heat sink. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > cooling agent or appliance > [noun] > substance or device to absorb excess heat heat sponge1949 heat-sink1956 1949 A. R. Weyl Guided Missiles 15 For short ranges, cooling of the heated walls may be avoided, either by the ‘heat sponge’ principle (absorption and conduction of heat through walls of substantial thickness) [etc.]. 1958 A. G. Haley Rocketry iii. 57 The American Rocket Society..developed a ‘heat sponge’ motor, wherein blocks of aluminum absorbed large amounts of heat. heat-stroke n. an affection of the nervous system, frequently fatal, caused by exposure to excessive heat. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > fit or stroke > heat stroke heat-apoplexy1874 heat-stroke1874 1874Heat-stroke [see heat-apoplexy n.]. 1891 Lancet 11 July 82 Heat~stroke is not a frequent disease in the British Navy..the cases..generally arise in the Red Sea in the persons of cooks, stewards, bakers, and occasionally stokers. heat tinting n. (see quot. 1958). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > testing assayc1386 toucha1450 say1567 essay1668 assaying1728 parting assay1758 van1778 docimasy1803 touching1908 heat tinting1910 cupping1921 Magnaflux1935 1910 C. H. Desch Metallogr. vii. 149 Stead has devised an electrical heater, by means of which the heat-tinting can be carried on on the stage of the microscope. 1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 121/2 Heat tinting, a method of distinguishing and of identifying the micro-constituents of a polished surface of a metallographic specimen. The method is based on the fact that temper colours or heat tints..appear when oxidation begins on a polished surface that is being heated. heat tonality n. = heat toning n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction heat toning1895 heat tone1902 heat tonality1934 1934 A. J. Mee Physical Chem. xv. 608 The term ‘heat tonality’ is sometimes used to denote the amount of heat associated with a chemical reaction. heat tone n. = heat toning n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction heat toning1895 heat tone1902 heat tonality1934 1902 H. C. Jones Elements Physical Chem. 286 Since we have reactions which evolve heat.., and also reactions in which heat is absorbed.., the heat tone may be positive or negative. 1940 S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. iii. 192 At one time the heat of reaction at constant volume was called the ‘heat tone’ (Wärmetönung) of the reaction; although this term is still used in German scientific literature, its significance is now equivalent to the general expression ‘heat of reaction’, the qualification of constant volume or pressure being added. heat toning n. [translating German wärmetönung] Physical Chemistry the sum of the heat produced in a chemical reaction and of the work done by the system, expressed in heat-units; the heat of reaction at constant volume (disused). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > the sum of heat produced in a chemical reaction heat toning1895 heat tone1902 heat tonality1934 1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iii. iv. 435 Instead of using the ‘heat-toning’ (heat tonality) to determine the ratio of distribution, one may employ..the changes in the volumes..of the solutions, on neutralisation. 1895 C. S. Palmer tr. W. Nernst Theoret. Chem. iv. i. 491 The sum of the heat produced in the reaction, and of the external work performed,..we will call the ‘heat-toning’ (Wärmetönung) of the reaction... This ‘heat-toning’ represents the change of the total energy..of the system. heat transfer n. the transfer of heat from one medium to another. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat exchange or transfer heat exchange1902 heat transfer1937 1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 121 He had been very interested in discovering the relationship between heat transfer and friction. 1937 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 41 121 It was well known that a flat plate and a rough surface produced comparatively the same rate of heat transfer. 1958 Times Rev. Industry Apr. 9/1 The relative virtues of..heat-transfer media. 1966 W. A. Heflin Second Aerospace Gloss. 60/2 Heat transfer, the transfer of heat within a substance or structure by radiation, conduction, or convection. heat-unit n. a unit quantity of heat; usually reckoned as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit weight (pound, gramme, etc.) of water one degree. Draft additions September 2004 heat-shock protein n. Biochemistry any of a group of proteins whose synthesis is initiated or increased in cells exposed to high temperatures (or certain other stresses), most of which are thought to regulate the folding of other protein molecules; abbreviated hsp. ΚΠ 1975 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 1117/1 We find that temperature elevation causes the rapid disappearance of preexisting polysomes, followed by the buildup of new polysomes on which the heat shock proteins are presumably synthesized. 1989 Nature 23 Feb. 688/1 Ubiquitin is one of the group of proteins called heat-shock proteins which are induced in cells in response to stresses such as thermal shock, heavy metals, oxidants and amino-acid analogues. 2002 New Scientist 18 May 25/1 A molecule that ‘blocks’ evolution has been discovered in plants. Called heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90), it eliminates kinks and abnormalities from the regulatory proteins that dictate the growth, development and shape of plants. Draft additions April 2011 heat island n. an area or locality which has a higher temperature than its surroundings; esp. (in full urban heat island) an urban area having a sustained higher temperature, owing to heat generation by vehicles and energy consumption, and to the absorption of sunlight by roads and buildings. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > [noun] > urban area with sustained high temperature urban heat island1954 1922 Geogr. Rev. 12 122 Stations in the low-lying and arid ‘heat island’ of southern Arizona have quite a different temperature curve. 1954 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 35 202/2 The maximum is almost always located in the most densely built-up area, defining the center of an urban heat island. 1964 Trans. & Papers (Instit. Brit. Geographers) No. 35. 69 Although the Manchester heat island is well developed today, it would be difficult to estimate its period of most rapid intensification. 2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 11 July ii. 12/4 The sun baked, and the urban heat island retained and enhanced the heat and humidity. 2009 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 21 Mar. d2/2 Climate change..requires us to lengthen both ends of the growing season. Examine cold and hot frames, cloches, greenhouses, wind barriers, heat islands, and other features. Draft additions June 2015 heat exhaustion n. a condition of fatigue and weakness, usually with normal body temperature, resulting from water or salt depletion during prolonged exposure to heat. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [noun] > specific breathlessness1612 overfatigue1727 standstill1788 footsoreness1849 heat exhaustion1861 staleness1868 burn-out1903 chronic fatigue1908 driver fatigue1922 bonk1952 the wall1974 1861 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. July 216 Dr. Gross..says nothing about heat-exhaustion and sunstroke, a source of casualty well known to the French and British armies. 1908 A. S. Stevens Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 8) 460 Sunstroke... (Heat-stroke; Thermic Fever Coup de Soleil Insolation; Heat-exhaustion.)... An affection resulting from exposure to excessive heat... Two varieties are observed: thermic fever and heat exhaustion. 1979 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 8 a72 The patients with heat stroke..were somewhat more dehydrated than those with heat exhaustion..as measured by differences in serum creatinine, sodium and osmolality. 2006 Mother & Baby Aug. 85/3 Exposing your child to hot temperatures can cause several problems, including dehydration and heat exhaustion, heatstroke and prickly heat. Draft additions June 2016 heat map n. (a) a map or image showing the distribution of temperatures or of infrared emission over a surface or area, spec. = thermogram n. 2; (b) a representation of data in the form of a map, diagram, or image in which data values are represented as colours. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > [noun] > by means of a computer > photographs or images obtained by X-ray, etc. thermotype1877 phosphorograph1880 shadow-picture1889 inductoscript1892 radiogram1896 radiograph1896 roentgenogram1896 shadowgraph1896 shadow-photograph1896 skiagram1896 skiagraph1896 X-radiograph1899 X-ray1900 autoradiograph1903 vaporograph1903 vapourgraph1903 radiophotograph1904 roentgenograph1905 microradiogram1913 radiophoto1915 powder photograph1917 interferogram1921 radioautograph1941 microradiograph1944 topograph1944 heat map1947 cinefluorograph1949 scan1953 thermogram1957 thermograph1964 cineradiograph1965 stereoscan1968 Kirlian1970 autorad1985 1947 Theatre Catal. 5 387/1 Here is how hot the exterior of your theatre may get during August, as shown by a United States heat map. 1989 Best 14 Apr. 26/3 Thermography, in which the temperature of various parts of the leg is used to plot a heat map, is an alternative. 1997 L. Gibson in F. J. Fabozzi Pension Fund Investm. Managem. (new ed.) xvii. 255 The manager needs to identify ‘worst-case’ market scenarios by shocking key drivers on a heat map. 2011 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 17 Sept. b8/3 Swing states Florida, Arizona, Nevada, Ohio and Michigan—they all pulse red-hot on a foreclosure rate ‘heat map’. Draft additions June 2022 heat stress n. the physical stress undergone by an object, or the physiological stress experienced by an organism, as a result of high ambient temperature; (also) an instance of this. ΚΠ 1909 Jrnl. Assoc. Engin. Societies 43 46 The temperature of any body on the absolute scale is momentarily its index of heat stress or potential. 1944 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 88 197/1 The addition of 2 lb. of weight to the footwear is equal in terms of heat stress to adding four times that weight or 8 lb. to the pack on the soldier's back. 1992 S. Logie Winging It v. 95 Dealing with the heat stress on more than a hundred turbine blades is a formidable challenge from design and manufacturing points of view. 2014 G. Vince Adventures in Anthropocene iv. 132 Another kind of aerial dispersal, solar radiation management (sulphate droplets injected into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight into space..), could solve the problem of heat stress lowering yields. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online June 2022). heatv. Brit. /hiːt/, U.S. /hit/ Forms: 1. Present stem. Old English haten, Old English hatten, Old English hǽtan, Middle English hat (3rd singular), Middle English heaten, Middle English heete, Middle English hete, Middle English heten, Middle English hette, Middle English–1500s het (Scottish), 1500s–1600s heate, 1500s– heat. 2. Past tense. α. Old English hætte, Old English hǽtte. c1000 Shrine 16/15 Ðæs swanes wif hætte hire ofen. β. Middle English hatte. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15729 Þe ffeuere agu ful sore hym hatte. γ. Middle English hett, Middle English hette, Middle English–1600s 1800s– dialect het. c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 145 That on me hette, that othir dede me colde.c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 40 She het his bak.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 3491 He hett water and wescht his fete.1598 G. Chapman in C. Marlowe & G. Chapman Hero & Leander (new ed.) sig. F4^v Her blushing het her chamber. δ. 1500s–1600s heat. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 258 He first of all heate the Goates dung.1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 35 Others..I heat red hot..and then suffered them to cool. ε. 1500s– heated. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 49 Thee fields..thee dogstar Sirius heated. 3. Past participle. α. Old English gehǽt, Old English gehǽted, Old English gehǽtt. β. Middle English ihatte, Middle English yhat, Middle English–1500s hatte. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 61 The water..is i-hatte kyndeliche.c1410 N. Love tr. Bonaventura Mirror Life Christ (Gibbs MS.) vi In þat cold tyme þe chyld..hadde nede to be hatte [v.r. hette] in þat manere.1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. G ij b Hit be..hatte vpon the coles. γ. Middle English i-het, Middle English–1500s hett, Middle English–1500s hette, Middle English–1500s 1800s– dialect het. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 17 Ȝif he is i-froted and i-het.c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. (1898) 71 Hit ys cold and nedith to be het.1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 310 When ye haue well het it in the fire.1583 G. Babington Very Fruitfull Expos. Commaundem. vii. 356 So shall the wrath of God..cause hell to be hette 70 times 7 times hotter. δ. Middle English heet, 1500s–1600s heat, 1500s–1600s heate, 1600s hete (Scottish). c1449 R. Pecock tr. St. Augustine in Repressor 330 The wil is heet and inflamyd into loue.1560 Bible (Geneva) Dan. iii. 19 That they shulde heate the fornace at once seuen times more then it was wonte to be heate [1611 heat].a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 61 The Iron of it selfe, though heate red hot.1662 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 3rd Pt. 505 To make some sinful impression upon the Saint when he is heat. ε. 1500s– heated. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 104^v So sone as the sunne hadde somewhat heated him. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic: Old English hǽtan = Middle Dutch heeten , heten , heiten , Dutch heten , Low German hêten , Old High German and Middle High German heizan , German heiȥen , Old Norse heita (Danish hede ) < Old Germanic haitjan , < hait-oz hot n.² The past tense and participle underwent in Middle English various shortenings, some of which are still dialectal; the literary language now recognizes only heated. Signification. I. transitive. 1. a. To communicate heat to; to make hot, to warm; to raise the temperature of. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > heat or make hot [verb (transitive)] lew971 anheatOE heatc1000 warmOE hota1200 enchafec1374 eschaufec1374 chafea1382 achafea1400 calefy1526 heaten1559 glow1599 foment1658 to hot up1846 sultry1897 c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 370 Wið toþ wræce..hæt scenc fulne wines. c1000 Laws Ordeal in Schmid Gesetze 414 gif hit þonne wæter sy, hæte man hit. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 109 Þe sunne..hat alle þing, þe on eorðe wecseð. c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 12 Hete it hote, but let it nowt boyle. c1480 (a1400) St. Thomas Apostle 588 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 146 [He] in þe fyre gert het þam wele. a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) iv. iv. 34 When I am cold, he heates me with beating. View more context for this quotation 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. iii. 161 If you bore with a Wimble..till you heat it soundly. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1708) 141 As fast as you pick your Hops, dry them, for their lying undried heats them, and changes their Colour. 1834 S. T. Coleridge Table-talk 5 July Like emerging from a sick room heated by stoves, into an open lawn. †b. figurative. To keep (a place) ‘warm’ by frequenting it. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars 71 Wee haunted I say and heat the dicing house. †c. (?) To run swiftly over, as in a race. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 98 You may ride's With one soft Kisse a thousand Furlongs, ere With Spur we heat an Acre. View more context for this quotation 2. To produce the sensation of heat in, cause to feel hot or warm; to bring into a condition of bodily heat, to inflame. Also absol. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > heat or make hot [verb (transitive)] > warm a person or the body > make hot inflame1530 incend1541 heat1601 broil1635 calorify1841 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 180 Ammoniack..hath vertue to mollifie, to heat, discusse, and dissolue. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. iii. 80 You'l heat my blood no more. View more context for this quotation 1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 346 Men heated with wine. 1887 H. Aïdé Passages in Life Lady III. xii. 55 His blood was heated. 3. figurative. To rouse to intense emotion; to excite in mind or feeling; to inspire with ardour or eagerness; to inflame with rage or passion. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > ardent or fervent [verb (transitive)] > inflame (with) passion annealeOE ontendeOE anheatOE atend1006 tindc1175 firec1225 heat?c1225 inlowa1300 inflamea1340 eschaufec1374 flamec1380 kindlec1390 chafe1393 achafea1400 to set a firec1400 lighta1413 incense1435 scaldc1480 embrase1483 incend?1504 to set on fire?1526 enkindle1561 enfire1596 flush1633 boil1649 calenturea1657 infirea1661 the mind > emotion > anger > [verb (transitive)] > make angry wrethec900 abelgheeOE abaeileOE teenOE i-wrathec1075 wratha1200 awratha1250 gramec1275 forthcalla1300 excitea1340 grieve1362 movea1382 achafea1400 craba1400 angerc1400 mada1425 provokec1425 forwrecchec1450 wrothc1450 arage1470 incensea1513 puff1526 angry1530 despite1530 exasperate1534 exasper1545 stunt1583 pepper1599 enfever1647 nanger1675 to put or set up the back1728 roil1742 outrage1818 to put a person's monkey up1833 to get one's back up1840 to bring one's nap up1843 rouse1843 to get a person's shirt out1844 heat1855 to steam up1860 to get one's rag out1862 steam1922 to burn up1923 to flip out1964 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 296 Sturieð ow cwicliche. ingode werkes & þet schal heaten ow. a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xxii. 7 Hetand & strenghtand me withinen. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2054 His harme, as a hote low, het hym with in. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. i. 53 Hee hath..cooled my friends, heated mine enemies. View more context for this quotation 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 180 Nothing heateth their forward spirits so much as the..applauses of all sorts of men. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 53 This little Discourse had heated them. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 163 Officers who heated each other into fury by talking against the Dutch. II. intransitive. 4. a. To contract heat, become hot or warm, rise in temperature. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > be hot [verb (intransitive)] > become hot heata700 chafe1393 heatenc1540 to hot up1897 a700 Epinal Gloss. 206 Calentes, haetendae. c725 Corpus Gloss. 357 Calentes, hatende. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. viii. 833 Noþing ouercomeþ it [sc. Adamans]... And also it heteþ neuere. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 238/2 Hetyn, or waxyn hoote, caleo. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 432 They set a Kettle of water over the fire to heat. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1708) i. iv. 35 You must take care..that it do not lie thick, because it will heat. 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. (at cited word) Green hay heats in a mow, and green corn in a bin. 1884 S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Machinery (1888) 113 The first machines constructed heated too much. b. To have or get the sensation of heat, to grow hot; to become inflamed physically. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > be hot [verb (intransitive)] > have or get the sensation of heat burnc1000 heata1300 enchafec1380 to catch or get a heat?1528 to-brenn1598 broil1623 bake1847 a1300 K. Horn 608 Þe sarazins he smatte Þat his blod hatte. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 81 Let my liuer rather heate with wine. View more context for this quotation 1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 28 Apr. (1939) 162 In walking I am like a spavined horse, and heat as I get on. 5. figurative. To become inflamed or excited in mind or feeling; to wax warm. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > passion > ardour or fervour > become ardent or fervent [verb (intransitive)] > become inflamed with passion heata1225 tind1297 lowea1333 anheat1340 to catch firec1400 kindlea1450 to take firea1513 inflame1559 broil1561 calenturea1657 a1225 Juliana 21 His heorte feng to heaten. 1648 W. Ashhurst Reasons against Agreem. Pref. I thought it..unsafe, to let so great dis-satisfactions lye privately heating together. 1859 C. Kingsley Misc. (1860) I. 249 Heating into a sneerer. 1880 G. Meredith Tragic Comedians II. vi. 93 As I waned, she waned; as I heated, so did she. Derivatives ˈheatable adj. capable of being heated. ΚΠ 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Ai^v/1 Heatable, calefactabilis. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c825v.a700
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heatn.

Phrases

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heatv.

Derivatives