himpron.n.adj.

Brit.

/hɪm/,

/ɪm/, U.S.

/hɪm/,

/ɪm/

Forms: 1. Old English (rare)–Middle English (south-western and south-west midlands) heom, Old English–1600s hym, Old English– him, early Middle English ham, early Middle English hom (south-western), Middle English em (south-western), Middle English heem (East Anglian), Middle English heym (Norfolk and north-east midlands), Middle English hijm, Middle English himm, Middle English hum (transmission error), Middle English hymm, Middle English hymme, Middle English im, Middle English ym, Middle English (chiefly East Anglian)–1500s hem, Middle English (south-eastern)–1500s heme, Middle English–1600s hime, Middle English–1600s hyme, late Middle English þim (east midlands, after wiþ, perhaps transmission error), 1600s hum (in representations of Scottish speech), 1600s 'um, 1600s vm; regional and nonstandard 1800s– em, 1800s– 'em, 1800s– im, 1800s– 'im, 1800s– um, 1800s– 'um; English regional 1800s heem (Devon), 1800s– am (Cumberland), 1800s– hem (Somerset); U.S. regional 1900s– m (in African-American usage); Scottish pre-1700 hem, pre-1700 hime, pre-1700 hym, pre-1700 hyme, pre-1700 hymm, pre-1700 hymme, pre-1700 'um, pre-1700 1700s– him, 1900s– hum; also Irish English 1600s hem; Caribbean 1900s– ahm, 1900s– am. 2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding word Middle English -em, Middle English -him, Middle English -im, Middle English -m, 1600s (1900s– regional) -'m. See also 'un pron.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Originally the dative singular third person masculine and neuter personal pronoun form. Cognate with Old Frisian him (West Frisian him ), Old Dutch himo , him (also imo ; Middle Dutch hem , Dutch hem ): on the further etymology see discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj. Parallel in inflection are Old Saxon im , imu , imo (also, rare, him ; Middle Low German em , eme , om , ome ), Old High German imu , imo (Middle High German im , ime , German ihm ), Gothic imma : see further discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj.Form history. In Old English originally homophonous with the dative plural him 'em pron., although subsequently the plural was differentiated in form (where it was not replaced by them pron.): see discussion at 'em pron. However, the singular pronoun occasionally shows the influence of forms that were originally or chiefly plural; compare Old English heom , Middle English heom (compare 'em pron. Forms 1β), heem (compare 'em pron. Forms 1γ), hom (compare 'em pron. Forms 1δ), hum (compare 'em pron. Forms 1η). The Old English form hym is chiefly late West Saxon and probably shows laxing in low stress. Changes in function. Originally used as the dative form corresponding both to masculine hē and to neuter hit . In Old English sometimes found in direct object function in constructions where an accusative would be expected (see sense A. 1c and note given there). By the end of the Middle English period (and in many varieties much earlier than this) him had replaced the distinctive accusative forms of the masculine recorded at hine pron. (in direct object function as well as with prepositions which earlier took an accusative: compare sense A. 1b): see hine pron. for more detail on this change. By contrast, for the neuter the originally accusative hit spread to originally dative functions as well, replacing him : see it pron. 5c and (for uses with prepositions) it pron. 5b.

A. pron. The objective case of the masculine third person singular pronoun, corresponding to the subjective he pron. (in original use as a dative also to it pron.).

I. As personal pronoun.

1. As masculine pronoun of the third person singular, objective (direct and indirect): the male person or animal previously mentioned or implied or easily identified. Also (frequently with capital initial) with reference to God.

a. As indirect object (originally dative).

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 855 Him þa Carl Francna cyning his dohtor geaf him to cuene.

OE Blickling Homilies 111 Se [man]..þæt eall forlæteð þæt him ær her on worlde wynsumlic wæs.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) i. 181 Uton gewyrcan him gemacan him to fultume & to frofre.

OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) ii. §2. 151 Se hælend hym andswarode and cwæð.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 73 Þe king heuede ane douter þe him was swiþe deore.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 740 Þe king of france..bed hire fader granti him þe gode cordeile.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 1360 (MED) Þis es þe oyle þat was hight hime [Trin. Cambr. hyme].

c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 189 It is force that iche man suffre that that God sendith him.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 8^v [To] cary and transport such thinges as him listeth.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Nez They wipe his nose with his owne sleeue, his taile with his owne shirt; they allow him meat, or meanes, out of his owne money.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 266 Him thought, he by the Brook of Cherith stood.

a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. ii. 484 His reception is here recorded on a Medal, in which one of the Ensigns presents him his hand.

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iii. 337 Ten acres of land which are worth him five pounds a year.

1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington vi. 13 O give him welcome, this is he Worthy of our gorgeous rites.

1891 ‘Q’ Noughts & Crosses 121 Happily babbling the curses that the ships' captains had taught him.

1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 189/2 Then they brought him a two-inch steak and trimmings and a bottle of beer.

1985 M. Munro Patter 72 Um, broad Glaswegian pronunciation of him: ‘Ah telt um no tae bother.’

2007 N.Y. Mag. 25 June 66/1 She offers him a job on the spot.

b. As the object of a preposition.Also with prepositions that originally took a complement in the accusative in Old English, replacing hine (see hine pron. 1b).In quot. c1405 used redundantly with a noun.

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 838 Herebryht aldormon wæs ofslægen from hęþnum monnum & monige mid him.

OE Rule St. Benet (Tiber.) (1888) vii. 29 Ero inmaculatus coram eo : ic beo ungewennned [read ungewemmed] toforan heom.

c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: John (Hatton) i. 4 Þæt wæs lif þe on him geworht wæs, & þæt lif wæs manna leoht.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 237 Þer cumeð þe hali engles him to.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 62 (MED) He heþ zuich a lac ine him.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 22498 Þoru dred of hem was don on rod.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 475 For Ialousie and feere of hym Arcite.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Aiiii^v And wolde nat gyue to hym the due honoure.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4734 in Wks. (1931) I The Landis Lord..cleiks tyll him ane herield hors.

1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London i. sig. C2 Their seruants, wiues and children strawing the way before him with curses.

1710 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 28 Mar. (O.H.S.) II. 368 We have..a folio Edition of him.

1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. x. 32 Had Dr. Slop cut any part about him but his thumb..his prudence had triumphed.

1856 Sat. Rev. 2 274/1 We have little to add to the knowledge of him which readers..already possess.

1937 A. Christie Dumb Witness vii. 63 The tone of that one word made me stare at him harder than ever.

1966 I. Murdoch Time of Angels i. 12 God is..important in Pattie's life and she is comforted when other people believe in Him.

2003 D. Brown Da Vinci Code (2004) xcvi. 515 He connected with the officer's shins, driving his legs out from under him.

c. As direct object.In Old English originally only with certain verbs that take dative objects (cf. quot. OE²). In later use increasingly with verbs that originally took accusative objects (cf. quots. OE¹, lOE¹, lOE²), replacing Old English hine (see hine pron. 1a).In quot. c1405 used redundantly with a noun.

OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xvii. 5 Ipsum audite : him [OE Lindisf. ðene uel hine, OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus Cambr. hyne, c1200 Hatton hine] ge geherað.

OE Blickling Homilies 215 Ða ongeat se Godes wer..þæt he him [sc. the poor man] miltsian sceolde.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 654 He wæs swyðe Godes freond, & him luuede al þeode.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1114 He sceolde him læden to Cantwarabyrig & blætson him to biscop.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 He helde him for fader & he him for sune.

c1175 ( Ælfric's Homily on Nativity of Christ (Bodl. 343) in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 86 He [sc. God] is healic godnes, & we sceolen him lufien.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 Þe lauerd þet him wrohte.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 209 God bar him in-to paradis.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 124 She goddes peple kepte And slow hym Olofernus whil he slepte.

a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 18 Take a Capoun, & make hem clene, & sethe hym in Water.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxij^v Shyppes, for to transport hym and hys ouer the sea into Fraunce.

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Pvi^v To hit him vnder the short ribbes with their griped fists, and with their knees to catch him vpon the hip.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) ii. iii. 32 And him, O wondrous! him, O Miracle of Men! Him did you leaue..vn-seconded by you.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 832 So dear I love him, that with him all deaths I could endure.

1722 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. II. 362 When Threats moved him very little, some others of them changed their Stile.

1787 T. Best Conc. Treat. Angling (ed. 2) 35 When you have struck him, he will plunge and bounce in the water very much.

1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. v. 63 What has he done, that Mas'r should sell him?

1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona xix. 218 Him I found already at his desk.

1909 Atlantic Monthly July 136/2 When the bleachers echoed with the cry, ‘Kill 'um’, the sound was not unfamiliar, but in the South we should have meant kill a number of people; these gentlemen meant only, ‘Kill the umpire’.

1967 G. Vidal Washington, D.C. I. i. 4 Peter admired his father without liking him.

2002 Glamour July 37/1 I pushed him into a swimming pool.

2. As direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

a. The thing personified or conventionally treated as male (as a mountain, a river, a tree, the sun) or (in early use) the thing grammatically masculine, previously mentioned or implied or easily identified. Cf. he pron. 2a.In Old English (and early Middle English) also as the dative of the neuter hit (see it pron.). In English regional use, referring to material things without personification (now rare).In Old English frequently as the object of a preposition in postmodifying position.

OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) x. 92 Nimm ænne sticcan, & gnid to sumum ðince; hit hatað þærrihte of ðam fyre þe him on lutað.

OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 74 Æfter him [sc. Maius] Iunius sihð to mancynne, and he hæfð þrittig daga, and wel gelome byð Pentecosten on him geendod.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1106 He [sc. se steorra] wæs litel geþuht and deorc, ac se leoma þe him fram stod wæs swiðe beorht.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 83 (MED) Oli haueð huppen him lihtnesse and softnesse and hele.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 998 Yrlonde is alre yle best wiþoute engelonde; þe se geþ al aboute him... More he is þan engelond.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 1140 (MED) Þer nas in al þe world suerd him iliche.

c1330 Lai le Freine in Smith Coll. Stud. Mod. Langs. (1929) 10 iii. 7 A litel maidenchild..& a pel him about.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 476 Þan has my hasty hert holly þe wrong, him wol i blame & banne but he my bales amende.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 4 Þe ryuer of Danuby..it takes in to him xl. oþer ryuers.

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 1947 (MED) Lord god, y betake my soule to þe; Bryng hym to þy Joy.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xviii. f. xxv Yff..thy fote geve the an occasion of evyll: cut hym of and cast hym from the.

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 9 Take hede y^t youre bowe stande not to nere a stone wall, for that wyll make hym moyste and weke.

1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount (1568) 25 b This herbe..If you cannot get him alwayes greene, ye maye kepe him drie.

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 41 The Fire conteyneth in him the Aëre.

1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. viii. 93 Construe first the Nominative Case: and if there be an Adiectiue or Participle with him, then I must English them next.

1639 in C. Kerry Ch. St. Lawrence, Reading (1883) 54 For mooving the pulpit and setting him lower.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 48 The Sun was sunk, and after him the Starr Of Hesperus.

1761 J. Woodforde Diary 4 Apr. in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley Woodforde at Oxf. (1969) 35 I had a new Bobb Wigg of him.., and I did not like him, so I gave him six Shillings to take him again & make another.

1782 W. Cowper Poems 352 Old winter..Bids me and Mary mourn... Then April with her sister May, shall chase him from the bow'rs.

1857 Harper's Mag. Oct. 703/2 How Mont Blanc tames us! In the first, far-away glimpse of him, there on the Juras, he seems to say, ‘Quiet—be quiet, gentlemen!’

1875 A. Porson Notes Quaint Words Dial. S. Worcs. 25 My ooman put her bonnet there last year, and the birds lay'd their eggs in him.

1975 I. Murdoch Word Child 30 One could see Big Ben, and above him a slice of sky.

1998 D. Johnson Wonder of Christmas 129 Don't you know it was a happy day for the first tree when the axe cut him down, and he was carried into town.

b. In anaphoric reference to a singular noun or pronoun of undetermined gender. Cf. them pron. 4.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) v. 41 Swa hwa swa þe genyt þusend stapa ga mid him oðre twa þusend.

c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Royal) (1938) 42 Hwa se þis writ haueð ired, Ant crist him haueð swa isped.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 John ii. 5 Forsothe who kepith his word, verily in him is parfijt charite.

a1475 ( S. Scrope tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Bodl. 943) (1999) 288 (MED) Who-so is reised in a gretter state than longithe to him, puttith grete labour to haue the wordis of envious men.

1534 Bible (Tyndale rev. Joye) Luke xx. 18 But on whosoever it faul vpon, it wyll grynde him to powder.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Publyke Baptisme f. iiii*^v The minister shall put vpon him [sc. the child] his vesture, commonly called the Crisome.

a1612 J. Harington Lett. & Epigrams (1930) No. 195 Each player had four cards dealt to him, one by one.

1655 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 1st Pt. 117 Satans scope in accusing the Christian,..is to..perswade him he is but an hypocrite.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 174 The summoning of a Person into Court is..the citing or calling him before the Judge.

1746 E. Hoyle Whist (ed. 6) 79 If your Partner calls..you are to trump to him.

1826 U.S. Rev. & Lit. Gaz. Nov. 108 If a child is to take physic, the mother tells him she has something good to drink.

1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 17/1 If any one doubts it, let him offer a thirsty ox his choice between clear water and swamp drainings.

1920 F. Scott Fitzgerald in Smart Set July 7/2 Their eyes met and..each found something that made him lower his own glance quickly.

1979 Compl. Bk. Roller Skating v. 65 The object is for each skater to pass the person in front of him on the right.

2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 7 Sept. 46/1 We won't really feel that we ‘know’ someone well enough to call him a friend.

3. reflexive. Himself.Formerly also used as a common-gender pronoun in anaphoric reference to a singular noun (used generically) or pronoun of undetermined gender (cf. sense A. 2b).

a. As indirect object. Now archaic, Caribbean, and U.S. regional.

ΚΠ

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 853 Leo papa..hine to cyninge gehalgode & hiene him to biscepsuna nam.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 187 He wolde of þisre mægðe him moder geceosan.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3168 Þes Damus on his deie ane chiuese him ichæs.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 437 He made him manige fon.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 78 Of wexe he made hym popatrices.

1569 W. Samuel Abridgem. Old Test.: 1 Kings xiii. sig. G.vii^v Now Saule being king, he got him men against his foes to fight.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. iv. 4 Let euery Souldier hew him downe a Bough, And bear't before him.

1775 S. Palmer Calamy's Nonconformist's Memorial I. 534 Hereupon he got him a Bible, and read and studied it.

1834 J. O. Halliwell Nursery Rhymes Eng. 212 Bryan O'Lin had no breeches to wear So he bought him a sheepskin to make him a pair.

1863 W. Gould Let. 25 Oct. in R. F. Harris & J. Niflot Dear Sister (1998) 109 He might of waited till he got older before he got him a wife.

1880 S. S. Scott Southbooke 201 He don't like company, and allers used to say that he was gwine to git him a home, where nobody'd come.

1944 R. Mais Face & Other Stories 80 He bought him a goat with the money.

1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead xii. 333 After the woman died the boy, now a man, took him a wife, started a family, and the town grew.

2006 C. L. Holmes in A. Z. Weinraub Georgia Quilts vii. 183/1 Square 5 [of a quilt]: Cain here goes into the land of Nod to get him a wife.

b. As object of a preposition.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xiv. 33 And he nam þa mid him Petrum & Iacobum & Iohannem.

c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 166 He nom mid him þa his þreo leorningcnihtæs.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 39 Mani mann ðe..wenþ þat..he haue mid him godes luue and mannes.

c1330 (?a1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) p. 612 Wiþ him he hadde þer a page.

a1456 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 42 (MED) He for man þe Raunsom on him tooke.

a1500 Roberd of Cisyle (Cambr. Ff.2.38) (1879) l. 200 The aungell before hym made hym to stande.

1611 Bible (King James) Jonah iii. 6 He laid his robe from him .

1695 J. Wallis Let. 26 Nov. in I. Newton Corr. (1967) IV. 188 I am glad Mr Newton is inclinable to print some of the things he hath by him.

1716 J. Addison Free-holder No. 41 By this Means he reconciled to him the Minds of his Subjects.

1842 F. Marryat Masterman Ready II. 72 He had brought with him the other goat, which had kidded during the storm.

1856 C. Dickens Little Dorrit (1857) i. x. 82 He..took the Dog with him by rail.

1882 C. G. Leland Gypsies (1883) 213 He had his wits about him, too.

1924 M. Baring C xii. 132 Putting away from him all thoughts of French literature.

1938 E. Goudge Towers in Mist (1998) xiii. 296 He was deaf and blind to everything but the printed words that marched across the page in front of him.

2001 A. Dangor Bitter Fruit (2004) vii. 86 He was able to push the tea away from him.

c. As direct object. Frequently (esp. in early use) with a verb of motion or posture. Now archaic and poetic.In Old English usually with verbs of motion or posture, which tend to take the reflexive pronoun in the dative. In later use also with other verbs that originally took the reflexive pronoun in the accusative (as e.g. in quot. c1300¹), replacing hine pron.Also occasionally with originally intransitive verbs other than those of motion or posture (cf. quots. c1300², a1450) as a kind of ethical dative in sense ‘for or as to himself’.

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 266 Se dysiga dranc butan bletsunge and eode him ut.

OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xviii. 8 Abraham..stod him [L. ipse vero stabat] under þam treowe wið hi.

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxiv. 5 Ðonne man niwan wif nimð, ne fare he ut to gefeohte,..ac beo him æt ham.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 914 Godd wollde himm wrekenn o þe preost.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6586 He þatt turrneþþ himm fra crist..Forrleoseþþ sawless soþe lihht.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Royal) (1934) 11 He..ferde him soððen into Antioche.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 15261 Brian him [c1275 Calig. hine] bi-þohte.

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 286 Quanne the Erl godrich him herde Of þat mayden, hw we[l s]he ferde.

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 343 On his knes he him dede Bifor Felice.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 551 He chaunged his array And cladde hym as a poure laborer.

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 3461 (MED) Þis tempest obeyeth hym nomore me to, Shipmon, þen hit dothe to þe.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiv. 93 Quhou he suld vse hym touart his maister.

1596 T. Lodge Margarite of Amer. sig. G3^v Now let each of you bethinke him of mirth not of majestie.

1620 Hist. Frier Rush sig. A4^v Rush went forth to sport him.

1645 J. Milton Passion iii, in Poems 17 Then lies him meekly down fast by his Brethrens side.

1713 J. Addison Cato i. iv At th' approach of Night On the first friendly Bank he throws him down.

1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth III. 266 Of all Occupations, A Beggar lives the best; For when he is a weary, He'll lie him down and rest.

1813 Ld. Byron Giaour (new ed.) 3 He who hath bent him o'er the dead.

1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 89 He found him in a little moonlight room.

1904 R. Free Seven Years' Hard (1905) iii. 78 Scraggy slept in the open that night. When morning came, he washed him in the muddy river.

1909 Living Age 30 Oct. 296/2 There he sat him down contentedly on an anthill, in delightful anticipation of watching passing motor cars.

4. Used for the subjective case.

a. As the subject of an absolute (non-finite) clause. Now colloquial.In Old English chiefly (although not exclusively) rendering a Latin ablative absolute construction.

ΚΠ

OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 45 On þære ilcan nihte him slæpendum se awyrgeda gast on hine ineode.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) v. 35 Him [c1200 Hatton hym] þa gyt sprecendum [L. eo loquente] hi comon fram þam heahgesamnungum.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John viii. 30 Him spekinge thes thingis, many men bileueden in to him.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 280 (MED) Hym willynge þat alle men wende he were þat he is nouȝte.

1432 in Paston Lett. (1904) II. 35 So that he take in noon..without th'advis of my Lord of Bedford, him being in England, and him being out, of my Lord of Gloucestre.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vii. U j b Him wandring loof astray, where child Askanius swift did hunt.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 130 For onely in destroying I finde ease To my relentless thoughts; and him destroyd, Or won to what may work his utter loss, For whom all this was made, all this will soon Follow.

1816 H. Potter Office & Duty Justice of Peace 406 These are therefore to command you to make diligent search for the said A O, and him being found, that you bring him before me or some other Justice of the Peace.

1916 M. R. S. Andrews Eternal Feminine 159 Such luck, me having a brother at the Empire, and him being chums with the scenery man and the light man.

1997 Boxing News 19 Dec. 21/1 I hardly threw a straight right at all in the Holmes fight, and that's the punch I needed most, him being a southpaw.

b. As subject of a finite clause, esp. when postmodified, conjoined with a following noun or pronoun, after than and as, and as subject complement. Now colloquial.Sometimes considered incorrect: cf. her pron.² 5a, me pron.¹ 5.

ΚΠ

?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. B.iij Here is gylys Iogeler of ayebery And hym sougelder of lothe bery.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 15 The King, His Brother, and yours, abide all three distracted..but chiefly Him that you term'd Sir, the good old Lord Gonzallo.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. x. 34 And damn'd be him, that first cries hold, enough.

1697 J. Vanbrugh Provok'd Wife ii. 13 But sure it can't be him.

1759 S. Johnson tr. A. Dacier in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre III. 134 No man had ever more discernment than him, in finding out the ridiculous.

1764 J. Wesley Jrnl. 5 Feb. (1837) 167 Why then does not Jacob speak as plain as him?

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. i. 362 What any body else can do better or worse than him.

1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iii, in Wks. (1815) VIII. 310 Is it him, who sees that chosen spot?

1825 T. De Quincey Walladmor II. xv. 106 Such a villain as him can do no less.

1840 R. H. Barham Jackdaw of Rheims in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 220 Heedless of grammar, they all cried, ‘That's him!’

1852 T. Shone Jrnl. 31 May (1992) 161 Him and Henry are at variance.

1921 R. A. Maher Wks. of Satan v. 102 Then Willie Hope'll prove that it wasn't him at all.

1959 ‘J. R. Macdonald’ Galton Case (1960) xviii. 149 Him and Pete were palsy-walsy.

2001 J. Paisley Not for Glory 116 Tom beetles intae the garage an pulls the door to. Him an Hannah peer oot the crack.

c. Caribbean and U.S. regional (southern, in African-American usage). Used as the ordinary subjective case.

ΚΠ

1835 R. R. Madden Twelvemonth's Resid. W. Indies I. 188 Him want no nyam, no clothes, no sleep.

1888 L. D. Powles Land of Pink Pearl 166 Oh, Lord, de tief am bad, but when tief tief from tief, oh Lord, him too much proboking.

1922 A. E. Gonzales Black Border 28 Him hab uh sonny-law wuh hab uh berry good ecknowledge fuh git money out'uh buckruh'.

1972 Weekly Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 6 Dec. 12 What I want to know now is; where him keep it?

1999 M. Cezair-Thompson True Hist. Paradise ix. 42 ‘He can't be serious.’ ‘Serious as the day he bawn. Him all get passport an ting.’ ‘Him is a madman.’

II. As an antecedent pronoun with postmodifying relative clause.

5. The person or the one that, †which, or who. In early use also with †the (the pron.¹). Cf. he pron. 5. Now somewhat archaic.Normally as object of a verb or preposition, but occasionally as subject (obsolete).

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxv. 234 Hi sceolon mid sige þæs gastlican gecampes to him eft gecyrron, þe hi to ðam gefeohte ær asende.

lOE Manumission, Exeter (Bodl. 579) in J. Earle Hand-bk. Land-charters (1888) 253 Crist & sancte peter & ialle cristes halga him wurþe wrað þe hi [sc. hægelflæde] hæfre geþywie.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 114 Hit bilimpeð forte speke, to reden & to singe Of him þe no mon mai at-reke.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 75 (MED) And þe ilke þet loue ledeþ he zekþ raþre and lesse him costneþ þanne him þet serueþ god be drede.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. x. 15 Whethir shal glorien the ax aȝen hym that hewith with it?

c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 139 For hym þ^t folweth al this world of prees Er he be war is ofte yleyd ful lowe.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. iv. 4 And to hym that worchith mede is not arettid bi grace, but bi dette.

1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) xx. 63 The swerde, of the whiche he smote here and there wyth bothe his handes by suche a strengthe, that him that he rought wyth full stroke, was all in to brused, and clouen in two peces.

1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xxvii^v Wel is hym that wyth pacience can indure.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. iii. 26 That he myght be counted iuste, and a iustifiar of hym which belevith on Iesus.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 236 From him whom I trust God defend me.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxvii. 158 The Commonwealth, which..has power to take away Life, Liberty, or Goods, from him who disobeys.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 164 Vice is Vice to him who is guilty of it.

1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 408 The game is won by him who can first succeed in capturing, or blocking up, all his adversary's men.

1896 S. R. Crockett Grey Man i. 2 Hew Grier, decent man and him that was your marrow..took on himself to die.

1912 L. Strachey Landmarks Fr. Lit. vi. 228 To him who had eyes to see, there might be significance in a ready-made suit of clothes.

1987 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 25 1312/2 The ‘Matthew principle’—to him that hath shall be given.

2001 L. Block Hit List 211 Woe unto him who eats of it.

B. n.

A male person, a man. Cf. he n.¹ 1b(a).

ΘΠ

the world > people > person > man > [noun]

churla800

werec900

rinkeOE

wapmanc950

heOE

wyeOE

gomeOE

ledeOE

seggeOE

shalkOE

manOE

carmanlOE

mother bairnc1225

hemea1250

mother sona1250

hind1297

buck1303

mister mana1325

piecec1325

groomc1330

man of mouldc1330

hathela1350

sire1362

malea1382

fellowa1393

guestc1394

sergeant?a1400

tailarda1400

tulka1400

harlotc1405

mother's sona1470

frekea1475

her1488

masculinea1500

gentlemana1513

horse?a1513

mutton?a1513

merchant1549

child1551

dick1553

sorrya1555

knavea1556

dandiprat1556

cove1567

rat1571

manling1573

bird1575

stone-horse1580

loona1586

shaver1592

slave1592

copemate1593

tit1594

dog1597

hima1599

prick1598

dingle-dangle1605

jade1608

dildoa1616

Roger1631

Johnny1648

boy1651

cod1653

cully1676

son of a bitch1697

cull1698

feller1699

chap1704

buff1708

son of a gun1708

buffer1749

codger1750

Mr1753

he-man1758

fella1778

gilla1790

gloak1795

joker1811

gory1819

covey1821

chappie1822

Charley1825

hombre1832

brother-man1839

rooster1840

blokie1841

hoss1843

Joe1846

guy1847

plug1848

chal1851

rye1851

omee1859

bloke1861

guffin1862

gadgie1865

mug1865

kerel1873

stiff1882

snoozer1884

geezer1885

josser1886

dude1895

gazabo1896

jasper1896

prairie dog1897

sport1897

crow-eater1899

papa1903

gink1906

stud1909

scout1912

head1913

beezer1914

jeff1917

pisser1918

bimbo1919

bozo1920

gee1921

mush1936

rye mush1936

basher1942

okie1943

mugger1945

cat1946

ou1949

tess1952

oke1970

bra1974

muzhik1993

a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vi. xxxv. in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Hh5^v But to the highest him, that is behight Father of Gods and men by equall might; To weet, the God of Nature, I appeale.

1826 J. Kerr Rip Van Winkle ii. ii. 48 Sophia...Herman, son of the late Derrick Van Slous, is in the Hall..Alice. That's not the him whom I expected, at all events.

1884 W. S. Gilbert Orig. Plays 129 ‘Mr. F. shall introduce him.’ ‘It ain't a him, it's a her.’

1928 L. Hart in D. Hart & R. Kimball Compl. Lyrics L. Hart (1986) 120/3 She has whims that all the hims prefer.

2008 Time Out N.Y. 7 Aug. 36/1 One of my hims broke up with me in a terrible way.

C. adj. nonstandard (chiefly in African-American usage) and Caribbean.

Used for the masculine third person possessive adjective; = his adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > owning > [adjective] > own > his, her, its, or their > his or her

hereOE

hiseOE

hers1555

himsc1700

him1780

he1833

his'n1895

1780 London Mag. Dec. 577/1 I see fore now, de tree, de flow'r he droop like Orra, surely, And den, by'm bye, dere come a show're he hold him head up purely.

1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy III. viii. 163 Den I feel him all over, and I find him pistols and him purse, which I hab here.

1869 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 140 Me pickee him teeth when berry-stones get in, and pullee de pricks out of him feet.

1904 Secret Service 9 Sept. 9/1 ‘Hold up him head, Blady,’ he said, and he pried open the boy's jaws with his skinny forefinger.

1978 Observer 4 June 3/5 Him come out of him car and him told I.

2011 K. Young Pao iv. 30 Him papa white, but his mama just some whore from West Kingston.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	him
释义	himpron.n.adj. Brit. /hɪm/, /ɪm/, U.S. /hɪm/, /ɪm/ Forms: 1. Old English (rare)–Middle English (south-western and south-west midlands) heom, Old English–1600s hym, Old English– him, early Middle English ham, early Middle English hom (south-western), Middle English em (south-western), Middle English heem (East Anglian), Middle English heym (Norfolk and north-east midlands), Middle English hijm, Middle English himm, Middle English hum (transmission error), Middle English hymm, Middle English hymme, Middle English im, Middle English ym, Middle English (chiefly East Anglian)–1500s hem, Middle English (south-eastern)–1500s heme, Middle English–1600s hime, Middle English–1600s hyme, late Middle English þim (east midlands, after wiþ, perhaps transmission error), 1600s hum (in representations of Scottish speech), 1600s 'um, 1600s vm; regional and nonstandard 1800s– em, 1800s– 'em, 1800s– im, 1800s– 'im, 1800s– um, 1800s– 'um; English regional 1800s heem (Devon), 1800s– am (Cumberland), 1800s– hem (Somerset); U.S. regional 1900s– m (in African-American usage); Scottish pre-1700 hem, pre-1700 hime, pre-1700 hym, pre-1700 hyme, pre-1700 hymm, pre-1700 hymme, pre-1700 'um, pre-1700 1700s– him, 1900s– hum; also Irish English 1600s hem; Caribbean 1900s– ahm, 1900s– am. 2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding word Middle English -em, Middle English -him, Middle English -im, Middle English -m, 1600s (1900s– regional) -'m. See also 'un pron. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Originally the dative singular third person masculine and neuter personal pronoun form. Cognate with Old Frisian him (West Frisian him ), Old Dutch himo , him (also imo ; Middle Dutch hem , Dutch hem ): on the further etymology see discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj. Parallel in inflection are Old Saxon im , imu , imo (also, rare, him ; Middle Low German em , eme , om , ome ), Old High German imu , imo (Middle High German im , ime , German ihm ), Gothic imma : see further discussion at he pron., n.¹, and adj.Form history. In Old English originally homophonous with the dative plural him 'em pron., although subsequently the plural was differentiated in form (where it was not replaced by them pron.): see discussion at 'em pron. However, the singular pronoun occasionally shows the influence of forms that were originally or chiefly plural; compare Old English heom , Middle English heom (compare 'em pron. Forms 1β), heem (compare 'em pron. Forms 1γ), hom (compare 'em pron. Forms 1δ), hum (compare 'em pron. Forms 1η). The Old English form hym is chiefly late West Saxon and probably shows laxing in low stress. Changes in function. Originally used as the dative form corresponding both to masculine hē and to neuter hit . In Old English sometimes found in direct object function in constructions where an accusative would be expected (see sense A. 1c and note given there). By the end of the Middle English period (and in many varieties much earlier than this) him had replaced the distinctive accusative forms of the masculine recorded at hine pron. (in direct object function as well as with prepositions which earlier took an accusative: compare sense A. 1b): see hine pron. for more detail on this change. By contrast, for the neuter the originally accusative hit spread to originally dative functions as well, replacing him : see it pron. 5c and (for uses with prepositions) it pron. 5b. A. pron. The objective case of the masculine third person singular pronoun, corresponding to the subjective he pron. (in original use as a dative also to it pron.). I. As personal pronoun. 1. As masculine pronoun of the third person singular, objective (direct and indirect): the male person or animal previously mentioned or implied or easily identified. Also (frequently with capital initial) with reference to God. a. As indirect object (originally dative). Π eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 855 Him þa Carl Francna cyning his dohtor geaf him to cuene. OE Blickling Homilies 111 Se [man]..þæt eall forlæteð þæt him ær her on worlde wynsumlic wæs. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) i. 181 Uton gewyrcan him gemacan him to fultume & to frofre. OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) ii. §2. 151 Se hælend hym andswarode and cwæð. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 73 Þe king heuede ane douter þe him was swiþe deore. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 740 Þe king of france..bed hire fader granti him þe gode cordeile. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 1360 (MED) Þis es þe oyle þat was hight hime [Trin. Cambr. hyme]. c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 189 It is force that iche man suffre that that God sendith him. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 8^v [To] cary and transport such thinges as him listeth. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Nez They wipe his nose with his owne sleeue, his taile with his owne shirt; they allow him meat, or meanes, out of his owne money. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 266 Him thought, he by the Brook of Cherith stood. View more context for this quotation a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. ii. 484 His reception is here recorded on a Medal, in which one of the Ensigns presents him his hand. a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iii. 337 Ten acres of land which are worth him five pounds a year. 1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington vi. 13 O give him welcome, this is he Worthy of our gorgeous rites. 1891 ‘Q’ Noughts & Crosses 121 Happily babbling the curses that the ships' captains had taught him. 1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 189/2 Then they brought him a two-inch steak and trimmings and a bottle of beer. 1985 M. Munro Patter 72 Um, broad Glaswegian pronunciation of him: ‘Ah telt um no tae bother.’ 2007 N.Y. Mag. 25 June 66/1 She offers him a job on the spot. b. As the object of a preposition.Also with prepositions that originally took a complement in the accusative in Old English, replacing hine (see hine pron. 1b).In quot. c1405 used redundantly with a noun. Π eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 838 Herebryht aldormon wæs ofslægen from hęþnum monnum & monige mid him. OE Rule St. Benet (Tiber.) (1888) vii. 29 Ero inmaculatus coram eo : ic beo ungewennned [read ungewemmed] toforan heom. c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: John (Hatton) i. 4 Þæt wæs lif þe on him geworht wæs, & þæt lif wæs manna leoht. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 237 Þer cumeð þe hali engles him to. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 62 (MED) He heþ zuich a lac ine him. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 22498 Þoru dred of hem was don on rod. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 475 For Ialousie and feere of hym Arcite. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Aiiii^v And wolde nat gyue to hym the due honoure. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4734 in Wks. (1931) I The Landis Lord..cleiks tyll him ane herield hors. 1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London i. sig. C2 Their seruants, wiues and children strawing the way before him with curses. 1710 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 28 Mar. (O.H.S.) II. 368 We have..a folio Edition of him. 1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. x. 32 Had Dr. Slop cut any part about him but his thumb..his prudence had triumphed. 1856 Sat. Rev. 2 274/1 We have little to add to the knowledge of him which readers..already possess. 1937 A. Christie Dumb Witness vii. 63 The tone of that one word made me stare at him harder than ever. 1966 I. Murdoch Time of Angels i. 12 God is..important in Pattie's life and she is comforted when other people believe in Him. 2003 D. Brown Da Vinci Code (2004) xcvi. 515 He connected with the officer's shins, driving his legs out from under him. c. As direct object.In Old English originally only with certain verbs that take dative objects (cf. quot. OE²). In later use increasingly with verbs that originally took accusative objects (cf. quots. OE¹, lOE¹, lOE²), replacing Old English hine (see hine pron. 1a).In quot. c1405 used redundantly with a noun. Π OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xvii. 5 Ipsum audite : him [OE Lindisf. ðene uel hine, OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus Cambr. hyne, c1200 Hatton hine] ge geherað. OE Blickling Homilies 215 Ða ongeat se Godes wer..þæt he him [sc. the poor man] miltsian sceolde. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 654 He wæs swyðe Godes freond, & him luuede al þeode. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 1114 He sceolde him læden to Cantwarabyrig & blætson him to biscop. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 He helde him for fader & he him for sune. c1175 ( Ælfric's Homily on Nativity of Christ (Bodl. 343) in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 86 He [sc. God] is healic godnes, & we sceolen him lufien. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 Þe lauerd þet him wrohte. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 209 God bar him in-to paradis. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 124 She goddes peple kepte And slow hym Olofernus whil he slepte. a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 18 Take a Capoun, & make hem clene, & sethe hym in Water. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxij^v Shyppes, for to transport hym and hys ouer the sea into Fraunce. 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Pvi^v To hit him vnder the short ribbes with their griped fists, and with their knees to catch him vpon the hip. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) ii. iii. 32 And him, O wondrous! him, O Miracle of Men! Him did you leaue..vn-seconded by you. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 832 So dear I love him, that with him all deaths I could endure. View more context for this quotation 1722 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. II. 362 When Threats moved him very little, some others of them changed their Stile. 1787 T. Best Conc. Treat. Angling (ed. 2) 35 When you have struck him, he will plunge and bounce in the water very much. 1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. v. 63 What has he done, that Mas'r should sell him? 1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona xix. 218 Him I found already at his desk. 1909 Atlantic Monthly July 136/2 When the bleachers echoed with the cry, ‘Kill 'um’, the sound was not unfamiliar, but in the South we should have meant kill a number of people; these gentlemen meant only, ‘Kill the umpire’. 1967 G. Vidal Washington, D.C. I. i. 4 Peter admired his father without liking him. 2002 Glamour July 37/1 I pushed him into a swimming pool. 2. As direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition. a. The thing personified or conventionally treated as male (as a mountain, a river, a tree, the sun) or (in early use) the thing grammatically masculine, previously mentioned or implied or easily identified. Cf. he pron. 2a.In Old English (and early Middle English) also as the dative of the neuter hit (see it pron.). In English regional use, referring to material things without personification (now rare).In Old English frequently as the object of a preposition in postmodifying position. Π OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) x. 92 Nimm ænne sticcan, & gnid to sumum ðince; hit hatað þærrihte of ðam fyre þe him on lutað. OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 74 Æfter him [sc. Maius] Iunius sihð to mancynne, and he hæfð þrittig daga, and wel gelome byð Pentecosten on him geendod. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1106 He [sc. se steorra] wæs litel geþuht and deorc, ac se leoma þe him fram stod wæs swiðe beorht. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 83 (MED) Oli haueð huppen him lihtnesse and softnesse and hele. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 998 Yrlonde is alre yle best wiþoute engelonde; þe se geþ al aboute him... More he is þan engelond. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 1140 (MED) Þer nas in al þe world suerd him iliche. c1330 Lai le Freine in Smith Coll. Stud. Mod. Langs. (1929) 10 iii. 7 A litel maidenchild..& a pel him about. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 476 Þan has my hasty hert holly þe wrong, him wol i blame & banne but he my bales amende. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 4 Þe ryuer of Danuby..it takes in to him xl. oþer ryuers. a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 1947 (MED) Lord god, y betake my soule to þe; Bryng hym to þy Joy. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xviii. f. xxv Yff..thy fote geve the an occasion of evyll: cut hym of and cast hym from the. 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 9 Take hede y^t youre bowe stande not to nere a stone wall, for that wyll make hym moyste and weke. 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount (1568) 25 b This herbe..If you cannot get him alwayes greene, ye maye kepe him drie. 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 41 The Fire conteyneth in him the Aëre. 1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. viii. 93 Construe first the Nominative Case: and if there be an Adiectiue or Participle with him, then I must English them next. 1639 in C. Kerry Ch. St. Lawrence, Reading (1883) 54 For mooving the pulpit and setting him lower. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 48 The Sun was sunk, and after him the Starr Of Hesperus. View more context for this quotation 1761 J. Woodforde Diary 4 Apr. in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley Woodforde at Oxf. (1969) 35 I had a new Bobb Wigg of him.., and I did not like him, so I gave him six Shillings to take him again & make another. 1782 W. Cowper Poems 352 Old winter..Bids me and Mary mourn... Then April with her sister May, shall chase him from the bow'rs. 1857 Harper's Mag. Oct. 703/2 How Mont Blanc tames us! In the first, far-away glimpse of him, there on the Juras, he seems to say, ‘Quiet—be quiet, gentlemen!’ 1875 A. Porson Notes Quaint Words Dial. S. Worcs. 25 My ooman put her bonnet there last year, and the birds lay'd their eggs in him. 1975 I. Murdoch Word Child 30 One could see Big Ben, and above him a slice of sky. 1998 D. Johnson Wonder of Christmas 129 Don't you know it was a happy day for the first tree when the axe cut him down, and he was carried into town. b. In anaphoric reference to a singular noun or pronoun of undetermined gender. Cf. them pron. 4. Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) v. 41 Swa hwa swa þe genyt þusend stapa ga mid him oðre twa þusend. c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Royal) (1938) 42 Hwa se þis writ haueð ired, Ant crist him haueð swa isped. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 John ii. 5 Forsothe who kepith his word, verily in him is parfijt charite. a1475 ( S. Scrope tr. Dicts & Sayings Philosophers (Bodl. 943) (1999) 288 (MED) Who-so is reised in a gretter state than longithe to him, puttith grete labour to haue the wordis of envious men. 1534 Bible (Tyndale rev. Joye) Luke xx. 18 But on whosoever it faul vpon, it wyll grynde him to powder. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Publyke Baptisme f. iiii^v The minister shall put vpon him [sc.* the child] his vesture, commonly called the Crisome. a1612 J. Harington Lett. & Epigrams (1930) No. 195 Each player had four cards dealt to him, one by one. 1655 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 1st Pt. 117 Satans scope in accusing the Christian,..is to..perswade him he is but an hypocrite. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 174 The summoning of a Person into Court is..the citing or calling him before the Judge. 1746 E. Hoyle Whist (ed. 6) 79 If your Partner calls..you are to trump to him. 1826 U.S. Rev. & Lit. Gaz. Nov. 108 If a child is to take physic, the mother tells him she has something good to drink. 1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 17/1 If any one doubts it, let him offer a thirsty ox his choice between clear water and swamp drainings. 1920 F. Scott Fitzgerald in Smart Set July 7/2 Their eyes met and..each found something that made him lower his own glance quickly. 1979 Compl. Bk. Roller Skating v. 65 The object is for each skater to pass the person in front of him on the right. 2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 7 Sept. 46/1 We won't really feel that we ‘know’ someone well enough to call him a friend. 3. reflexive. Himself.Formerly also used as a common-gender pronoun in anaphoric reference to a singular noun (used generically) or pronoun of undetermined gender (cf. sense A. 2b). a. As indirect object. Now archaic, Caribbean, and U.S. regional. ΚΠ eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 853 Leo papa..hine to cyninge gehalgode & hiene him to biscepsuna nam. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 187 He wolde of þisre mægðe him moder geceosan. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3168 Þes Damus on his deie ane chiuese him ichæs. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 437 He made him manige fon. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 78 Of wexe he made hym popatrices. 1569 W. Samuel Abridgem. Old Test.: 1 Kings xiii. sig. G.vii^v Now Saule being king, he got him men against his foes to fight. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. iv. 4 Let euery Souldier hew him downe a Bough, And bear't before him. View more context for this quotation 1775 S. Palmer Calamy's Nonconformist's Memorial I. 534 Hereupon he got him a Bible, and read and studied it. 1834 J. O. Halliwell Nursery Rhymes Eng. 212 Bryan O'Lin had no breeches to wear So he bought him a sheepskin to make him a pair. 1863 W. Gould Let. 25 Oct. in R. F. Harris & J. Niflot Dear Sister (1998) 109 He might of waited till he got older before he got him a wife. 1880 S. S. Scott Southbooke 201 He don't like company, and allers used to say that he was gwine to git him a home, where nobody'd come. 1944 R. Mais Face & Other Stories 80 He bought him a goat with the money. 1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead xii. 333 After the woman died the boy, now a man, took him a wife, started a family, and the town grew. 2006 C. L. Holmes in A. Z. Weinraub Georgia Quilts vii. 183/1 Square 5 [of a quilt]: Cain here goes into the land of Nod to get him a wife. b. As object of a preposition. Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xiv. 33 And he nam þa mid him Petrum & Iacobum & Iohannem. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 166 He nom mid him þa his þreo leorningcnihtæs. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 39 Mani mann ðe..wenþ þat..he haue mid him godes luue and mannes. c1330 (?a1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) p. 612 Wiþ him he hadde þer a page. a1456 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 42 (MED) He for man þe Raunsom on him tooke. a1500 Roberd of Cisyle (Cambr. Ff.2.38) (1879) l. 200 The aungell before hym made hym to stande. 1611 Bible (King James) Jonah iii. 6 He laid his robe from him . View more context for this quotation 1695 J. Wallis Let. 26 Nov. in I. Newton Corr. (1967) IV. 188 I am glad Mr Newton is inclinable to print some of the things he hath by him. 1716 J. Addison Free-holder No. 41 By this Means he reconciled to him the Minds of his Subjects. 1842 F. Marryat Masterman Ready II. 72 He had brought with him the other goat, which had kidded during the storm. 1856 C. Dickens Little Dorrit (1857) i. x. 82 He..took the Dog with him by rail. 1882 C. G. Leland Gypsies (1883) 213 He had his wits about him, too. 1924 M. Baring C xii. 132 Putting away from him all thoughts of French literature. 1938 E. Goudge Towers in Mist (1998) xiii. 296 He was deaf and blind to everything but the printed words that marched across the page in front of him. 2001 A. Dangor Bitter Fruit (2004) vii. 86 He was able to push the tea away from him. c. As direct object. Frequently (esp. in early use) with a verb of motion or posture. Now archaic and poetic.In Old English usually with verbs of motion or posture, which tend to take the reflexive pronoun in the dative. In later use also with other verbs that originally took the reflexive pronoun in the accusative (as e.g. in quot. c1300¹), replacing hine pron.Also occasionally with originally intransitive verbs other than those of motion or posture (cf. quots. c1300², a1450) as a kind of ethical dative in sense ‘for or as to himself’. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 266 Se dysiga dranc butan bletsunge and eode him ut. OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xviii. 8 Abraham..stod him [L. ipse vero stabat] under þam treowe wið hi. OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Deut. (Claud.) xxiv. 5 Ðonne man niwan wif nimð, ne fare he ut to gefeohte,..ac beo him æt ham. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 914 Godd wollde himm wrekenn o þe preost. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6586 He þatt turrneþþ himm fra crist..Forrleoseþþ sawless soþe lihht. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Royal) (1934) 11 He..ferde him soððen into Antioche. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 15261 Brian him [c1275 Calig. hine] bi-þohte. c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 286 Quanne the Erl godrich him herde Of þat mayden, hw we[l s]he ferde. c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 343 On his knes he him dede Bifor Felice. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 551 He chaunged his array And cladde hym as a poure laborer. a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 3461 (MED) Þis tempest obeyeth hym nomore me to, Shipmon, þen hit dothe to þe. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiv. 93 Quhou he suld vse hym touart his maister. 1596 T. Lodge Margarite of Amer. sig. G3^v Now let each of you bethinke him of mirth not of majestie. 1620 Hist. Frier Rush sig. A4^v Rush went forth to sport him. 1645 J. Milton Passion iii, in Poems 17 Then lies him meekly down fast by his Brethrens side. 1713 J. Addison Cato i. iv At th' approach of Night On the first friendly Bank he throws him down. 1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth III. 266 Of all Occupations, A Beggar lives the best; For when he is a weary, He'll lie him down and rest. 1813 Ld. Byron Giaour (new ed.) 3 He who hath bent him o'er the dead. 1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 89 He found him in a little moonlight room. 1904 R. Free Seven Years' Hard (1905) iii. 78 Scraggy slept in the open that night. When morning came, he washed him in the muddy river. 1909 Living Age 30 Oct. 296/2 There he sat him down contentedly on an anthill, in delightful anticipation of watching passing motor cars. 4. Used for the subjective case. a. As the subject of an absolute (non-finite) clause. Now colloquial.In Old English chiefly (although not exclusively) rendering a Latin ablative absolute construction. ΚΠ OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 45 On þære ilcan nihte him slæpendum se awyrgeda gast on hine ineode. OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) v. 35 Him [c1200 Hatton hym] þa gyt sprecendum [L. eo loquente] hi comon fram þam heahgesamnungum. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John viii. 30 Him spekinge thes thingis, many men bileueden in to him. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 280 (MED) Hym willynge þat alle men wende he were þat he is nouȝte. 1432 in Paston Lett. (1904) II. 35 So that he take in noon..without th'advis of my Lord of Bedford, him being in England, and him being out, of my Lord of Gloucestre. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vii. U j b Him wandring loof astray, where child Askanius swift did hunt. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 130 For onely in destroying I finde ease To my relentless thoughts; and him destroyd, Or won to what may work his utter loss, For whom all this was made, all this will soon Follow. View more context for this quotation 1816 H. Potter Office & Duty Justice of Peace 406 These are therefore to command you to make diligent search for the said A O, and him being found, that you bring him before me or some other Justice of the Peace. 1916 M. R. S. Andrews Eternal Feminine 159 Such luck, me having a brother at the Empire, and him being chums with the scenery man and the light man. 1997 Boxing News 19 Dec. 21/1 I hardly threw a straight right at all in the Holmes fight, and that's the punch I needed most, him being a southpaw. b. As subject of a finite clause, esp. when postmodified, conjoined with a following noun or pronoun, after than and as, and as subject complement. Now colloquial.Sometimes considered incorrect: cf. her pron.² 5a, me pron.¹ 5. ΚΠ ?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. B.iij Here is gylys Iogeler of ayebery And hym sougelder of lothe bery. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 15 The King, His Brother, and yours, abide all three distracted..but chiefly Him that you term'd Sir, the good old Lord Gonzallo. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. x. 34 And damn'd be him, that first cries hold, enough. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Vanbrugh Provok'd Wife ii. 13 But sure it can't be him. 1759 S. Johnson tr. A. Dacier in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre III. 134 No man had ever more discernment than him, in finding out the ridiculous. 1764 J. Wesley Jrnl. 5 Feb. (1837) 167 Why then does not Jacob speak as plain as him? a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. i. 362 What any body else can do better or worse than him. 1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iii, in Wks. (1815) VIII. 310 Is it him, who sees that chosen spot? 1825 T. De Quincey Walladmor II. xv. 106 Such a villain as him can do no less. 1840 R. H. Barham Jackdaw of Rheims in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 220 Heedless of grammar, they all cried, ‘That's him!’ 1852 T. Shone Jrnl. 31 May (1992) 161 Him and Henry are at variance. 1921 R. A. Maher Wks. of Satan v. 102 Then Willie Hope'll prove that it wasn't him at all. 1959 ‘J. R. Macdonald’ Galton Case (1960) xviii. 149 Him and Pete were palsy-walsy. 2001 J. Paisley Not for Glory 116 Tom beetles intae the garage an pulls the door to. Him an Hannah peer oot the crack. c. Caribbean and U.S. regional (southern, in African-American usage). Used as the ordinary subjective case. ΚΠ 1835 R. R. Madden Twelvemonth's Resid. W. Indies I. 188 Him want no nyam, no clothes, no sleep. 1888 L. D. Powles Land of Pink Pearl 166 Oh, Lord, de tief am bad, but when tief tief from tief, oh Lord, him too much proboking. 1922 A. E. Gonzales Black Border 28 Him hab uh sonny-law wuh hab uh berry good ecknowledge fuh git money out'uh buckruh'. 1972 Weekly Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 6 Dec. 12 What I want to know now is; where him keep it? 1999 M. Cezair-Thompson True Hist. Paradise ix. 42 ‘He can't be serious.’ ‘Serious as the day he bawn. Him all get passport an ting.’ ‘Him is a madman.’ II. As an antecedent pronoun with postmodifying relative clause. 5. The person or the one that, †which, or who. In early use also with †the (the pron.¹). Cf. he pron. 5. Now somewhat archaic.Normally as object of a verb or preposition, but occasionally as subject (obsolete). ΚΠ OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxv. 234 Hi sceolon mid sige þæs gastlican gecampes to him eft gecyrron, þe hi to ðam gefeohte ær asende. lOE Manumission, Exeter (Bodl. 579) in J. Earle Hand-bk. Land-charters (1888) 253 Crist & sancte peter & ialle cristes halga him wurþe wrað þe hi [sc. hægelflæde] hæfre geþywie. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 114 Hit bilimpeð forte speke, to reden & to singe Of him þe no mon mai at-reke. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 75 (MED) And þe ilke þet loue ledeþ he zekþ raþre and lesse him costneþ þanne him þet serueþ god be drede. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. x. 15 Whethir shal glorien the ax aȝen hym that hewith with it? c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 139 For hym þ^t folweth al this world of prees Er he be war is ofte yleyd ful lowe. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. iv. 4 And to hym that worchith mede is not arettid bi grace, but bi dette. 1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) xx. 63 The swerde, of the whiche he smote here and there wyth bothe his handes by suche a strengthe, that him that he rought wyth full stroke, was all in to brused, and clouen in two peces. 1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xxvii^v Wel is hym that wyth pacience can indure. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. iii. 26 That he myght be counted iuste, and a iustifiar of hym which belevith on Iesus. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 236 From him whom I trust God defend me. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxvii. 158 The Commonwealth, which..has power to take away Life, Liberty, or Goods, from him who disobeys. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 164 Vice is Vice to him who is guilty of it. 1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 408 The game is won by him who can first succeed in capturing, or blocking up, all his adversary's men. 1896 S. R. Crockett Grey Man i. 2 Hew Grier, decent man and him that was your marrow..took on himself to die. 1912 L. Strachey Landmarks Fr. Lit. vi. 228 To him who had eyes to see, there might be significance in a ready-made suit of clothes. 1987 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 25 1312/2 The ‘Matthew principle’—to him that hath shall be given. 2001 L. Block Hit List 211 Woe unto him who eats of it. B. n. A male person, a man. Cf. he n.¹ 1b(a). ΘΠ the world > people > person > man > [noun] churla800 werec900 rinkeOE wapmanc950 heOE wyeOE gomeOE ledeOE seggeOE shalkOE manOE carmanlOE mother bairnc1225 hemea1250 mother sona1250 hind1297 buck1303 mister mana1325 piecec1325 groomc1330 man of mouldc1330 hathela1350 sire1362 malea1382 fellowa1393 guestc1394 sergeant?a1400 tailarda1400 tulka1400 harlotc1405 mother's sona1470 frekea1475 her1488 masculinea1500 gentlemana1513 horse?a1513 mutton?a1513 merchant1549 child1551 dick1553 sorrya1555 knavea1556 dandiprat1556 cove1567 rat1571 manling1573 bird1575 stone-horse1580 loona1586 shaver1592 slave1592 copemate1593 tit1594 dog1597 hima1599 prick1598 dingle-dangle1605 jade1608 dildoa1616 Roger1631 Johnny1648 boy1651 cod1653 cully1676 son of a bitch1697 cull1698 feller1699 chap1704 buff1708 son of a gun1708 buffer1749 codger1750 Mr1753 he-man1758 fella1778 gilla1790 gloak1795 joker1811 gory1819 covey1821 chappie1822 Charley1825 hombre1832 brother-man1839 rooster1840 blokie1841 hoss1843 Joe1846 guy1847 plug1848 chal1851 rye1851 omee1859 bloke1861 guffin1862 gadgie1865 mug1865 kerel1873 stiff1882 snoozer1884 geezer1885 josser1886 dude1895 gazabo1896 jasper1896 prairie dog1897 sport1897 crow-eater1899 papa1903 gink1906 stud1909 scout1912 head1913 beezer1914 jeff1917 pisser1918 bimbo1919 bozo1920 gee1921 mush1936 rye mush1936 basher1942 okie1943 mugger1945 cat1946 ou1949 tess1952 oke1970 bra1974 muzhik1993 a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vi. xxxv. in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Hh5^v But to the highest him, that is behight Father of Gods and men by equall might; To weet, the God of Nature, I appeale. 1826 J. Kerr Rip Van Winkle ii. ii. 48 Sophia...Herman, son of the late Derrick Van Slous, is in the Hall..Alice. That's not the him whom I expected, at all events. 1884 W. S. Gilbert Orig. Plays 129 ‘Mr. F. shall introduce him.’ ‘It ain't a him, it's a her.’ 1928 L. Hart in D. Hart & R. Kimball Compl. Lyrics L. Hart (1986) 120/3 She has whims that all the hims prefer. 2008 Time Out N.Y. 7 Aug. 36/1 One of my hims broke up with me in a terrible way. C. adj. nonstandard (chiefly in African-American usage) and Caribbean. Used for the masculine third person possessive adjective; = his adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > owning > [adjective] > own > his, her, its, or their > his or her hereOE hiseOE hers1555 himsc1700 him1780 he1833 his'n1895 1780 London Mag. Dec. 577/1 I see fore now, de tree, de flow'r he droop like Orra, surely, And den, by'm bye, dere come a show're he hold him head up purely. 1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy III. viii. 163 Den I feel him all over, and I find him pistols and him purse, which I hab here. 1869 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 140 Me pickee him teeth when berry-stones get in, and pullee de pricks out of him feet. 1904 Secret Service 9 Sept. 9/1 ‘Hold up him head, Blady,’ he said, and he pried open the boy's jaws with his skinny forefinger. 1978 Observer 4 June 3/5 Him come out of him car and him told I. 2011 K. Young Pao iv. 30 Him papa white, but his mama just some whore from West Kingston. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022). > as lemmas H.I.M. H.I.M. n. His (or Her) Imperial Majesty. extracted from Hn. < pron.n.adj.eOE as lemmas
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himpron.n.adj.

> as lemmas