inertialadj.

Brit.

/ɪˈnəːʃl/,

/ɪˈnəːʃɪəl/, U.S.

/ᵻˈnərʃəl/

Etymology: < inertia n. + -al suffix¹.

a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of inertia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > [adjective] > habitually or naturally > of or relating to inertia

inertial1849

1849 Fraser's Mag. 40 609 A weight of inertial resistance.

b. Applied to a frame of reference in which Newton's first law of motion holds, i.e. a frame in which a body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless that state is altered by an external force.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [adjective] > inertia

inertial1887

1887 Mind Jan. 151 The subsidiary conceptions which he puts forward of ‘the inertial system, the inertial scale, inertial rotation, and inertial rest’.

1914 L. Silberstein Theory of Relativity i. 5 The ‘fixed-stars’ system of reference... We will call [this]..following the modern habit, the inertial system, or sometimes, also, the Newtonian system of reference.

1918 A. S. Eddington Rep. Relativity Theory Gravitation viii. 83 The measurement of the rotation of the earth detects something of the nature of a fundamental frame of reference—at least in the part of space accessible to observation. We shall call this the ‘inertial frame’.

1924 Physical Rev. 23 543 Lange and Mach have done much to spread a relative conception of motion. Lange introduced the name ‘inertial system’.

1952 C. Møller Theory of Relativity ii. 36 The concept of simultaneity between two events in different space points consequently has an exact meaning only in relation to a given inertial system.

1953 E. T. Whittaker Hist. Theories Aether & Electr. II. v. 159 In Einstein's general theory, the velocity of light at any place has always the value c with respect to any inertial frame of reference for this neighbourhood.

1959 J. Aharoni Special Theory of Relativity i. 3 Let K be an inertial frame of reference, then, according to the principle of relativity, in every set of axes x′, y′, z′ which moves along a straight line and with constant velocity relative to K it is equally possible to adjust the clocks as in K, and all the frames of reference so obtained are inertial and are completely equivalent to each other not only with respect to the law of inertia, but also with respect to any other law or physical relation.

1970 Nature 17 Oct. 273/1 The experimental observation, by Michelson and Morley and others, of the isotropic constant velocity of light in inertial frames.

Compounds

Special collocations.

inertial guidance n. (automatic) control of the course of a vehicle or vessel by a system employing the principle of inertial navigation.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments

blind-flying1919

instrument flying1924

inertial system1952

inertial navigation1954

inertial guidance1955

1955 Aviation Age Jan. 28 (heading) Dependable inertial guidance systems can be found.

1956 Time 30 Jan. 40/1 One [guiding system]..is ‘inertial guidance’. Its heart is a subtle instrument that senses every force that acts on the flying missile... This information goes to a computer.

1958 Economist 16 Aug. 521/1 Navigation under the ice requires a further modern development—inertial guidance to replace conventional types of navigational aid which become unreliable near the pole or under water.

1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 383 The heart of the inertial guidance system is the stabilized platform with its gyroscopes and accelerometers.

inertial mass n. mass as measured by the ratio of the force on a body to the resulting rate of change of its momentum; cf. gravitational mass n. at gravitational adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > kinetics > mass measured by force or change of momentum

inertial mass1920

1920 R. W. Lawson tr. A. Einstein Relativity xix. 65 If now, as we find from experience, the acceleration is to be independent of the nature and condition of the body and always the same for a given gravitational field, then the ratio of the gravitational to the inertial mass must likewise be the same for all bodies.

1955 Sci. Amer. June 32/2 The theory of general relativity was constructed on the basis of a physical observation of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass under certain simple circumstances.

inertial navigation n. navigation in which the course of a vehicle or vessel is calculated automatically by a computer, without the need for external observations or equipment, from its acceleration at each successive moment, this being measured by accelerometers whose orientation is gyroscopically controlled.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments

blind-flying1919

instrument flying1924

inertial system1952

inertial navigation1954

inertial guidance1955

1954 Aviation Age Sept. 34/2 The idea of ‘absolute’ guidance—which evolves rather naturally from advanced work in inertial navigation—is startlingly promising.

1957 Sci. News Let. 27 Apr. 259/1 Inertial navigation is of particular importance to the military because it is jam-proof.

1969 New Scientist 28 Aug. 418/2 Inertial navigation systems..depend..on the fact that an acceleration integrated twice, gives distance run and therefore position.

inertial system n. (a) (see sense b); (b) a system for carrying out inertial guidance.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments

blind-flying1919

instrument flying1924

inertial system1952

inertial navigation1954

inertial guidance1955

1952 K. W. Gatland Devel. Guided Missile iii. 56 Attempts are being made to develop the inertial system, e.g., the technique used in the A-4 rocket.

1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 385 A possible solution to the problem of overcoming accumulated error over long flight times is an inertial system supervised by a continuous series of fixes on celestial bodies.

1970 New Scientist 1 Jan. 22/2 The inertial system, already tested by BOAC during some 500 hours of flying, has been working en route with an average error of only one nautical mile an hour.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	inertial
释义	inertialadj. Brit. /ɪˈnəːʃl/, /ɪˈnəːʃɪəl/, U.S. /ᵻˈnərʃəl/ Etymology: < inertia n. + -al suffix¹. a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of inertia. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > [adjective] > habitually or naturally > of or relating to inertia inertial1849 1849 Fraser's Mag. 40 609 A weight of inertial resistance. b. Applied to a frame of reference in which Newton's first law of motion holds, i.e. a frame in which a body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless that state is altered by an external force. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [adjective] > inertia inertial1887 1887 Mind Jan. 151 The subsidiary conceptions which he puts forward of ‘the inertial system, the inertial scale, inertial rotation, and inertial rest’. 1914 L. Silberstein Theory of Relativity i. 5 The ‘fixed-stars’ system of reference... We will call [this]..following the modern habit, the inertial system, or sometimes, also, the Newtonian system of reference. 1918 A. S. Eddington Rep. Relativity Theory Gravitation viii. 83 The measurement of the rotation of the earth detects something of the nature of a fundamental frame of reference—at least in the part of space accessible to observation. We shall call this the ‘inertial frame’. 1924 Physical Rev. 23 543 Lange and Mach have done much to spread a relative conception of motion. Lange introduced the name ‘inertial system’. 1952 C. Møller Theory of Relativity ii. 36 The concept of simultaneity between two events in different space points consequently has an exact meaning only in relation to a given inertial system. 1953 E. T. Whittaker Hist. Theories Aether & Electr. II. v. 159 In Einstein's general theory, the velocity of light at any place has always the value c with respect to any inertial frame of reference for this neighbourhood. 1959 J. Aharoni Special Theory of Relativity i. 3 Let K be an inertial frame of reference, then, according to the principle of relativity, in every set of axes x′, y′, z′ which moves along a straight line and with constant velocity relative to K it is equally possible to adjust the clocks as in K, and all the frames of reference so obtained are inertial and are completely equivalent to each other not only with respect to the law of inertia, but also with respect to any other law or physical relation. 1970 Nature 17 Oct. 273/1 The experimental observation, by Michelson and Morley and others, of the isotropic constant velocity of light in inertial frames. Compounds Special collocations. inertial guidance n. (automatic) control of the course of a vehicle or vessel by a system employing the principle of inertial navigation. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments blind-flying1919 instrument flying1924 inertial system1952 inertial navigation1954 inertial guidance1955 1955 Aviation Age Jan. 28 (heading) Dependable inertial guidance systems can be found. 1956 Time 30 Jan. 40/1 One [guiding system]..is ‘inertial guidance’. Its heart is a subtle instrument that senses every force that acts on the flying missile... This information goes to a computer. 1958 Economist 16 Aug. 521/1 Navigation under the ice requires a further modern development—inertial guidance to replace conventional types of navigational aid which become unreliable near the pole or under water. 1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 383 The heart of the inertial guidance system is the stabilized platform with its gyroscopes and accelerometers. inertial mass n. mass as measured by the ratio of the force on a body to the resulting rate of change of its momentum; cf. gravitational mass n. at gravitational adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > kinetics > mass measured by force or change of momentum inertial mass1920 1920 R. W. Lawson tr. A. Einstein Relativity xix. 65 If now, as we find from experience, the acceleration is to be independent of the nature and condition of the body and always the same for a given gravitational field, then the ratio of the gravitational to the inertial mass must likewise be the same for all bodies. 1955 Sci. Amer. June 32/2 The theory of general relativity was constructed on the basis of a physical observation of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass under certain simple circumstances. inertial navigation n. navigation in which the course of a vehicle or vessel is calculated automatically by a computer, without the need for external observations or equipment, from its acceleration at each successive moment, this being measured by accelerometers whose orientation is gyroscopically controlled. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments blind-flying1919 instrument flying1924 inertial system1952 inertial navigation1954 inertial guidance1955 1954 Aviation Age Sept. 34/2 The idea of ‘absolute’ guidance—which evolves rather naturally from advanced work in inertial navigation—is startlingly promising. 1957 Sci. News Let. 27 Apr. 259/1 Inertial navigation is of particular importance to the military because it is jam-proof. 1969 New Scientist 28 Aug. 418/2 Inertial navigation systems..depend..on the fact that an acceleration integrated twice, gives distance run and therefore position. inertial system n. (a) (see sense b); (b) a system for carrying out inertial guidance. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > navigation of course of aircraft > [noun] > by instruments blind-flying1919 instrument flying1924 inertial system1952 inertial navigation1954 inertial guidance1955 1952 K. W. Gatland Devel. Guided Missile iii. 56 Attempts are being made to develop the inertial system, e.g., the technique used in the A-4 rocket. 1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 385 A possible solution to the problem of overcoming accumulated error over long flight times is an inertial system supervised by a continuous series of fixes on celestial bodies. 1970 New Scientist 1 Jan. 22/2 The inertial system, already tested by BOAC during some 500 hours of flying, has been working en route with an average error of only one nautical mile an hour. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1849
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