litho-comb. form

1845 R. Ford Hand-bk. Travellers in Spain I. iii. 361 This new style of printing in gold and colours on stone, this ‘Lithochrysography and Lithocromatography’.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Lithocol, the Cement with which the Stones are fastned, when they are cut, under the Grindstone; made of Pitch, Resin, and old Brick.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Lithocolla.

1946 M. Kay in Progr. Rep. Res. Comm. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 15 Jan. 4 The forms present in any population are influenced by age, but also by habitat reflected in lithology (lithofacies).

1949 R. C. Moore in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIX. 16 It seems clear that ‘facies’ should not be used in double manner to refer also to this type of differentiation, and I suggest the term ‘lithofacies’..as appropriate for such meaning.

1949 R. C. Moore in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIX. 32 The rock record of any sedimentary environment, including both physical and organic characters, is designated by the term ‘lithofacies’.

1958 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 42 2729 The term lithofacies seems to have been introduced by the Russian geologist Eberzin (1940: fide Markevich, 1957). When and by whom it was launched in America is not clear from available references. Soon after 1945 it appeared in publications and was used in the sense given above.

1968 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 92/1 (heading) Braided stream lithofacies.

1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 805/1 Lithofellic acid.

1844 G. Fownes Man. Elem. Chem. 520 Oriental bezoar-stones..consist essentially of..lithofellinic acid.

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Lithofracteur.

1883 Times 24 Nov. 7 Dynamite, lithofracteur, or any similar nitro-glycerine compounds.

1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Lithogenesis, the production or origin of minerals or rocks; lithogenesy.

1934 ‘H. MacDiarmid’ Stony Limits 62 All is lithogenesis—or lochia,..Stones blacker than any in the Caaba.

1937 S. W. Wooldridge & R. S. Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. vi. 82 The period of lithogenesis, during which the rocks later to form the range are accumulated.

1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation 405 The cycle of geological phenomena comprises lithogenesis or petrogenesis, orogenesis, then glyptogenesis.

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Lithogenesy, the doctrine or science of the origin of minerals composing the globe, and of the causes which have produced their form and distribution. Dict. Nat. Hist.

1832 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 2) II. 288 The operations of lithogenous polyps.

1888 J. J. H. Teall Brit. Petrogr. 437 Lithogeny, that department of petrology which treats of the formation of rocks.

1958 Contrib. Cushman Found. Foraminiferal Res. IX. 106/2 The Illinois cyclothem comprises a widely consistent, repetitious succession of rock types whose lithogeny records the environmental changes of the place and time in considerable detail. Various aspects of the lithogenesis, biology, and ecology of the sedimentary units in the Illinois and related kinds of cyclothems have been described.

1846 F. Brittan tr. J. F. Malgaigne Man. Operative Surg. 534 Push the external canula as far forwards as possible on the litholabe.

1731 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Litholabon.

1878 Bigelow in Trans. London Clin. Soc. 12 24 This method, which I have called litholapaxy, its peculiar feature being evacuation.

1891 B. S. Colyer-Fergusson tr. P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye Man. Sci. Relig. xii. 89 Tree worship is as widely spread as litholatry.

1856 R. Druitt Surgeon's Vade Mecum (ed. 7) iv. xx. 576 Litholysis, or solution of stone.

1860 Lancet 25 Aug. 185 (title) Calculus in the Bladder treated by Litholysis.

1876 S. W. Gross Gross's Pract. Treat. Dis. Bladder (ed. 3) i. ix. 221 Litholysis.

1842 R. Willis Stone in Bladder i. 30 The stone in the bladder was caught..by means of a lithometer.

1884 M. Beck Erichsen's Sci. & Art Surg. (ed. 8) II. lxix. 990 Lithometer Sound for measuring Stone.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 257 An osseous or almost stony mass, which has been distinguished by the name of osteopœdion or lithopœdion [sic].

1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 195 The lithopædium of extra-uterine gestation.

1828–32 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Lithophagous.

1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 704/1 The lithophagous..Conchifera.

1827 Mirror I. 8 There was brought to Avignon a true lithophagus, or stone-eater.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. Gloss. Lithophagi, molluscous animals which bore into solid stones.

1947 M. Penkala European Porcelain 32 The lithophane process..involved the use of white biscuit plaques of varying thickness.

1960 R. G. Haggar Conc. Encycl. Continental Pottery & Porcelain 269/1 Some of the German porcelain factories made effective use of the lithophane for lamp shades and sconces.

1970 G. Savage Dict. Antiques 244/2 Lithophanes were first modelled in translucent wax, the object of the craftsman being to remove sufficient wax to give the desired amount of light transmission, building up his picture from dark and light passages.

1828 Specif. Patent 5626 Lithophanic china.

1861 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 24 May 500/2 A process known as lithophany, or transparent china, or biscuit slabs.

1866 W. Chaffers Marks & Monograms Pottery & Porcelain (ed. 2) 431 At the Berlin manufactory Lithophanie was invented.

1904 E. Dillon Porcelain xvi. 264 Another application of porcelain was to the ‘transparencies’ or lithophanie, in which the design, as seen by transmitted light, was given by variations in the thickness of the paste.

1923 Mineral. Abstr. II. 159 Corresponding with the zones of the earth postulated in the preceding papers, the chemical elements are divided into four main groups: (1) Siderophil elements..; (2) Chalcophil elements..; (3) Lithophil elements of silicate fusions (O, Si, Ti, F, Cl, Al, Ce, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, V, &c.); (4) Atmophil elements.

1950 K. Rankama & T. G. Sahama Geochem. iv. 91 The lithophile metals form ions of the noble-gas type having 8 electrons in the outermost shell.

1965 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 598 Goldschmidt quoted the following elements: Fe Co Ni [etc.]..as concentrating in terrestrial sulphides (chalcophil) rather than in silicates (lithophil).

1973 Nature 28 Sept. 204/1 The entry into or rejection of lithophile ions from silicate lattices is dependent on size and valency inter alia.

1971 Nature 27 Aug. 606/1 Elements like Be and Th..are strongly lithophilic under both crustal and mantle conditions.

1854 F. W. Fairholt Dict. Terms Art Lithophotography, the modern art of producing prints from lithographic stones, by means of photographic pictures developed on their surface.

1892 Athenæum 21 May 670/3 The Lithophyses in the Obsidian of the Rocche Rosse, Lipari.

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 551/2 Lithopone.

1901 G. H. Hurst Dict. Chemicals 226 Lithopone, the name given to a white pigment, consisting of a mixture of zinc sulphide, zinc oxide, and barium sulphate.

1902 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 31 Mar. 427/1 ‘Lithopone’ is prepared by mixing together solutions of barium sulphide and zinc sulphate, the precipitate of ZnS,BaSO₄ being then washed, dried, and ignited.

1902 Board of Trade Jrnl. 6 Feb. 258 The white paint known as ‘lithopone’, consisting of sulphate of baryta and sulphuretted zinc.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 16 Aug. 10/2 The manufacture and sale of..‘Lithopone’, a product which advantageously takes the place of white lead and white of zinc.

1920 Contemp. Rev. Jan. 20 Lithopone..is needed for linoleum. It is needed for white paint.

1923 U. R. Evans Metals & Metallic Compounds II. 156 Lithopone is a comparatively cheap pigment, and is much used for flat wall paints and the cheaper grade of enamel paints.

1961 J. P. Casey Pulp & Paper (ed. 2) III. xx. 1830 Lithopone has been known to cause trouble in coated offset papers by reacting with the acid in the fountain water.

1693 E. Lhuyd Let. 18 Apr. in Gentleman's Mag. (1822) 92 i. 318 I have been all this while expecting the return of our Lithoscopist.

1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession ix. 182 While the surfaces of rock and of dune-sand may be almost equally dry, the differences of hardness and stability result in very dissimilar adseres. These may be distinguished as lithoseres..and psammoseres.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xi. 325 As a characteristic xerosere we will take a lithosere initiated on bare rock.

1939 U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1938 1171 Lithosols (skeletal soils), an azonal group of soils having no clearly expressed soil morphology and consisting of a freshly and imperfectly weathered mass of rock fragments.

1968 H. C. T. Stace et al. Handbk. Austral. Soils iii. 35 Lithosols are found throughout Australia wherever natural erosion has been active enough to maintain a thin soil cover.

1887 Times 6 Sept. 11/3 The form of the lithosphere and the material of its surface.

1893 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 3) 38 (heading) The solid globe or lithosphere.

1900 Appletons' Pop. Sci. Monthly Feb. 436 Thus were formed the oceanic basin and the continental arches of the lithosphere.

1910 P. Lake & R. H. Rastall Text-bk. Geol. i. 8 The Lithosphere or solid part of the earth, so far as it is open to our inspection, consists of rocks.

1950 K. Rankama & T. G. Sahama Geochem. ii. 32 The Sial crust, which is the surface layer of the silicate shell of the Earth (the lithosphere), is composed of three groups of rocks of different origin.

1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iv. 222 The water content of the major part of the lithosphere, the great mantle of ultrabasic rock which composes most of the earth, is unknown.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xvi. 248/1 As a result of seismological studies, it has been realised that the Earth's outermost skin, or lithosphere, which exhibits appreciable strength and rigidity, extends well beneath both continental and oceanic crusts to depths of 50 or even 100 km.

1973 M. W. McElhinny Palaeomagnetism & Plate Tectonics v. 156 In this ‘new global tectonics’.., now generally referred to as Plate Tectonics, it is supposed that a mobile, near-surface layer of strength (the lithosphere) plays a key role... The lithosphere, which generally includes the crust and uppermost mantle, has significant strength, and is of the order of 100 km thickness. The asthenosphere, which is a layer of effectively no strength on the appropriate time scale, extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of several hundred kilometres.

1970 Nature 5 Sept. 1016/1 At ridge crests the lithospheric plates are thinned by the elevation of the geotherms as a result of mantle upwelling and emplacement.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xi. 153 (caption) Biospheric, lithospheric and atmospheric evolution on the primitive Earth.

1950 Bull. Amer. Petroleum Geologists 34 2365 Our repeated efforts to treat stage and zone as true time-stratigraphic units have met with failure. Since these are biostratigraphic or lithostratigraphic in character.. we have no logical choice but to place them also in a category by themselves.

1970 Earth-Sci. Rev. 6 270 The formation is the fundamental unit in lithostratigraphic classification.

1964 J. Challinor Dict. Geol. (ed. 2) 144/2 Lithostratigraphical unit.

1969 Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 141 For the description of stratified rocks lithostratigraphical procedure is already generally agreed.

1956 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 40 2711 (heading) Factors in lithostratigraphy.

1969 Proc. Geol. Soc. Aug. 155 The boundaries between stages are based on biostratigraphy where possible, and on lithostratigraphy otherwise.

1870 S. Baring-Gould Origin Relig. Belief II. i. 16 There has been an astrotheology, a lithotheology, a petinotheology [etc.].

1892 A. B. Bruce Apologetics i. v. 117 Books appeared on bronto-theology, seismo-theology, litho-theology, phyto-theology.

1843 Harding & Hall Baron. Halls Eng. Pref. The prints which illustrate this work are executed in Lithotint,..that is to say, they are drawn on stone with the brush.

1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. (1856) xxii. 171 Lieutenant Brown, whose admirably artistic sketches I had seen in Haghe's lithotints.

1938 Archit. Rev. 84 177/3 Hullmandel's lithotint process, patented in 1840,..used a resin solution..which could be painted on to the polished tint stone so that it printed a modulated, instead of a flat tint.

1969 D. Bland Hist. Bk. Illustr. (ed. 2) vii. 250 The forerunner of the chromo-lithograph was the lithotint.

1969 D. Bland Hist. Bk. Illustr. (ed. 2) vii. 251 One of the best litho-tinted books is Original Views of London as it is (1842).

1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) II. xxii. 87 It is safer to attribute lithuria to dyspepsia.