lovagen.¹

Brit.

/ˈlʌvɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈləvɪdʒ/

Forms: Middle English lange (transmission error), Middle English laueche, Middle English lofage, Middle English longe (transmission error), Middle English louache, Middle English loueache, Middle English loufache, Middle English louge, Middle English lovache, Middle English loveache, Middle English 1700s– loveage, Middle English–1600s louage, Middle English– lovage, 1500s–1600s leuish, 1500s–1600s liuish, 1500s–1600s louach, 1500s–1600s loueach, 1600s lovach, 1600s loveach; also Scottish pre-1700 leauage, pre-1700 leuage, pre-1700 luffage.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French luvasche, levesche.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman luvasche, luvache, luvesche, lovasche, lovache, loveche, lovesche, lovesch, livesche and Middle French levesche, luvesche, livesche (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman; French livèche ) < post-classical Latin levisticum (4th cent.; also as levisticus , libestica , libisticum , libusticum , livisticum , lovesticum , lubestica , luvesticum , from 11th cent. in British and German sources), probably an alteration of classical Latin ligusticum , apparently denoting the same plant (compare Hellenistic Greek Λιγυστικόν bastard lovage), use as noun of neuter of Ligusticus Ligurian < ancient Greek Λιγυστικός Ligurian < Λίγυς Ligurian (see Ligurian adj.) + -τικός , extended form of -ικός -ic suffix (the -τ- belonging originally to verbal adjectives in -τός ). The Anglo-Norman forms in -ache , -asche probably show folk-etymological alteration after ache , asche ache n.² There seems no compelling reason for assuming (as is often done) that the English word itself shows folk-etymological alteration after love n.¹ and ache n.², although the ending of the word may show remodelling after words in -age suffix. However, folk-etymological alteration of the same Latin word after love n.¹ (and probably also stitch n.¹) is probably shown by Old English lufestice; compare also (with different second elements) Old Saxon luƀesteko, lubistekul (Middle Low German lübbestock), Old High German lubistehhal, lubistehho, lubistec, etc. (Middle High German lübestecke, also liebstockel, German Liebstöckel). Compare also Italian levistico (13th cent.), †libistico (16th cent. or earlier), and ( < Middle French) Middle Dutch levesche (Dutch lavas).Post-classical Latin Ligusticum was adopted by Linnaeus as the name of the British genus, and the name Levisticum was given to the south European genus. Quot. c1300 at sense 1 can probably be taken as showing the Middle English rather than the Anglo-Norman word, as it stands alongside several other distinctively English plant name forms.

1. A perennial southern European herb, Levisticum officinale (family Apiaceae ( Umbelliferae)), commonly used as a herb or flavouring for culinary purposes, or (esp. formerly) as a domestic remedy. Also (now usually with distinguishing word): any of various plants belonging to the related genus Ligusticum, esp. L. scotium (= Scotch lovage n. at Scotch adj. and n.³ Compounds 4).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > medicinal and culinary plants > medicinal and culinary plant or part of plant > [noun] > lovage

luvestichec1000

lovagec1300

libstick1688

Scotch lovage1731

Scotch parsley1774

smellage1836

sea-parsley1843

osha1889

c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 260 In qua herbe bone sint cocte videlicet feniculum, heyove, lovage, chikynmet, walwort.

c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) 109 (MED) Þe Lilye, þe louache [?a1425 Huntington loveache, c1450 Calig. louge, ?c1450 Morgan M 818 louage], launsyng wiþ leue.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 18 Take a handfulle of herb lovache.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 41^v Necessarie herbes to growe in the garden for Phisick... Louage for the stone.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 30 As for Loueach or Liuish, it..loueth alone to grow of it self among the mountains of Liguria.

1673 N. Grew Acct. Vegetation of Roots in Idea Phytol. Hist. 113 The Vessels run not in a straight line betwixt them, but are reciprocally inclined so, as to touch upon them, as in Lovage is visible.

1735 P. Miller Gardener's Dict. at Ligusticum Gracum..Greek Loveage, with a parsely leaf.

1784 J. Twamley Dairying Exemplified 94 Among many that might be mentioned the following herbs are very salutary,..lovage, agrimony, [etc.].

1840 C. Dewey Massachussetts Flowering Plants 18 Ligusticum Scoticum, Lovage of the gardens, is naturalized near Boston and New Bedford.

1889 Amer. Naturalist 23 667 Lovage..is yet to be rarely found in gardens.

1912 M. G. Kains Culinary Herbs 99 Lovage (Levisticum officinale..), a perennial native of the Mediterranean region.

1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 220 At one time Lovage was picked off the seaside rocks in Scotland and eaten against scurvy, but it makes rather a poor vegetable.

2004 New Yorker 11 Oct. 70/3 More recently, Butters hired two seasonal farmhands..to help maintain the gardens, where she grows..sunchokes, lovage..and Asian pears.

2. With distinguishing word: any of various plants of other genera of the family Apiaceae, thought to resemble lovage in some way.bastard, black, Lombardy, water lovage: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Umbelliferae (umbellifers) > [noun] > other umbellifers

hemlocka700

petroselinumOE

parsleya1300

wild parsleya1300

parsnip1538

lovage1548

hartwort1562

meadow parsnip1562

ass-parsley1598

honewort1633

alexanders1637

dead-tongue1688

ajowan1773

Arracacha1823

pepper saxifrage1824

mock bishop-weed1848

pepper-and-salt1861

square parsley1866

ass's parsley1879

1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. G.iiij Smyrnium..maye be called in englishe blacke Louage.

1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. Ei I haue sene it in Italy, but no where els. It maye be called in englishe Lumbardy Louage.

1563 T. Hill Arte Gardening (1593) 62 Lumbardie Louage.

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 892 Siler montanum officinarum. Bastard Louage.

1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) ii. 1060 The roots of this plant..are dayly by the ignorant women in Cheape-side sold..by the name of water Louage.

1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. i. 25/1 The Pouder of the Seeds of Hartwort, or Bastard Lovage, mixt with Sugar of Roses, being given before.

1793 C. Milne Indigenous Bot. I. 390 Women..who supply the apothecaries with physical herbs vended this pernicious root [of Oenanthe crocata] under the name of Water Lovage.

1835 W. Baxter Brit. Phænogamous Bot. II. §160 Œnanthe Crocata. Hemlock Water-dropwort. Dead Tongue. Five-fingered Root. Water Lovage.

1982 K. N. Sanecki Discovering Herbs (ed. 3) 17 Smyrnium olusatrum (Umbelliferae) Alisanders, black lovage, black pot herb... The mop heads of flowers resemble those of angelica so strongly that sometimes the two plants are confused.

1995 A. E. Bender & D. A. Bender Dict. Food & Nutrition 11 at Alexanders A herb, black lovage (Smyrnium olisatrum) with a celery-like flavour.

Compounds

General attributive, as lovage root, lovage seed, etc.

ΚΠ

c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 76 Also tak lange [read: lauge] wortis, hony & rye mele, & mak an enplaster and lay to þe sare.

c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 125 Loueache seed.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxv^v/1 Drynke noo stronge ale and vse louach see[d] & letews.

1577 Hill's Gardeners Labyrinth ii. xxxvi. 170 If anye drinke a quantitie of the Louage seedes, in wine fasting, procureth the person to purge both vpward and downeward.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. iv. i. vi. 479 Refrigerate the face, by washing it often with rose, violet, nenuphar, lettice, louage waters and the like.

1662 Culpeper's Directory for Midwives: 2nd Pt. 113 Take Lovage roots, Piony, Angelica, [etc.].

1727 E. Strother tr. P. Hermann Materia Medica I. vi. 304 (title of section) Semina Levistici, Lovage Seed.

1782 J. Stewart Plocacosmos iii. 349 Rose water, juniper water, elder water, lovage water.

1876 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. VI. 169 The vegetable diuretics, such as lovage root.

1941 Isis 33 518 Vinidarius lists lovage seed as one of the stock spices which every cook should have on hand.

1996 J. Lanchester Debt to Pleasure (1997) 99 There is a category of soup that attains a robustness one doesn't expect, a density of flavour and often of texture—almond soup, pea soup, lovage soup, etc.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lovage
释义	lovagen.¹ Brit. /ˈlʌvɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈləvɪdʒ/ Forms: Middle English lange (transmission error), Middle English laueche, Middle English lofage, Middle English longe (transmission error), Middle English louache, Middle English loueache, Middle English loufache, Middle English louge, Middle English lovache, Middle English loveache, Middle English 1700s– loveage, Middle English–1600s louage, Middle English– lovage, 1500s–1600s leuish, 1500s–1600s liuish, 1500s–1600s louach, 1500s–1600s loueach, 1600s lovach, 1600s loveach; also Scottish pre-1700 leauage, pre-1700 leuage, pre-1700 luffage. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French luvasche, levesche. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman luvasche, luvache, luvesche, lovasche, lovache, loveche, lovesche, lovesch, livesche and Middle French levesche, luvesche, livesche (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman; French livèche ) < post-classical Latin levisticum (4th cent.; also as levisticus , libestica , libisticum , libusticum , livisticum , lovesticum , lubestica , luvesticum , from 11th cent. in British and German sources), probably an alteration of classical Latin ligusticum , apparently denoting the same plant (compare Hellenistic Greek Λιγυστικόν bastard lovage), use as noun of neuter of Ligusticus Ligurian < ancient Greek Λιγυστικός Ligurian < Λίγυς Ligurian (see Ligurian adj.) + -τικός , extended form of -ικός -ic suffix (the -τ- belonging originally to verbal adjectives in -τός ). The Anglo-Norman forms in -ache , -asche probably show folk-etymological alteration after ache , asche ache n.² There seems no compelling reason for assuming (as is often done) that the English word itself shows folk-etymological alteration after love n.¹ and ache n.², although the ending of the word may show remodelling after words in -age suffix. However, folk-etymological alteration of the same Latin word after love n.¹ (and probably also stitch n.¹) is probably shown by Old English lufestice; compare also (with different second elements) Old Saxon luƀesteko, lubistekul (Middle Low German lübbestock), Old High German lubistehhal, lubistehho, lubistec, etc. (Middle High German lübestecke, also liebstockel, German Liebstöckel). Compare also Italian levistico (13th cent.), †libistico (16th cent. or earlier), and ( < Middle French) Middle Dutch levesche (Dutch lavas).Post-classical Latin Ligusticum was adopted by Linnaeus as the name of the British genus, and the name Levisticum was given to the south European genus. Quot. c1300 at sense 1 can probably be taken as showing the Middle English rather than the Anglo-Norman word, as it stands alongside several other distinctively English plant name forms. 1. A perennial southern European herb, Levisticum officinale (family Apiaceae ( Umbelliferae)), commonly used as a herb or flavouring for culinary purposes, or (esp. formerly) as a domestic remedy. Also (now usually with distinguishing word): any of various plants belonging to the related genus Ligusticum, esp. L. scotium (= Scotch lovage n. at Scotch adj. and n.³ Compounds 4). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > medicinal and culinary plants > medicinal and culinary plant or part of plant > [noun] > lovage luvestichec1000 lovagec1300 libstick1688 Scotch lovage1731 Scotch parsley1774 smellage1836 sea-parsley1843 osha1889 c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 260 In qua herbe bone sint cocte videlicet feniculum, heyove, lovage, chikynmet, walwort. c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) 109 (MED) Þe Lilye, þe louache [?a1425 Huntington loveache, c1450 Calig. louge, ?c1450 Morgan M 818 louage], launsyng wiþ leue. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 18 Take a handfulle of herb lovache. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 41^v Necessarie herbes to growe in the garden for Phisick... Louage for the stone. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 30 As for Loueach or Liuish, it..loueth alone to grow of it self among the mountains of Liguria. 1673 N. Grew Acct. Vegetation of Roots in Idea Phytol. Hist. 113 The Vessels run not in a straight line betwixt them, but are reciprocally inclined so, as to touch upon them, as in Lovage is visible. 1735 P. Miller Gardener's Dict. at Ligusticum Gracum..Greek Loveage, with a parsely leaf. 1784 J. Twamley Dairying Exemplified 94 Among many that might be mentioned the following herbs are very salutary,..lovage, agrimony, [etc.]. 1840 C. Dewey Massachussetts Flowering Plants 18 Ligusticum Scoticum, Lovage of the gardens, is naturalized near Boston and New Bedford. 1889 Amer. Naturalist 23 667 Lovage..is yet to be rarely found in gardens. 1912 M. G. Kains Culinary Herbs 99 Lovage (Levisticum officinale..), a perennial native of the Mediterranean region. 1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 220 At one time Lovage was picked off the seaside rocks in Scotland and eaten against scurvy, but it makes rather a poor vegetable. 2004 New Yorker 11 Oct. 70/3 More recently, Butters hired two seasonal farmhands..to help maintain the gardens, where she grows..sunchokes, lovage..and Asian pears. 2. With distinguishing word: any of various plants of other genera of the family Apiaceae, thought to resemble lovage in some way.bastard, black, Lombardy, water lovage: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Umbelliferae (umbellifers) > [noun] > other umbellifers hemlocka700 petroselinumOE parsleya1300 wild parsleya1300 parsnip1538 lovage1548 hartwort1562 meadow parsnip1562 ass-parsley1598 honewort1633 alexanders1637 dead-tongue1688 ajowan1773 Arracacha1823 pepper saxifrage1824 mock bishop-weed1848 pepper-and-salt1861 square parsley1866 ass's parsley1879 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. G.iiij Smyrnium..maye be called in englishe blacke Louage. 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. Ei I haue sene it in Italy, but no where els. It maye be called in englishe Lumbardy Louage. 1563 T. Hill Arte Gardening (1593) 62 Lumbardie Louage. 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 892 Siler montanum officinarum. Bastard Louage. 1633 T. Johnson Gerard's Herball (new ed.) ii. 1060 The roots of this plant..are dayly by the ignorant women in Cheape-side sold..by the name of water Louage. 1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. i. 25/1 The Pouder of the Seeds of Hartwort, or Bastard Lovage, mixt with Sugar of Roses, being given before. 1793 C. Milne Indigenous Bot. I. 390 Women..who supply the apothecaries with physical herbs vended this pernicious root [of Oenanthe crocata] under the name of Water Lovage. 1835 W. Baxter Brit. Phænogamous Bot. II. §160 Œnanthe Crocata. Hemlock Water-dropwort. Dead Tongue. Five-fingered Root. Water Lovage. 1982 K. N. Sanecki Discovering Herbs (ed. 3) 17 Smyrnium olusatrum (Umbelliferae) Alisanders, black lovage, black pot herb... The mop heads of flowers resemble those of angelica so strongly that sometimes the two plants are confused. 1995 A. E. Bender & D. A. Bender Dict. Food & Nutrition 11 at Alexanders A herb, black lovage (Smyrnium olisatrum) with a celery-like flavour. Compounds General attributive, as lovage root, lovage seed, etc. ΚΠ c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 76 Also tak lange [read: lauge] wortis, hony & rye mele, & mak an enplaster and lay to þe sare. c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 125 Loueache seed. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxv^v/1 Drynke noo stronge ale and vse louach see[d] & letews. 1577 Hill's Gardeners Labyrinth ii. xxxvi. 170 If anye drinke a quantitie of the Louage seedes, in wine fasting, procureth the person to purge both vpward and downeward. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. iv. i. vi. 479 Refrigerate the face, by washing it often with rose, violet, nenuphar, lettice, louage waters and the like. 1662 Culpeper's Directory for Midwives: 2nd Pt. 113 Take Lovage roots, Piony, Angelica, [etc.]. 1727 E. Strother tr. P. Hermann Materia Medica I. vi. 304 (title of section) Semina Levistici, Lovage Seed. 1782 J. Stewart Plocacosmos iii. 349 Rose water, juniper water, elder water, lovage water. 1876 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. VI. 169 The vegetable diuretics, such as lovage root. 1941 Isis 33 518 Vinidarius lists lovage seed as one of the stock spices which every cook should have on hand. 1996 J. Lanchester Debt to Pleasure (1997) 99 There is a category of soup that attains a robustness one doesn't expect, a density of flavour and often of texture—almond soup, pea soup, lovage soup, etc. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † lovagen.² Forms: 1500s louage, 1500s lowage; Scottish pre-1700 lovage. Origin: Probably formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: love v.², -age suffix. Etymology: Probably < love v.² + -age suffix.It seems less likely that the forms below arose from misinterpretation of a form *louange borrowed < Middle French louange (see loange n.), with misapprehension of a mark of suspension representing the -n-. Obsolete. Praise, honour. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > [noun] lofeOE heryingc897 lovingeOE hereworda1100 pricec1225 laudc1384 magnifyingc1384 allowancec1390 loange1390 lof-wordc1390 roosec1390 commendation1393 commendinga1400 presa1400 commendmentc1400 praisea1425 roosinga1425 lauding1489 lovage1489 laudationa1500 magnificationa1500 predication1528 extolling1558 advancement1564 celebrating1573 plauda1593 applause1600 extolment1604 panegyric1613 collaudation1623 commendatinga1625 say-well1629 renown1631 euge1658 extollation1661 eulogy1725 acclaim1759 eulogism1761 encomium1785 eulogium1803 commemoration1823 glorification1850 laudification1890 bualadh bos1908 kudos to ——1936 1489 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1869) I. 58 Thair petitioun was consonant to ressoun and to the lovage of God. 1500 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1869) I. 80 Desyrand for the lovage of God..that [etc.]. 1522 State P. Hen. VIII VI. 102 He shall..attayne moche lowage amonges all goode Cristen people. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. i. 1 I..wyll treat and recorde an hystory of great louage and prayse. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.¹c1300n.²1489
随便看	relivable relive relived reliver relivery relives reliving relleno rellenos rellie rellmouse rello reload reloadable reloaded reloader reloaders reloading reloads reloan reloaned reloaning reloans relocatable relocate

lovagen.1

Compounds

† lovagen.2

lovagen.¹

† lovagen.²