needfiren.

Brit.

/ˈniːdfʌɪə/, U.S.

/ˈnidˌfaɪ(ə)r/, Scottish English

/ˈnidfaɪr/

Forms: 1600s nedfire, 1800s– needfire (English regional (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 nedfire, pre-1700 needfyr, pre-1700 neidfyre, pre-1700 neydfyre, pre-1700 1700s–1800s neidfire, pre-1700 1700s– needfire.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: need n.¹, fire n.

Etymology: < need n.¹ + fire n. Compare German Notfeuer , †Nothfeuer in senses 2 and 3. With sense 2 compare also Middle Low German nōtvūr (German regional (Low German) Notfüer ), Middle High German nōtviur ; compare also Norwegian (Nynorsk) naudeld , (Bokmål) naudeld , naueld , nødeld , etc., Swedish (regional) nödeld , (see eld n.¹), and Scottish Gaelic teine-éigin ( < teine fire + éigin force, necessity). With sense 3 compare also Old Saxon niedfyr, niedfeor, neidfyr, nōdfiur.It is unclear whether the semantic parallels for senses 3 and, more strikingly, sense 2 should be taken as indicating that the English word is much earlier than its earliest attestations would suggest, or whether instead in these senses it is in fact a calque on a form in another language. Sense 1 does not appear to be attested outside English. With sense 2 compare neats-fire recorded in Sc. National Dict. s.v. needfire n., and apparently arising by confusion with neat n.¹

Chiefly Scottish.

†1. Scottish. Spontaneous combustion. In early use only in to take needfire. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [noun] > going or setting on fire > going on fire > spontaneously

needfire1531

spontaneous combustion1795

self-combustion1800

1531 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Chron. Scotl. (1941) II. x. xii. 50 His staff tuke neyd fyre, and mycht be slokynnit be na crafft.

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) 33001 That tyme his stalf, in presens of thame all, It tuik neidfyre richt thair into his hand.

1669 R. Fleming Fulfilling Script. 57 Ere ever they were aware hath taken lyfe, and needfire with a Word.

1804 J. Hogg Poems (1865) 79 While neid-fire kyndlit in hys ee.

c1830 Proc. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club (1916) 60 If the Elleree see sparks of fire (neidfire) falling on any person.

2. Scottish and English regional (northern). Fire obtained from dry wood by means of violent friction, formerly credited with various magical properties, esp. in protecting cattle from disease.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > veterinary medicine and surgery > [noun] > medicines or applications > medicines or applications for cattle

needfire1633

nossro-tree1686

shrew-ash1776

rumacin1863

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > fire obtained by friction

needfire1633

will-fire1826

friction-fire1865

1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. 21 Sacrilegious fires, called Nedfire or Bonefires, with all other Heathenish Obseruations, and Ceremonies.

1644 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 51 It was regraited by Mr. Robert Watsone that ther vas neid fyre raysed vithin his parochin..for the curing of cattell.

1669 in T. Bell Rec. Exercise of Alford (1897) 144 The ministers [at Towie and Strathdon] were ordained to discharg their peopl from raising of needfyr (as they called it).

1702 in J. Maidment Analecta Scotica (1834) I. 64 I thought to have given you an account also of the Highlanders forced, or (as they call it) need fire.

1812 J. Henderson Gen. View Agric. Caithness xiv. 200 In those days [c1785] when the stock of any considerable farmer was seized with the murrain, he would send for one of the charm doctors to superintend the raising of a need-fire.

1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 695/2 In various parts of the Scottish Highlands, the raising of needfire was practised not long ago.

1895 F. T. Elworthy Evil Eye 64 It was usual to drive cattle through the needfire as a preservative against disease.

1910 W. G. Collingwood Dutch Agnes (?1931) 107 The needfire is always a sight to see, when beasts and lads..leap through the smoke.

1966 G. E. Evans Pattern under Plough iv. 57 In Scotland the need-fire was never re-kindled with steel and flint but by the old method of rubbing wood against wood.

3. A beacon, a bonfire.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon

beacon1377

lightc1425

firebome1440

bale1455

cresset-light1525

flambeau1688

coal-light1775

bale-fire1805

needfire1805

ward-fire1859

beaconage1862

fanal-

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iii. xxix. 86 The ready page, with hurried hand, Awaked the need-fire's slumbering brand.

1844 M. A. Richardson Local Historian's Table Bk. Legendary Div. II. 15 The far distant need-fire or beacon light proclaimed the approach of foes.

1865 C. M. Yonge Dove in Eagle's Nest vi Each..article of rubbish that had been in reserve for the needfire.

1949 W. S. Graham White Threshold in Coll. Poems (1979) 78 I see shorefire and needfire burn Buried far out in island air.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	needfire
释义	needfiren. Brit. /ˈniːdfʌɪə/, U.S. /ˈnidˌfaɪ(ə)r/, Scottish English /ˈnidfaɪr/ Forms: 1600s nedfire, 1800s– needfire (English regional (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 nedfire, pre-1700 needfyr, pre-1700 neidfyre, pre-1700 neydfyre, pre-1700 1700s–1800s neidfire, pre-1700 1700s– needfire. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: need n.¹, fire n. Etymology: < need n.¹ + fire n. Compare German Notfeuer , †Nothfeuer in senses 2 and 3. With sense 2 compare also Middle Low German nōtvūr (German regional (Low German) Notfüer ), Middle High German nōtviur ; compare also Norwegian (Nynorsk) naudeld , (Bokmål) naudeld , naueld , nødeld , etc., Swedish (regional) nödeld , (see eld n.¹), and Scottish Gaelic teine-éigin ( < teine fire + éigin force, necessity). With sense 3 compare also Old Saxon niedfyr, niedfeor, neidfyr, nōdfiur.It is unclear whether the semantic parallels for senses 3 and, more strikingly, sense 2 should be taken as indicating that the English word is much earlier than its earliest attestations would suggest, or whether instead in these senses it is in fact a calque on a form in another language. Sense 1 does not appear to be attested outside English. With sense 2 compare neats-fire recorded in Sc. National Dict. s.v. needfire n., and apparently arising by confusion with neat n.¹ Chiefly Scottish. †1. Scottish. Spontaneous combustion. In early use only in to take needfire. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [noun] > going or setting on fire > going on fire > spontaneously needfire1531 spontaneous combustion1795 self-combustion1800 1531 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Chron. Scotl. (1941) II. x. xii. 50 His staff tuke neyd fyre, and mycht be slokynnit be na crafft. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) 33001 That tyme his stalf, in presens of thame all, It tuik neidfyre richt thair into his hand. 1669 R. Fleming Fulfilling Script. 57 Ere ever they were aware hath taken lyfe, and needfire with a Word. 1804 J. Hogg Poems (1865) 79 While neid-fire kyndlit in hys ee. c1830 Proc. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club (1916) 60 If the Elleree see sparks of fire (neidfire) falling on any person. 2. Scottish and English regional (northern). Fire obtained from dry wood by means of violent friction, formerly credited with various magical properties, esp. in protecting cattle from disease. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > veterinary medicine and surgery > [noun] > medicines or applications > medicines or applications for cattle needfire1633 nossro-tree1686 shrew-ash1776 rumacin1863 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > fire obtained by friction needfire1633 will-fire1826 friction-fire1865 1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. 21 Sacrilegious fires, called Nedfire or Bonefires, with all other Heathenish Obseruations, and Ceremonies. 1644 in J. Stuart Extracts Presbytery Bk. Strathbogie (1843) 51 It was regraited by Mr. Robert Watsone that ther vas neid fyre raysed vithin his parochin..for the curing of cattell. 1669 in T. Bell Rec. Exercise of Alford (1897) 144 The ministers [at Towie and Strathdon] were ordained to discharg their peopl from raising of needfyr (as they called it). 1702 in J. Maidment Analecta Scotica (1834) I. 64 I thought to have given you an account also of the Highlanders forced, or (as they call it) need fire. 1812 J. Henderson Gen. View Agric. Caithness xiv. 200 In those days [c1785] when the stock of any considerable farmer was seized with the murrain, he would send for one of the charm doctors to superintend the raising of a need-fire. 1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 695/2 In various parts of the Scottish Highlands, the raising of needfire was practised not long ago. 1895 F. T. Elworthy Evil Eye 64 It was usual to drive cattle through the needfire as a preservative against disease. 1910 W. G. Collingwood Dutch Agnes (?1931) 107 The needfire is always a sight to see, when beasts and lads..leap through the smoke. 1966 G. E. Evans Pattern under Plough iv. 57 In Scotland the need-fire was never re-kindled with steel and flint but by the old method of rubbing wood against wood. 3. A beacon, a bonfire. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon beacon1377 lightc1425 firebome1440 bale1455 cresset-light1525 flambeau1688 coal-light1775 bale-fire1805 needfire1805 ward-fire1859 beaconage1862 fanal- 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iii. xxix. 86 The ready page, with hurried hand, Awaked the need-fire's slumbering brand. 1844 M. A. Richardson Local Historian's Table Bk. Legendary Div. II. 15 The far distant need-fire or beacon light proclaimed the approach of foes. 1865 C. M. Yonge Dove in Eagle's Nest vi Each..article of rubbish that had been in reserve for the needfire. 1949 W. S. Graham White Threshold in Coll. Poems (1979) 78 I see shorefire and needfire burn Buried far out in island air. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1531
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