orbitn.

Brit.

/ˈɔːbɪt/, U.S.

/ˈɔrbət/

Forms: late Middle English orbiteez (plural), late Middle English 1600s–1700s orbite, 1500s orbyt, 1600s orbitte, 1600s– orbit.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French orbite; Latin orbita.

Etymology: < Middle French, French orbite (1314 in Old French in sense ‘eye socket’, 1676 in sense ‘path of a celestial object’) and its etymon classical Latin orbita wheel-track, path of a celestial object, in post-classical Latin also eye socket (1363 in Chauliac; compare also quot. a1400 in note below) < orbis orb n.¹ This derivation dates back to Isidore ( Origines 15. 16. 13): ‘orbita vestigium carri, ab orbe rotae dicta’. Compare Umbrian urfeta circular object, Italian orbita (a1484 in sense ‘path of a celestial object’, 1681 in sense ‘eye socket’).The Latin word orbita occurs in Middle English medical texts with Latin inflections; e.g.:a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 241 He goiþ out of þe scolle boon & entriþ into orbitam, þat is þe holow place þat þe yȝe sitt on. In sense 1b, perhaps by confusion with orb n.¹ 4. In sense 2b, probably by confusion with orb n.¹ 1, 2, 5.

a. Anatomy and Zoology. The bony recess of the vertebrate skull that contains the eye and its associated structures; the eye socket. Also: an analogous structure in an invertebrate, spec. a cavity on the anterior margin of the carapace of a decapod crustacean that contains the eyestalks.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [noun] > socket of eye

eyethirleOE

ringboneOE

eye-pita1275

pita1275

orbit?a1425

eye-dolpa1522

orbitant?1541

eyehole1572

eyebone1598

socket1601

eye socket1661

eyelet hole1827

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 10^v Þe first of þe bonez..dureþ fro þe middez of þe orbiteez [a1425 Hunterian orbite; L. orbitarum] vnto þe commissure transuersing þe panne.

1577 Vicary's Profitable Treat. Anat. sig. C.iv The Coronal bone, in which is y^e Orbyts or holes of the Eyes.

1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 715 One of them goes over the Optick Nerve in the Orbit of the Eye.

1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. 391 In the broad orbit of his monstrous eye.

1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 331 A patient..who..had a piece of wood forced into the orbit of one of his eyes.

1821 G. C. Monteath tr. C. H. Weller Man. Dis. Human Eye II. 39 The eyeball..not unfrequently attains an enormous size, projects from the orbit, and produces that which many oculists have called the Ox's Eye, Buphthalmos.

1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals vi. 344 A cavity widely open in front, which is called the orbit, inasmuch as it lodges the terminal portion of the ophthalmic peduncles, strong pointed process, the external orbitar lobe.

1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight ii. 21 The orbit, in which the ball is lodged, is a hollow cone of bone with the base directed forwards and outwards.

1957 R. Graves Face in Mirror in New Yorker 12 Jan. 34/2 Grey haunted eyes, absent-mindedly glaring From wide, uneven orbits.

1973 T. Pynchon Gravity's Rainbow iii. 339 Her eyes hide in iron shadows, the orbits darkened as if by very precise blows.

1991 Merck Vet. Man. (ed. 7) 292 Inability to fully close the lids and protect the cornea from drying and trauma may result from extremely shallow orbits.

b. The eyeball; the eye. Chiefly poetic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > eye > [noun]

eyeeOE

the fleshly eyec1175

balla1400

window1481

glazier1567

light1580

crystal1592

orb1594

glass1597

optic1601

twinkler1605

lampa1616

watchera1616

wink-a-peeps1615

visive organa1652

ogle1673

peeper1691

goggle?1705

visual orb1725

orbit1727

winker1734

peep?1738

daylights?1747

eyewinker1808

keeker1808

glimmer1814

blinker1816

glim1820

goggler1821

skylight1824

ocular1825

mince pie1857

saucer1858

mince1937

1727 E. Young Universal Passion: Satire V 1 Or rowl the lucid orbit of an Eye, Or in full joy elaborate a Sigh.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam lxxxv. 127 When we saw The God within him light his face,..and glow In azure orbits heavenly-wise; And over those ethereal eyes The bar of Michael Angelo.

1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country iii. 193 That man will..through each black Castilian orbit, see into your soul.

1903 E. Fawcett Voices & Visions 149 The eyes, For pupil and orbit grand, Emeralds of drowsy mystery, drowsy fire.

c. Zoology. Originally (Ornithology): a ring of bare skin around the eye of a bird; an eye-ring. Later also (Entomology): the region of the head surrounding the eye of an insect, esp. a fly. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > head and neck > [noun] > orbit

orbit1768

1768 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (new ed.) I. 110 Orbits. Orbita. The skin that surrounds the eye, which is generally bare, particularly in the Heron and Parrot.

1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 6 Orbits naked, of a dark blue.

1825 C. Waterton Wanderings in S. Amer. iii. iii. 256 The orbits scarlet and the irides white.

1897 Amer. Naturalist 31 210 Like its race it has the curving bill, long tail, bare orbits, and other peculiar marks which characterize the honey eaters.

1906 J. B. Smith Explan. Terms Entomol. 93 Orbit, an imaginary border around the eye.

1945 Amer. Midland Naturalist 34 618 Eyes completely encircled by yellowish-white orbits except opposite median ocellus and behind top of eyes.

1951 C. N. Colyer & C. O. Hammond Flies Brit. Isles 24 The orbits, or eye-borders (which are often differentiated from the ‘frontal stripe’.).

a. Astronomy. The regularly repeated, typically elliptical course of a celestial object, satellite, spacecraft, etc., around a more massive body (as the sun, the earth, a star, or a planet) to which it is bound by gravity. Now also: one complete circuit made by an object around the orbited body. Formerly also: †the apparent path of the sun or a planet against the background of the fixed stars (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > movement in orbit > complete passage

orbit1649

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > movement in orbit > orbit

runeeOE

circlea1530

cycle1631

orbit1649

orb1733

1649 W. Charleton tr. J. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes 39 There must be conceived many lesser Orbites or rounds one within another, in a circle of so great latitude: every one of which subalternate zones must select and attract its particular Loadstone.

1671 Philos. Trans. 1670 (Royal Soc.) 5 2071 The Obliquity of the Zodiack and the Moon's Orbite.

1681 J. Flamsteed Gresham Lect. (1975) 82 They collect that the suns motion was in one part of his orbitte accelerated 2 degr. 23′.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Orbit... Astronomers use the word to signifie the way or course of the Sun, particularly called the Ecliptick, as also of any other Planet moving on according to the Circle of its Latitude.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Earth The Earth doth not describe an Orbit round the Sun properly by her own Centre, but by the Common Centre of Gravity of the Earth and the Moon.

1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 74 Of the obliquity of the moon's orbit, to the plane of the ecliptic, we take no notice.

1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. i. vi. 91 Apparent Orbit of the Sun.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. i. 22 The earth's orbit is an ellipse.

1914 A. S. Eddington Stellar Movements & Struct. Universe xii. 255 Within a sphere of uniform density all stars would describe elliptical orbits about the centre isochronously.

1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars vii. 82 They were now floating round Mars in a free orbit.

1977 G. Scott Hot Pursuit x. 90 Tracking stations..spotted it straight away when the orbit altered.

2002 UFO Mag. Jan. 66/1 The probe..immediately began a phase known as ‘aero-braking’, in which it dipped into the Martian atmosphere every orbit, to slow itself and conserve fuel.

†b. A celestial sphere (sphere n. 2a); = orb n.¹ 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun]

liftOE

heavenOE

wheelc1175

welkina1325

spherec1374

elementc1384

firmamentc1386

roundnessa1398

movablec1400

orbc1449

concavity1483

concameration1625

subcelestial1644

orbit1727

1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. 16 Made immortal at his Death, and..exalted to shine in a higher Orbit.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. iii. 48 The planets, each, by its own liquid orbit of light, distinguished from the inferior or more distant stars.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 536 He put the moon in the orbit which was nearest to the earth.

c. figurative and in figurative contexts. A fixed course or path; (also) the sphere of activity, influence, or application within which a person or thing normally moves or operates.

ΚΠ

1753 S. Duck Beautiful Wks. 128 'Twere well, my Friend, for human kind, Would ev'ry Man his Bus'ness mind; In his own Orbit always move, Nor blame, nor envy those above.

1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy I. xxi. 154 The backslidings of my aunt Dinah in her orbit, did the same service in establishing my father's system.

1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm x. 266 In the remotest orbits of religious feeling.

1837 R. W. Emerson Oration before Phi Beta Kappa Soc. 9 I had better never see a book than to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit.

1880 Academy 18 Sept. 195 Under ‘rights at rest’ he considers the ‘orbit’ and infringement of each right.

1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 29 He gave me the impression that,..magnetised by some words of his own speech, his mind was slowly circling round and round in the same orbit.

1972 F. Fitzgerald Fire in Lake ii. 35 Unlike the other countries of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has always lived in the orbit of China.

1992 New Republic 6 Apr. 9/1 There are two people in Bush's orbit who have the clout to tell him he's acting like a klutz.

d. In extended use. An approximately circular or elliptical course which a moving body is constrained to follow. In later use esp. with reference to a charged particle moving in an electric or magnetic field, or the motion of an electron around a nucleus (cf. orbital adj. 1).

ΚΠ

1827 J. Farey Treat. Steam Engine i. vi. 449 The link causes the centre of the planet-wheel to travel in a circular orbit..when it revolves round the sun-wheel.

1864 W. J. M. Rankine in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 153 131 The centres of the orbits of the particles in a given surface of equal pressure stand at a higher level than the same particles do when the liquid is still.

1891 Sci. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. 4 599 The dominant orbit of the electron..as affected during the subsequent flight of the molecule by an apsidal perturbation.

1904 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 7 454 If the spectra of the elements be due to the motion of electrons revolving in circular orbits, as above supposed, several rings of orbits must exist where there are different series of spectra.

1942 J. D. Stranathan ‘Particles’ of Mod. Physics xi. 426 A magnetic field between two peculiarly shaped pole faces serves to guide the electron repeatedly around an orbit in this field.

1972 M. G. Gross Oceanogr. ix. 243 In deep water..the water parcels move in nearly stationary circular orbits... The diameter of these orbits at the surface is approximately equal to the wave height.

2000 Sciences May 17/2 Beta rays,..electrons whose energies are tens of thousands of times greater than the energies of the electrons in orbit about the nucleus.

e. A circular movement or course; a lap, a circuit. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle > circular course

ringeOE

virona1380

environa1382

roundness?c1425

circuit1483

orbicular1523

round1539

bouta1542

rundle1574

ring road1828

orbit1831

ring-around1894

1831 I. Taylor in J. Edwards Inq. Freedom of Will Introd. iv. 69 The young horse that, free a-field, makes large orbits over the level mead.

1986 Pilot Aug. 54/2 The Nipper flew to a disused airfield, where he began to fly left-hand orbits.

f. Mathematics and Physics. A (curved) path or trajectory in a phase space, representing the evolution with time of a system (esp. a non-linear system).

ΚΠ

1923 H. L. Brose tr. A. J. W. Sommerfeld Atomic Struct. & Spectral Lines iv. 195 We draw q and p as rectangular co-ordinates in the phase-plane of our system. In this plane we construct phase-paths or orbits, that is, the sequence of those graph points that correspond to the successive states of motion of the system.

1950 H. Goldstein Classical Mech. (1951) ix. 288 Since q and p return to their original starting values in one period, the system point retraces its steps every period, and the orbit in phase space is closed.

1993 Sci. Amer. Aug. 66/3 After the information about this so-called Poincaré section has been gathered, one allows the system to run and waits until it comes near a desired periodic orbit in the section.

g. Mathematics. Each of the subsets of a set whose elements are related by a particular group of transformations of a set (consisting of an element and its images under each transformation in the group).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra

coset1910

superset1917

neighbourhood1934

orbit1939

support1952

1939 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 61 376 For each x the ‘orbit’ G(x), the set of all ‘transforms’ of x under G, is homeomorphic to a coset-space of G.

1964 R. Bercov tr. H. Wielandt Finite Permutation Groups i. 4 A constituent G^Δ is transitive precisely when Δ is a minimal fixed block (Δ ≠ ϕ). In this case Δ is called an orbit or set of transitivity of G.

1981 Sci. Amer. Mar. 24/1 With mesons and baryons, double edge flippers and double edge-pair swappers and double corner-pair swappers you have a full set of tools with which to restore any scrambled cube to Start, as long as it belongs to the same orbit as Start.

†3. Perhaps: a flat outer ring. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > marking > imprinting > sealing > [noun] > engraved stamp used for > device on seal > outer flat ring

orbit1718

1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiii. 513 The spacious Targe (a blazing Round, Thick with Bull-hides, with brazen Orbits bound [Gk. νώροπι χαλκῷ δινωτὴν]).

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 483 To the end that a Seal may be called an Authentick Seal, it ought to have an Orbit and some Impression thereon.

Phrases

P1. out of orbit: out of a state of being or moving in an orbit. Also figurative.

ΚΠ

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits viii. 145 The bribes with which their vast colonial power has warped men out of orbit.

1916 A. Lowell Men, Women & Ghosts (1923) 135 The shuttlecock drops zigzagedly, Out of orbit, Hits the path, And rolls over quite still.

1942 Science 27 Nov. 8/2 The only thing that could explain the irregularities was the presence of a third object, close enough and massive enough to drag one or both slightly out of orbit by gravitational pull.

1959 Science 6 Nov. 1243/3 Two United States earth satellites have plunged out of orbit.

1976 Times 4 Sept. 4/3 The failure occurred just after the lander..prepared to fire a crucial rocket blast that would knock it out of orbit towards Mars.

1991 R. Banks Sweet Hereafter iii. 89 It's never been greed that sends me whirling out of orbit like that.

2001 UFO Mag. Jan. 12/1 One tanker rocket to supply fuel has already been set up to stop it [sc. the Mir space station] falling out of orbit.

P2. in (also into) orbit: in a state of being or moving in an orbit. Now frequently figurative: in or into a state of heightened performance, activity, anger, excitement, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [noun] > a space shot or flight > course or trajectory of spacecraft > orbiting > state of being or moving in orbit

in (also into) orbit1958

1864 Continental Monthly Nov. 532/1 The formation of globes from the materials in space, and their sustentation in orbit.

1958 Spectator 22 Aug. 263/2 The US satellite now in orbit.

1959 Economist 21 Feb. 706/2 One observer..describes the stock market as being ‘in orbit’, released from the gravitational pull of the bond market.

1961 L. Mumford City in Hist. (1966) xvi. 580 Our descendants will perhaps understand our curious willingness to expend billions of dollars to shoot a sacrificial victim into planetary orbit.

1969 R. Airth Snatch! x. 99 Morland..said they were great, which sent Giorgio approximately into orbit.

1971 Nature 17 Sept. 160/3 A Salyut spacecraft is already in Earth orbit.

1982 E. Cashmore Black Sportsmen 32 Leaving poverty and strife behind them, both went into orbit via sport only to return dispirited to their take off points.

2002 Guardian 7 Feb. i. 15/1 The ultimate floating hotel..to carry astronauts, and ultimately tourists, in orbit between Earth and Mars.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

orbit plane n.

ΚΠ

1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. x. §83 A slow change in the position of the orbit-plane.

1953 A. F. O'D. Alexander in M. Davidson Astron. for Everyman iv. 203 Pluto's path never crosses Neptune's..for its orbit-plane is inclined 17° to the ecliptic plane.

2002 AScribe Newswire (Nexis) 17 Jan. Flight controllers..changed the inclination of the orbit, the angle between the orbit plane and the Mars equator, to 93.1 degrees.

C2.

† orbit-sweeper n. Obsolete a telescope mounted on bearings so that it can follow the path in the sky of a comet or planet.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1564/2 Orbit-sweeper, [a telescope and bearings] invented by Airy, to follow the inclined path of a comet or planet.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

orbitv.

Brit.

/ˈɔːbɪt/, U.S.

/ˈɔrbət/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: orbit n.

Etymology: < orbit n. Compare earlier orbited adj.¹

1. transitive. To travel round (esp. a celestial object) in an orbit. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > direct (one's course, steps, etc.) [verb (transitive)] > make circuit of

viron1382

compassc1384

umbecastc1400

circuea1450

circuitc1550

circle1582

circum-pass1588

round1591

surround1638

encompass1640

circumvent1840

circuitize1846

to make or go the circuit ofa1876

girdle1901

orbit1946

1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 169 Orbiting the target at low level, Pathfinders' Master Bomber assessed the T.I. markers.

1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars xi. 141 Orbiting Saturn was Titan, the largest satellite in the Solar System.

1959 D. Beaty Cone of Silence xiv. 154 He had been slowly cruising round Mayfair in the car, orbiting huge squares.

1975 Times 11 Aug. 10/5 In 1971 and 1972, the next Mariner spacecraft to orbit the planet revealed a new..face of Mars.

1993 Harper's Mag. Apr. 13/1 We are the Transit Loungers, forever heading to the departure gate, forever orbiting the world.

a. intransitive. To move in an orbit. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (intransitive)] > move in an orbit

orbit1948

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > move in a circle or curve [verb (intransitive)] > move in a circle

to go aboutOE

whirlc1290

circule1430

circlec1440

to cast, fet, fetch, go, take a compass?a1500

circuit1611

circumgyre1634

revolve1660

circulate1672

orba1821

circumvolve1841

to loop the loop1902

orbit1948

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (intransitive)] > go into orbit > move in orbit

orbit1948

1948 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 195 94 An electron orbiting in a magnetic field with angular velocity.

1951 A. C. Clarke Explor. of Space 47 Once a spaceship had reached circular velocity outside the atmosphere, it would continue to orbit indefinitely without the use of power.

1963 Listener 3 Jan. 19/2 In Radnor children seem to orbit round small groups of households.

1987 A. Dillard Amer. Childhood (1990) i. 35 The mobile's disks spun and orbited slowly before a window.

1995 Economist 18 Feb. 34/1 Michael Foale became the first British-born space-walker when he stepped outside the space shuttle Discovery as it orbited 240 miles above the earth.

b. intransitive. Of a pilot or aircraft: to fly in a circle.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > fly (in) an aircraft [verb (intransitive)] > in a circle

orbit1952

1952 Sat. Evening Post 27 Dec. 26/3 Clapp broke off and flew south to drop a flare. I orbited just north of the bridge.

1957 R. Watson-Watt Three Steps to Victory 315 Dive-bombers and fighters were to orbit as required till they were joined by the slower torpedo-bombers.

1969 I. Kemp Brit. G.I. in Vietnam iii. 68 We had been orbiting in our helicopter for about forty-five minutes.

c. intransitive. To go into or reach orbit. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (intransitive)] > go into orbit

orbit1958

1958 Times 30 Aug. 6/1 The Vanguard satellite which failed to orbit on May 27 probably travelled 7,500 miles into the south Atlantic.

1970 Daily Tel. 8 June 16/1 The company suspended dealings in March..and they should be resumed by the end of July. The shares should orbit in next to no time.

1970 Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 22/1 There is no velocity test on the British ball. So, in effect, the manufacturers could improve it to the point where it orbits.

3. transitive. To put in or send into orbit.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (transitive)] > send off (rocket or spacecraft) on its course > put in orbit

orbit1958

inject1961

1958 Spectator 14 Feb. 192/1 Soon after Explorer was orbited the air below it was filled by television stations with five-minute talks.

1961 Listener 20 Apr. 684/1 The news of the first man to be orbited and brought to earth.

1973 Sci. Amer. Oct. 75/3 Coronagraphs orbited in space can be constructed differently from their ground-based counterparts.

1994 New Scientist 26 Feb. 45/1 The European Space Agency had its own plan to orbit a radio dish.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	orbit
释义	orbitn. Brit. /ˈɔːbɪt/, U.S. /ˈɔrbət/ Forms: late Middle English orbiteez (plural), late Middle English 1600s–1700s orbite, 1500s orbyt, 1600s orbitte, 1600s– orbit. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French orbite; Latin orbita. Etymology: < Middle French, French orbite (1314 in Old French in sense ‘eye socket’, 1676 in sense ‘path of a celestial object’) and its etymon classical Latin orbita wheel-track, path of a celestial object, in post-classical Latin also eye socket (1363 in Chauliac; compare also quot. a1400 in note below) < orbis orb n.¹ This derivation dates back to Isidore ( Origines 15. 16. 13): ‘orbita vestigium carri, ab orbe rotae dicta’. Compare Umbrian urfeta circular object, Italian orbita (a1484 in sense ‘path of a celestial object’, 1681 in sense ‘eye socket’).The Latin word orbita occurs in Middle English medical texts with Latin inflections; e.g.:a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 241 He goiþ out of þe scolle boon & entriþ into orbitam, þat is þe holow place þat þe yȝe sitt on. In sense 1b, perhaps by confusion with orb n.¹ 4. In sense 2b, probably by confusion with orb n.¹ 1, 2, 5. 1. a. Anatomy and Zoology. The bony recess of the vertebrate skull that contains the eye and its associated structures; the eye socket. Also: an analogous structure in an invertebrate, spec. a cavity on the anterior margin of the carapace of a decapod crustacean that contains the eyestalks. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [noun] > socket of eye eyethirleOE ringboneOE eye-pita1275 pita1275 orbit?a1425 eye-dolpa1522 orbitant?1541 eyehole1572 eyebone1598 socket1601 eye socket1661 eyelet hole1827 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 10^v Þe first of þe bonez..dureþ fro þe middez of þe orbiteez [a1425 Hunterian orbite; L. orbitarum] vnto þe commissure transuersing þe panne. 1577 Vicary's Profitable Treat. Anat. sig. C.iv The Coronal bone, in which is y^e Orbyts or holes of the Eyes. 1693 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 715 One of them goes over the Optick Nerve in the Orbit of the Eye. 1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. 391 In the broad orbit of his monstrous eye. 1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 331 A patient..who..had a piece of wood forced into the orbit of one of his eyes. 1821 G. C. Monteath tr. C. H. Weller Man. Dis. Human Eye II. 39 The eyeball..not unfrequently attains an enormous size, projects from the orbit, and produces that which many oculists have called the Ox's Eye, Buphthalmos. 1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals vi. 344 A cavity widely open in front, which is called the orbit, inasmuch as it lodges the terminal portion of the ophthalmic peduncles, strong pointed process, the external orbitar lobe. 1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight ii. 21 The orbit, in which the ball is lodged, is a hollow cone of bone with the base directed forwards and outwards. 1957 R. Graves Face in Mirror in New Yorker 12 Jan. 34/2 Grey haunted eyes, absent-mindedly glaring From wide, uneven orbits. 1973 T. Pynchon Gravity's Rainbow iii. 339 Her eyes hide in iron shadows, the orbits darkened as if by very precise blows. 1991 Merck Vet. Man. (ed. 7) 292 Inability to fully close the lids and protect the cornea from drying and trauma may result from extremely shallow orbits. b. The eyeball; the eye. Chiefly poetic. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > eye > [noun] eyeeOE the fleshly eyec1175 balla1400 window1481 glazier1567 light1580 crystal1592 orb1594 glass1597 optic1601 twinkler1605 lampa1616 watchera1616 wink-a-peeps1615 visive organa1652 ogle1673 peeper1691 goggle?1705 visual orb1725 orbit1727 winker1734 peep?1738 daylights?1747 eyewinker1808 keeker1808 glimmer1814 blinker1816 glim1820 goggler1821 skylight1824 ocular1825 mince pie1857 saucer1858 mince1937 1727 E. Young Universal Passion: Satire V 1 Or rowl the lucid orbit of an Eye, Or in full joy elaborate a Sigh. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam lxxxv. 127 When we saw The God within him light his face,..and glow In azure orbits heavenly-wise; And over those ethereal eyes The bar of Michael Angelo. View more context for this quotation 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country iii. 193 That man will..through each black Castilian orbit, see into your soul. 1903 E. Fawcett Voices & Visions 149 The eyes, For pupil and orbit grand, Emeralds of drowsy mystery, drowsy fire. c. Zoology. Originally (Ornithology): a ring of bare skin around the eye of a bird; an eye-ring. Later also (Entomology): the region of the head surrounding the eye of an insect, esp. a fly. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > head and neck > [noun] > orbit orbit1768 1768 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (new ed.) I. 110 Orbits. Orbita. The skin that surrounds the eye, which is generally bare, particularly in the Heron and Parrot. 1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 6 Orbits naked, of a dark blue. 1825 C. Waterton Wanderings in S. Amer. iii. iii. 256 The orbits scarlet and the irides white. 1897 Amer. Naturalist 31 210 Like its race it has the curving bill, long tail, bare orbits, and other peculiar marks which characterize the honey eaters. 1906 J. B. Smith Explan. Terms Entomol. 93 Orbit, an imaginary border around the eye. 1945 Amer. Midland Naturalist 34 618 Eyes completely encircled by yellowish-white orbits except opposite median ocellus and behind top of eyes. 1951 C. N. Colyer & C. O. Hammond Flies Brit. Isles 24 The orbits, or eye-borders (which are often differentiated from the ‘frontal stripe’.). 2. a. Astronomy. The regularly repeated, typically elliptical course of a celestial object, satellite, spacecraft, etc., around a more massive body (as the sun, the earth, a star, or a planet) to which it is bound by gravity. Now also: one complete circuit made by an object around the orbited body. Formerly also: †the apparent path of the sun or a planet against the background of the fixed stars (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > movement in orbit > complete passage orbit1649 the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > [noun] > movement in orbit > orbit runeeOE circlea1530 cycle1631 orbit1649 orb1733 1649 W. Charleton tr. J. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes 39 There must be conceived many lesser Orbites or rounds one within another, in a circle of so great latitude: every one of which subalternate zones must select and attract its particular Loadstone. 1671 Philos. Trans. 1670 (Royal Soc.) 5 2071 The Obliquity of the Zodiack and the Moon's Orbite. 1681 J. Flamsteed Gresham Lect. (1975) 82 They collect that the suns motion was in one part of his orbitte accelerated 2 degr. 23′. 1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Orbit... Astronomers use the word to signifie the way or course of the Sun, particularly called the Ecliptick, as also of any other Planet moving on according to the Circle of its Latitude. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Earth The Earth doth not describe an Orbit round the Sun properly by her own Centre, but by the Common Centre of Gravity of the Earth and the Moon. 1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 74 Of the obliquity of the moon's orbit, to the plane of the ecliptic, we take no notice. 1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. i. vi. 91 Apparent Orbit of the Sun. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. i. 22 The earth's orbit is an ellipse. 1914 A. S. Eddington Stellar Movements & Struct. Universe xii. 255 Within a sphere of uniform density all stars would describe elliptical orbits about the centre isochronously. 1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars vii. 82 They were now floating round Mars in a free orbit. 1977 G. Scott Hot Pursuit x. 90 Tracking stations..spotted it straight away when the orbit altered. 2002 UFO Mag. Jan. 66/1 The probe..immediately began a phase known as ‘aero-braking’, in which it dipped into the Martian atmosphere every orbit, to slow itself and conserve fuel. †b. A celestial sphere (sphere n. 2a); = orb n.¹ 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] liftOE heavenOE wheelc1175 welkina1325 spherec1374 elementc1384 firmamentc1386 roundnessa1398 movablec1400 orbc1449 concavity1483 concameration1625 subcelestial1644 orbit1727 1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. 16 Made immortal at his Death, and..exalted to shine in a higher Orbit. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. iii. 48 The planets, each, by its own liquid orbit of light, distinguished from the inferior or more distant stars. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 536 He put the moon in the orbit which was nearest to the earth. c. figurative and in figurative contexts. A fixed course or path; (also) the sphere of activity, influence, or application within which a person or thing normally moves or operates. ΚΠ 1753 S. Duck Beautiful Wks. 128 'Twere well, my Friend, for human kind, Would ev'ry Man his Bus'ness mind; In his own Orbit always move, Nor blame, nor envy those above. 1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy I. xxi. 154 The backslidings of my aunt Dinah in her orbit, did the same service in establishing my father's system. 1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm x. 266 In the remotest orbits of religious feeling. 1837 R. W. Emerson Oration before Phi Beta Kappa Soc. 9 I had better never see a book than to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own orbit. 1880 Academy 18 Sept. 195 Under ‘rights at rest’ he considers the ‘orbit’ and infringement of each right. 1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 29 He gave me the impression that,..magnetised by some words of his own speech, his mind was slowly circling round and round in the same orbit. 1972 F. Fitzgerald Fire in Lake ii. 35 Unlike the other countries of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has always lived in the orbit of China. 1992 New Republic 6 Apr. 9/1 There are two people in Bush's orbit who have the clout to tell him he's acting like a klutz. d. In extended use. An approximately circular or elliptical course which a moving body is constrained to follow. In later use esp. with reference to a charged particle moving in an electric or magnetic field, or the motion of an electron around a nucleus (cf. orbital adj. 1). ΚΠ 1827 J. Farey Treat. Steam Engine i. vi. 449 The link causes the centre of the planet-wheel to travel in a circular orbit..when it revolves round the sun-wheel. 1864 W. J. M. Rankine in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 153 131 The centres of the orbits of the particles in a given surface of equal pressure stand at a higher level than the same particles do when the liquid is still. 1891 Sci. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. 4 599 The dominant orbit of the electron..as affected during the subsequent flight of the molecule by an apsidal perturbation. 1904 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 7 454 If the spectra of the elements be due to the motion of electrons revolving in circular orbits, as above supposed, several rings of orbits must exist where there are different series of spectra. 1942 J. D. Stranathan ‘Particles’ of Mod. Physics xi. 426 A magnetic field between two peculiarly shaped pole faces serves to guide the electron repeatedly around an orbit in this field. 1972 M. G. Gross Oceanogr. ix. 243 In deep water..the water parcels move in nearly stationary circular orbits... The diameter of these orbits at the surface is approximately equal to the wave height. 2000 Sciences May 17/2 Beta rays,..electrons whose energies are tens of thousands of times greater than the energies of the electrons in orbit about the nucleus. e. A circular movement or course; a lap, a circuit. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle > circular course ringeOE virona1380 environa1382 roundness?c1425 circuit1483 orbicular1523 round1539 bouta1542 rundle1574 ring road1828 orbit1831 ring-around1894 1831 I. Taylor in J. Edwards Inq. Freedom of Will Introd. iv. 69 The young horse that, free a-field, makes large orbits over the level mead. 1986 Pilot Aug. 54/2 The Nipper flew to a disused airfield, where he began to fly left-hand orbits. f. Mathematics and Physics. A (curved) path or trajectory in a phase space, representing the evolution with time of a system (esp. a non-linear system). ΚΠ 1923 H. L. Brose tr. A. J. W. Sommerfeld Atomic Struct. & Spectral Lines iv. 195 We draw q and p as rectangular co-ordinates in the phase-plane of our system. In this plane we construct phase-paths or orbits, that is, the sequence of those graph points that correspond to the successive states of motion of the system. 1950 H. Goldstein Classical Mech. (1951) ix. 288 Since q and p return to their original starting values in one period, the system point retraces its steps every period, and the orbit in phase space is closed. 1993 Sci. Amer. Aug. 66/3 After the information about this so-called Poincaré section has been gathered, one allows the system to run and waits until it comes near a desired periodic orbit in the section. g. Mathematics. Each of the subsets of a set whose elements are related by a particular group of transformations of a set (consisting of an element and its images under each transformation in the group). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > set > in abstract algebra coset1910 superset1917 neighbourhood1934 orbit1939 support1952 1939 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 61 376 For each x the ‘orbit’ G(x), the set of all ‘transforms’ of x under G, is homeomorphic to a coset-space of G. 1964 R. Bercov tr. H. Wielandt Finite Permutation Groups i. 4 A constituent G^Δ is transitive precisely when Δ is a minimal fixed block (Δ ≠ ϕ). In this case Δ is called an orbit or set of transitivity of G. 1981 Sci. Amer. Mar. 24/1 With mesons and baryons, double edge flippers and double edge-pair swappers and double corner-pair swappers you have a full set of tools with which to restore any scrambled cube to Start, as long as it belongs to the same orbit as Start. †3. Perhaps: a flat outer ring. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > marking > imprinting > sealing > [noun] > engraved stamp used for > device on seal > outer flat ring orbit1718 1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiii. 513 The spacious Targe (a blazing Round, Thick with Bull-hides, with brazen Orbits bound [Gk. νώροπι χαλκῷ δινωτὴν]). 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 483 To the end that a Seal may be called an Authentick Seal, it ought to have an Orbit and some Impression thereon. Phrases P1. out of orbit: out of a state of being or moving in an orbit. Also figurative. ΚΠ 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits viii. 145 The bribes with which their vast colonial power has warped men out of orbit. 1916 A. Lowell Men, Women & Ghosts (1923) 135 The shuttlecock drops zigzagedly, Out of orbit, Hits the path, And rolls over quite still. 1942 Science 27 Nov. 8/2 The only thing that could explain the irregularities was the presence of a third object, close enough and massive enough to drag one or both slightly out of orbit by gravitational pull. 1959 Science 6 Nov. 1243/3 Two United States earth satellites have plunged out of orbit. 1976 Times 4 Sept. 4/3 The failure occurred just after the lander..prepared to fire a crucial rocket blast that would knock it out of orbit towards Mars. 1991 R. Banks Sweet Hereafter iii. 89 It's never been greed that sends me whirling out of orbit like that. 2001 UFO Mag. Jan. 12/1 One tanker rocket to supply fuel has already been set up to stop it [sc. the Mir space station] falling out of orbit. P2. in (also into) orbit: in a state of being or moving in an orbit. Now frequently figurative: in or into a state of heightened performance, activity, anger, excitement, etc. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [noun] > a space shot or flight > course or trajectory of spacecraft > orbiting > state of being or moving in orbit in (also into) orbit1958 1864 Continental Monthly Nov. 532/1 The formation of globes from the materials in space, and their sustentation in orbit. 1958 Spectator 22 Aug. 263/2 The US satellite now in orbit. 1959 Economist 21 Feb. 706/2 One observer..describes the stock market as being ‘in orbit’, released from the gravitational pull of the bond market. 1961 L. Mumford City in Hist. (1966) xvi. 580 Our descendants will perhaps understand our curious willingness to expend billions of dollars to shoot a sacrificial victim into planetary orbit. 1969 R. Airth Snatch! x. 99 Morland..said they were great, which sent Giorgio approximately into orbit. 1971 Nature 17 Sept. 160/3 A Salyut spacecraft is already in Earth orbit. 1982 E. Cashmore Black Sportsmen 32 Leaving poverty and strife behind them, both went into orbit via sport only to return dispirited to their take off points. 2002 Guardian 7 Feb. i. 15/1 The ultimate floating hotel..to carry astronauts, and ultimately tourists, in orbit between Earth and Mars. Compounds C1. General attributive. orbit plane n. ΚΠ 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. x. §83 A slow change in the position of the orbit-plane. 1953 A. F. O'D. Alexander in M. Davidson Astron. for Everyman iv. 203 Pluto's path never crosses Neptune's..for its orbit-plane is inclined 17° to the ecliptic plane. 2002 AScribe Newswire (Nexis) 17 Jan. Flight controllers..changed the inclination of the orbit, the angle between the orbit plane and the Mars equator, to 93.1 degrees. C2. † orbit-sweeper n. Obsolete a telescope mounted on bearings so that it can follow the path in the sky of a comet or planet. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1564/2 Orbit-sweeper, [a telescope and bearings] invented by Airy, to follow the inclined path of a comet or planet. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2022). orbitv. Brit. /ˈɔːbɪt/, U.S. /ˈɔrbət/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: orbit n. Etymology: < orbit n. Compare earlier orbited adj.¹ 1. transitive. To travel round (esp. a celestial object) in an orbit. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > direct (one's course, steps, etc.) [verb (transitive)] > make circuit of viron1382 compassc1384 umbecastc1400 circuea1450 circuitc1550 circle1582 circum-pass1588 round1591 surround1638 encompass1640 circumvent1840 circuitize1846 to make or go the circuit ofa1876 girdle1901 orbit1946 1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 169 Orbiting the target at low level, Pathfinders' Master Bomber assessed the T.I. markers. 1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars xi. 141 Orbiting Saturn was Titan, the largest satellite in the Solar System. 1959 D. Beaty Cone of Silence xiv. 154 He had been slowly cruising round Mayfair in the car, orbiting huge squares. 1975 Times 11 Aug. 10/5 In 1971 and 1972, the next Mariner spacecraft to orbit the planet revealed a new..face of Mars. 1993 Harper's Mag. Apr. 13/1 We are the Transit Loungers, forever heading to the departure gate, forever orbiting the world. 2. a. intransitive. To move in an orbit. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > movement of heavenly bodies > move [verb (intransitive)] > move in an orbit orbit1948 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > move in a circle or curve [verb (intransitive)] > move in a circle to go aboutOE whirlc1290 circule1430 circlec1440 to cast, fet, fetch, go, take a compass?a1500 circuit1611 circumgyre1634 revolve1660 circulate1672 orba1821 circumvolve1841 to loop the loop1902 orbit1948 society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (intransitive)] > go into orbit > move in orbit orbit1948 1948 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 195 94 An electron orbiting in a magnetic field with angular velocity. 1951 A. C. Clarke Explor. of Space 47 Once a spaceship had reached circular velocity outside the atmosphere, it would continue to orbit indefinitely without the use of power. 1963 Listener 3 Jan. 19/2 In Radnor children seem to orbit round small groups of households. 1987 A. Dillard Amer. Childhood (1990) i. 35 The mobile's disks spun and orbited slowly before a window. 1995 Economist 18 Feb. 34/1 Michael Foale became the first British-born space-walker when he stepped outside the space shuttle Discovery as it orbited 240 miles above the earth. b. intransitive. Of a pilot or aircraft: to fly in a circle. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > action of flying (in) aircraft > fly (in) an aircraft [verb (intransitive)] > in a circle orbit1952 1952 Sat. Evening Post 27 Dec. 26/3 Clapp broke off and flew south to drop a flare. I orbited just north of the bridge. 1957 R. Watson-Watt Three Steps to Victory 315 Dive-bombers and fighters were to orbit as required till they were joined by the slower torpedo-bombers. 1969 I. Kemp Brit. G.I. in Vietnam iii. 68 We had been orbiting in our helicopter for about forty-five minutes. c. intransitive. To go into or reach orbit. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (intransitive)] > go into orbit orbit1958 1958 Times 30 Aug. 6/1 The Vanguard satellite which failed to orbit on May 27 probably travelled 7,500 miles into the south Atlantic. 1970 Daily Tel. 8 June 16/1 The company suspended dealings in March..and they should be resumed by the end of July. The shares should orbit in next to no time. 1970 Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 22/1 There is no velocity test on the British ball. So, in effect, the manufacturers could improve it to the point where it orbits. 3. transitive. To put in or send into orbit. ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [verb (transitive)] > send off (rocket or spacecraft) on its course > put in orbit orbit1958 inject1961 1958 Spectator 14 Feb. 192/1 Soon after Explorer was orbited the air below it was filled by television stations with five-minute talks. 1961 Listener 20 Apr. 684/1 The news of the first man to be orbited and brought to earth. 1973 Sci. Amer. Oct. 75/3 Coronagraphs orbited in space can be constructed differently from their ground-based counterparts. 1994 New Scientist 26 Feb. 45/1 The European Space Agency had its own plan to orbit a radio dish. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?a1425v.1946
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