† parishenn.¹adj.

Forms: Middle English paishens (plural, transmission error), Middle English paraschen, Middle English parechen, Middle English parechyng, Middle English pareschen, Middle English pareshon, Middle English paresschen, Middle English pariȝschen, Middle English parischien, Middle English parisching, Middle English parischon, Middle English parischyn, Middle English parishon, Middle English parissen, Middle English parisshien, Middle English parisshin, Middle English parisshon, Middle English parochin, Middle English paroisshien, Middle English paroschen, Middle English paroschian, Middle English paroschien, Middle English paroschon, Middle English paroshyn, Middle English parschon, Middle English parshen, Middle English parychon, Middle English paryscheng, Middle English paryshchon, Middle English parysshesens (plural, transmission error), Middle English peryschen, Middle English perysshon, Middle English–1500s paresshen, Middle English–1500s pariscen, Middle English–1500s parischen, Middle English–1500s parishen, Middle English–1500s parisschen, Middle English–1500s parisshen, Middle English–1500s parochen, Middle English–1500s paryschen, Middle English–1500s paryschon, Middle English–1500s parysshen, 1500s parachen, 1500s paryschene, 1500s paryschin, 1500s parysching, 1500s paryschion, 1500s paryschyn, 1500s perishen, 1600s parishion. N.E.D. (1904) also records forms Middle English parschen, Middle English paryschene, Middle English paryschin, Middle English parysching, Middle English paryschion, Middle English paryschyn, Middle English perrishen, Middle English perryshyn.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French paroissien, parochien, paroissian, parrochien, parrocien, paroichien.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French paroissien (early 13th cent.), parochien (1226), Middle French paroissian (1394), parrochien (late 14th cent.), parrocien (early 15th cent.), paroichien (mid 15th cent.), etc. (French paroissien ) < paroisse parish n. + -ien -ian suffix, after post-classical Latin parochianus parochian n. The forms show considerable remodelling after parish n. (see forms at that entry). Compare parishen n.² and discussion at that entry. With use as adjective compare Old French parroicien (c1270), Middle French parroysien (1530; French paroissien (1680)); Middle Eng. Dict. interprets this example instead as showing adjectival use of parishen n.²Forms with final -g perhaps show assimilation of the ending to -ing suffix¹, or perhaps show reverse spellings in areas with final /n/ in words ending in -ing (compare parishing n.¹ and discussion at that entry).

Obsolete.

A. n.¹

A member of a parish community; = parishioner n.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of a district or parish > [noun]

parishen?c1225

parishioner1462

provinciala1475

hundreder1501

parochian1502

local1591

confiner1595

palatine1610

provincialist1656

shiremana1825

dozener-

society > faith > church government > laity > congregation > [noun] > member of > parishioner

parishen?c1225

subject?1387

parishioner1462

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 148 Þe fifte hwelp hatte. Inobediencia. þe child þet ne buweð hisaldre vnder his prelat. parochian [c1230 Corpus paroschien; a1250 Nero paroschian; a1300 Caius parochien] his Preost.

a1325 St. Thomas Becket (Corpus Cambr.) 1887 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 672 (MED) Ech prest somnede is parissens [c1300 Laud paroche; c1300 Harl. parosche].

J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (York Min.) (1901) 20 Enioygne thair parochiens [v.r. parischennes; ?a1450 Lamb. parochenys] and thaire sugettes.

a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Archbishop & Nun (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Parishen Quen paroschenis com him to..He gert his serganz til thaim saie That he in godes bandes laie.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26315 (MED) Alsua, þou preist, if þou ha ben In plight wit þi pariscen [a1400 Fairf. parochien] In reuelaic, thift, or okering..Þou mai him noþer scriue, ne he Mai til anoþer be send.

c1440 ( J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (Thornton) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 2 And he byddes and commandes in all þat he may, þat all þat hase cure or kepynge vndire hym, enioyne þaire parischenes [?a1450 Lamb. parochenys] and þaire sugettes þat þay here and lere þise ilke sex thynges.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 394 (MED) Persouns and vikers of paraschenis ben stabili endewid in her riȝt forto aske and haue tithis and offringis.

a1500 (?a1471) in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 46 Thomas..the paroisshiens of the said paroish have in greate tendrenesse.

1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 29 Preamble Amongeste the poure parochens of the paryche Churche aforeseid.

1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance ii. xix. f. cxxxi If the person wold take it of hys parishon byforce.

c1600 Wriothesley's Chron. Eng. (1875) I. 55 The curates should preach and teatch their parishiones the ‘Pater noster’, ‘Avee’, and ‘Creede’.

B. adj.

Of or belonging to a parish.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 28429 Til oþer men þan to my right priest parochen.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

parishenn.²

Brit.

/ˈparᵻʃən/, U.S.

/ˈpɛrəʃən/, Scottish English

/ˈperᵻʃən/

Forms:

α. Middle English pareschenne, Middle English parichin, Middle English parishen (in a late copy), Middle English parisshyn, Middle English parshen, Middle English paryschun, Middle English paryson, Middle English perishen (in a late copy); Scottish pre-1700 pairischene, pre-1700 paresone, pre-1700 parichane, pre-1700 parichin, pre-1700 parichine, pre-1700 parichon, pre-1700 parichone, pre-1700 parichoun, pre-1700 parichyn, pre-1700 parischin, pre-1700 parischion, pre-1700 parischon, pre-1700 parischone, pre-1700 parischoun, pre-1700 parischyn, pre-1700 pariscoun, pre-1700 parishon, pre-1700 parishone, pre-1700 parishyne, pre-1700 parisone, pre-1700 parreson, pre-1700 parresone, pre-1700 parrichin, pre-1700 parriscoun, pre-1700 paryschyne, pre-1700 parysone, pre-1700 peresone, pre-1700 perishone, pre-1700 perisoun, pre-1700 perissoun, pre-1700 perrychin, pre-1700 1700s–1800s parishen, pre-1700 1700s– parishin, pre-1700 1800s parishine, 1800s pairisan (Orkney), 1800s perrishin (Shetland), 1900s– parisan (Orkney), 1900s– parischen, 1900s– perishin (Shetland), 1900s– perishon (Shetland).

β. late Middle English paroschen; Scottish pre-1700 parachine, pre-1700 parachon, pre-1700 paraheine, pre-1700 parasone, pre-1700 pariochioune, pre-1700 parochane, pre-1700 parochein, pre-1700 parocheine, pre-1700 parochinies (plural), pre-1700 parochioune, pre-1700 parochon, pre-1700 parochone, pre-1700 parochoun, pre-1700 parochyne, pre-1700 paroschenn, pre-1700 paroschin, pre-1700 paroschoune, pre-1700 paroshen, pre-1700 paroshine, pre-1700 paroshon, pre-1700 parrocheine, pre-1700 parrochin, pre-1700 parrochine, pre-1700 parroching, pre-1700 parrochoin, pre-1700 parrochyn, pre-1700 parroschin, pre-1700 parroschoun, pre-1700 parwchin, pre-1700 perochin, pre-1700 perochine, pre-1700 perrocheoun, pre-1700 perrochin, pre-1700 perrochine, pre-1700 perrochioun, pre-1700 perrochyn, pre-1700 prochene, pre-1700 prochin, pre-1700 prochyn, pre-1700 1700s parochen, pre-1700 1700s paroshin, pre-1700 1700s– parochin, pre-1700 1700s– parochine, 1700s pariochen.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: parish n.

Etymology: Variant of parish n., with unexplained ending; perhaps arising by confusion with parishen n.¹ Compare parishing n.¹

Now Scottish (chiefly literary).

An ecclesiastical parish. In early use also: the members of a parish, parishioners collectively (Cf. parish n. 1).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > priest > kinds of priest > [noun] > parish priest > jurisdiction of or parish

priestshireOE

church-sokenOE

parishc1300

parishenc1400

parishingc1450

cure1480

charge1530

paroece1564

parochrie1581

α.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. i. 82 (MED) Persones & parsheprestes pleynede to þe bisshop Þat hure parshen ben poore sitthe þe pestelence tyme.

c1450 Lay Folks Mass Bk. (York Min. 16.M.4) (1879) 71 (MED) We sall pray also for all women þat er bun with childer in þis parichin.

a1555 D. Lindsay Tragedie Archibyschope of Sanctandrous 367, sig. Svij^v Mak hym..Persone, quhilk his Parisone, can teche.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 90 Robert Schau, quha pastour was of the parischone of Minto.

1618 ( Inventory in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 183 This Byll indented Witnes the thinges yt I Thomas Cumberworth, knight, has given to the high aultare in the kirk of Sommerbie to the parson of the parishen to the worshippe of the holy trinitie.

1796 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museums V. 449 Yet I hae seen him on a day The pride of a' the parishen.

1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet I. xi. 254 He was lying in the auld kirkyard of Redgauntlet parishine.

1848 Edinb. Antiq. Mag. 7 To the nixt parishin, or beyond the samin.

1896 Shetland News 6 Aug. in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 424/1 Der no a boy i' da parishen waur fir dat.

1952 J. Hunter Taen wi da Trow 73 An dan-a-days each perishon A peerie Foud did hae.

β. 1424 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 4/2 Of all the gudis of the parochyne.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 5774 (MED) To a dyocise langed a cite, & ordened paroschens [?a1400 Petyt parisches; Fr. parosces] for to be.a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 140 Thai pans not of the prochin pure, Hed thai the pelfe to pairt amang thame.a1525 J. Irland Of Penance & Confession in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 48 Thow suld..frequent the materiall kirk and namlie of the parrochin that thou art of.1563 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 246 The toun and parochin of Dunfermling.1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iv. viii. 35 The generall Confession of Faith, sworne and subscribed..by the severall Parochines in the Land.1688 T. Brown Diary 29 Aug. (1898) 52 Tankernes' servands in St. Androis parochine..entered the building.1707 in C. A. Malcolm Minutes Justices of Peace Lanarkshire (1931) 13 They do recomend to the heretors within the severall paroches to make nominatione of such persons as may be fitt to be constables within the saids parochens.1725 in J. F. S. Gordon Shaw's Hist. Moray (1882) III. 352 The heritors of the burgh and parochin of Inverness.1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd i. 11 The tither..In landwart parochins gaed stretchin'.1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood vii There's been mair witches howkit out o' Woodilee and brunt than in ony ither parochine on the Water o' Aller.1939 A. B. Scott Old Days & Ways in Newton Mearns viii. 80 The market cross..was the tryst of the whole parochine.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	parishen
释义	† parishenn.¹adj. Forms: Middle English paishens (plural, transmission error), Middle English paraschen, Middle English parechen, Middle English parechyng, Middle English pareschen, Middle English pareshon, Middle English paresschen, Middle English pariȝschen, Middle English parischien, Middle English parisching, Middle English parischon, Middle English parischyn, Middle English parishon, Middle English parissen, Middle English parisshien, Middle English parisshin, Middle English parisshon, Middle English parochin, Middle English paroisshien, Middle English paroschen, Middle English paroschian, Middle English paroschien, Middle English paroschon, Middle English paroshyn, Middle English parschon, Middle English parshen, Middle English parychon, Middle English paryscheng, Middle English paryshchon, Middle English parysshesens (plural, transmission error), Middle English peryschen, Middle English perysshon, Middle English–1500s paresshen, Middle English–1500s pariscen, Middle English–1500s parischen, Middle English–1500s parishen, Middle English–1500s parisschen, Middle English–1500s parisshen, Middle English–1500s parochen, Middle English–1500s paryschen, Middle English–1500s paryschon, Middle English–1500s parysshen, 1500s parachen, 1500s paryschene, 1500s paryschin, 1500s parysching, 1500s paryschion, 1500s paryschyn, 1500s perishen, 1600s parishion. N.E.D. (1904) also records forms Middle English parschen, Middle English paryschene, Middle English paryschin, Middle English parysching, Middle English paryschion, Middle English paryschyn, Middle English perrishen, Middle English perryshyn. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French paroissien, parochien, paroissian, parrochien, parrocien, paroichien. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French paroissien (early 13th cent.), parochien (1226), Middle French paroissian (1394), parrochien (late 14th cent.), parrocien (early 15th cent.), paroichien (mid 15th cent.), etc. (French paroissien ) < paroisse parish n. + -ien -ian suffix, after post-classical Latin parochianus parochian n. The forms show considerable remodelling after parish n. (see forms at that entry). Compare parishen n.² and discussion at that entry. With use as adjective compare Old French parroicien (c1270), Middle French parroysien (1530; French paroissien (1680)); Middle Eng. Dict. interprets this example instead as showing adjectival use of parishen n.²Forms with final -g perhaps show assimilation of the ending to -ing suffix¹, or perhaps show reverse spellings in areas with final /n/ in words ending in -ing (compare parishing n.¹ and discussion at that entry). Obsolete. A. n.¹ A member of a parish community; = parishioner n. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > inhabitant of a district or parish > [noun] parishen?c1225 parishioner1462 provinciala1475 hundreder1501 parochian1502 local1591 confiner1595 palatine1610 provincialist1656 shiremana1825 dozener- society > faith > church government > laity > congregation > [noun] > member of > parishioner parishen?c1225 subject?1387 parishioner1462 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 148 Þe fifte hwelp hatte. Inobediencia. þe child þet ne buweð hisaldre vnder his prelat. parochian [c1230 Corpus paroschien; a1250 Nero paroschian; a1300 Caius parochien] his Preost. a1325 St. Thomas Becket (Corpus Cambr.) 1887 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 672 (MED) Ech prest somnede is parissens [c1300 Laud paroche; c1300 Harl. parosche]. J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (York Min.) (1901) 20 Enioygne thair parochiens [v.r. parischennes; ?a1450 Lamb. parochenys] and thaire sugettes. a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Archbishop & Nun (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Parishen Quen paroschenis com him to..He gert his serganz til thaim saie That he in godes bandes laie. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26315 (MED) Alsua, þou preist, if þou ha ben In plight wit þi pariscen [a1400 Fairf. parochien] In reuelaic, thift, or okering..Þou mai him noþer scriue, ne he Mai til anoþer be send. c1440 ( J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (Thornton) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 2 And he byddes and commandes in all þat he may, þat all þat hase cure or kepynge vndire hym, enioyne þaire parischenes [?a1450 Lamb. parochenys] and þaire sugettes þat þay here and lere þise ilke sex thynges. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 394 (MED) Persouns and vikers of paraschenis ben stabili endewid in her riȝt forto aske and haue tithis and offringis. a1500 (?a1471) in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 46 Thomas..the paroisshiens of the said paroish have in greate tendrenesse. 1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 29 Preamble Amongeste the poure parochens of the paryche Churche aforeseid. 1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance ii. xix. f. cxxxi If the person wold take it of hys parishon byforce. c1600 Wriothesley's Chron. Eng. (1875) I. 55 The curates should preach and teatch their parishiones the ‘Pater noster’, ‘Avee’, and ‘Creede’. B. adj. Of or belonging to a parish. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 28429 Til oþer men þan to my right priest parochen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2021). parishenn.² Brit. /ˈparᵻʃən/, U.S. /ˈpɛrəʃən/, Scottish English /ˈperᵻʃən/ Forms: α. Middle English pareschenne, Middle English parichin, Middle English parishen (in a late copy), Middle English parisshyn, Middle English parshen, Middle English paryschun, Middle English paryson, Middle English perishen (in a late copy); Scottish pre-1700 pairischene, pre-1700 paresone, pre-1700 parichane, pre-1700 parichin, pre-1700 parichine, pre-1700 parichon, pre-1700 parichone, pre-1700 parichoun, pre-1700 parichyn, pre-1700 parischin, pre-1700 parischion, pre-1700 parischon, pre-1700 parischone, pre-1700 parischoun, pre-1700 parischyn, pre-1700 pariscoun, pre-1700 parishon, pre-1700 parishone, pre-1700 parishyne, pre-1700 parisone, pre-1700 parreson, pre-1700 parresone, pre-1700 parrichin, pre-1700 parriscoun, pre-1700 paryschyne, pre-1700 parysone, pre-1700 peresone, pre-1700 perishone, pre-1700 perisoun, pre-1700 perissoun, pre-1700 perrychin, pre-1700 1700s–1800s parishen, pre-1700 1700s– parishin, pre-1700 1800s parishine, 1800s pairisan (Orkney), 1800s perrishin (Shetland), 1900s– parisan (Orkney), 1900s– parischen, 1900s– perishin (Shetland), 1900s– perishon (Shetland). β. late Middle English paroschen; Scottish pre-1700 parachine, pre-1700 parachon, pre-1700 paraheine, pre-1700 parasone, pre-1700 pariochioune, pre-1700 parochane, pre-1700 parochein, pre-1700 parocheine, pre-1700 parochinies (plural), pre-1700 parochioune, pre-1700 parochon, pre-1700 parochone, pre-1700 parochoun, pre-1700 parochyne, pre-1700 paroschenn, pre-1700 paroschin, pre-1700 paroschoune, pre-1700 paroshen, pre-1700 paroshine, pre-1700 paroshon, pre-1700 parrocheine, pre-1700 parrochin, pre-1700 parrochine, pre-1700 parroching, pre-1700 parrochoin, pre-1700 parrochyn, pre-1700 parroschin, pre-1700 parroschoun, pre-1700 parwchin, pre-1700 perochin, pre-1700 perochine, pre-1700 perrocheoun, pre-1700 perrochin, pre-1700 perrochine, pre-1700 perrochioun, pre-1700 perrochyn, pre-1700 prochene, pre-1700 prochin, pre-1700 prochyn, pre-1700 1700s parochen, pre-1700 1700s paroshin, pre-1700 1700s– parochin, pre-1700 1700s– parochine, 1700s pariochen. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: parish n. Etymology: Variant of parish n., with unexplained ending; perhaps arising by confusion with parishen n.¹ Compare parishing n.¹ Now Scottish (chiefly literary). An ecclesiastical parish. In early use also: the members of a parish, parishioners collectively (Cf. parish n. 1). ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > priest > kinds of priest > [noun] > parish priest > jurisdiction of or parish priestshireOE church-sokenOE parishc1300 parishenc1400 parishingc1450 cure1480 charge1530 paroece1564 parochrie1581 α. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. i. 82 (MED) Persones & parsheprestes pleynede to þe bisshop Þat hure parshen ben poore sitthe þe pestelence tyme. c1450 Lay Folks Mass Bk. (York Min. 16.M.4) (1879) 71 (MED) We sall pray also for all women þat er bun with childer in þis parichin. a1555 D. Lindsay Tragedie Archibyschope of Sanctandrous 367, sig. Svij^v Mak hym..Persone, quhilk his Parisone, can teche. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 90 Robert Schau, quha pastour was of the parischone of Minto. 1618 ( Inventory in E. Peacock Eng. Church Furnit. (1866) 183 This Byll indented Witnes the thinges yt I Thomas Cumberworth, knight, has given to the high aultare in the kirk of Sommerbie to the parson of the parishen to the worshippe of the holy trinitie. 1796 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museums V. 449 Yet I hae seen him on a day The pride of a' the parishen. 1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet I. xi. 254 He was lying in the auld kirkyard of Redgauntlet parishine. 1848 Edinb. Antiq. Mag. 7 To the nixt parishin, or beyond the samin. 1896 Shetland News 6 Aug. in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1903) IV. 424/1 Der no a boy i' da parishen waur fir dat. 1952 J. Hunter Taen wi da Trow 73 An dan-a-days each perishon A peerie Foud did hae. β. 1424 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 4/2 Of all the gudis of the parochyne.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 5774 (MED) To a dyocise langed a cite, & ordened paroschens [?a1400 Petyt parisches; Fr. parosces] for to be.a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 140 Thai pans not of the prochin pure, Hed thai the pelfe to pairt amang thame.a1525 J. Irland Of Penance & Confession in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 48 Thow suld..frequent the materiall kirk and namlie of the parrochin that thou art of.1563 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 246 The toun and parochin of Dunfermling.1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iv. viii. 35 The generall Confession of Faith, sworne and subscribed..by the severall Parochines in the Land.1688 T. Brown Diary 29 Aug. (1898) 52 Tankernes' servands in St. Androis parochine..entered the building.1707 in C. A. Malcolm Minutes Justices of Peace Lanarkshire (1931) 13 They do recomend to the heretors within the severall paroches to make nominatione of such persons as may be fitt to be constables within the saids parochens.1725 in J. F. S. Gordon Shaw's Hist. Moray (1882) III. 352 The heritors of the burgh and parochin of Inverness.1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd i. 11 The tither..In landwart parochins gaed stretchin'.1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood vii There's been mair witches howkit out o' Woodilee and brunt than in ony ither parochine on the Water o' Aller.1939 A. B. Scott Old Days & Ways in Newton Mearns viii. 80 The market cross..was the tryst of the whole parochine. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹adj.?c1225n.²c1400
随便看	θ37629 θ3763 θ37630 θ37631 θ37632 θ37633 θ37634 θ37635 θ37636 θ37637 θ37638 θ37639 θ3764 θ37640 θ37641 θ37642 θ37643 θ37644 θ37645 θ37646 θ37647 θ37648 θ37649 θ3765 θ37650

† parishenn.1adj.

parishenn.2

† parishenn.¹adj.

parishenn.²