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单词 prickle
释义

pricklen.1

Brit. /ˈprɪkl/, U.S. /ˈprɪk(ə)l/
Forms:

α. Old English pricels.

β. Old English priccla, Old English pricel, Old English pricla, Old English–1600s pricle, Middle English precle, Middle English prekel, Middle English prekyl, Middle English prikel, Middle English prikil, Middle English prikille, Middle English prikkyll, Middle English prikyl, Middle English prykel, Middle English prykelle, Middle English prykyl, Middle English–1500s prikle, 1500s–1600s prickel, 1500s–1600s prickell, 1500s– prickle.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: prick v., -els suffix, -el suffix1.
Etymology: In α. forms < prick v. + -els suffix. In β. forms apparently < prick v. + -el suffix1. With use in senses 7b, 7c compare prickle v. and (with sense 7c) earlier prickly adj. 3a. Compare later pritchel n. (which some of the Old English forms could alternatively be interpreted as showing).Compare Middle Dutch prēkel , prickel , prijckel , (plural) prikellen goad, piercing instrument, iron point of a weapon (Dutch prikkel , †prickel , (rare) prekel sting, thorn, goad, also denoting various other pointed instruments), Old Saxon prikil goad (Middle Low German prēkel sting, thorn, goad, spur, also denoting various pointed instruments, (figurative) emotional pain, restlessness, torment, German regional (Low German) Prickel , Preckel , Prekel sting, wooden pin), Middle High German prickel , preckel sting, piercing iron (German (now regional: Central, Rhineland) Prickel , Preckel ). In Old English usually a strong masculine pricels (later pricel ); however, weak masculine (and feminine) forms pricla , priccla (and pricle ) are also attested. In sense 9 after German Stachel (M. Schultze 1864, in Virchows Archiv f. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol. 30 262). With prickle tree n. at Compounds 2 compare earlier prick-timber n. 1, prickwood n. 1, and also prick tree n. (which is first attested later in this sense).
I. A pricking or piercing instrument, and its effect.
1. An instrument for making or inflicting a prick, or for piercing something; †a goad (obsolete). Also figurative and in figurative context. In later use spec. (Scottish): a tool used by bakers for pricking dough. Sc. National Dict. records the spec. sense as still in use in Roxburghshire in 1966.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > motivation > [noun] > incitement or instigation > that which incites or instigates
prickleOE
pritchOE
alighting1340
brodc1375
bellowsc1386
pricka1387
motivec1390
prompting1402
preparativec1450
stirmentc1460
incentive?a1475
fomenta1500
farda1522
instigation1526
pointing1533
swinge1548
spur1551
whetstone1551
goad1567
promptitude1578
alarm1587
inducement1593
solicitor1594
incitement1596
inflammation1597
instance1597
excitement1604
moving spirit1604
heart-blood1606
inflamer1609
rouser1611
stimulator1614
motioner1616
incensivea1618
incitative1620
incitation1622
whettera1625
impulsivea1628
excitation1628
incendiary1628
dispositive1629
fomentationa1631
switch1630
stirrer1632
irritament1634
provocative1638
impetus1641
driving force1642
driving power1642
engagement1642
firer1653
propellant1654
fomentary1657
impulse1660
urgency1664
impeller1686
fillip1699
shove1724
incitive1736
stimulative1747
bonus1787
stimulus1791
impellent1793
stimulant1794
propulsion1800
instigant1833
propulsive1834
motive power1836
evoker1845
motivity1857
afflatus1865
flip1881
urge1882
agent provocateur1888
will to power1896
a shot in the arm1922
motivator1929
driver1971
co-driver1993
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > goad
goadeOE
prickleOE
yardc1000
prickc1225
gad1289
gorea1325
brodc1375
brodyke1471
pricker?a1475
gad-wand1487
gadstaff1568
stimule1583
goad prick1609
ankus1768
goad stick1773
sjambok1790
driving stick1800
prod1828
sting1842
quirt1845
garrocha1846
gad-stick1866
romal1904
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke Pref. Paulus..quem diu contra stimulos recalcitrantem dominus elegisset : Paulus..ðone long wið priclom eftdrægend drihten gecease.
lOE Salisbury Psalter: Canticles x. 17 Tu deuicto mortis aculeo, aperuisti credentibus regna cælorum : ouerswiþdon deaþes pricele þu antyndest gelæffullum rice heouenan.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 15474 Penda poyned him as a prikille.
c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. 6578 Wel ney his flanke his strok he tecles, And strikes him with spere and pricles.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 413 Prykyl, stimulus.
?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 99 A Prikkyll [1483 BL Add. 89074 Prykelle], punctorium.
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Kiii/1 A Prickle, stimulus.
1610 Bible (Douay) II. Ecclus. xxxviii. 26 That holdeth the plough, and glorieth in the goade, driveth oxen with the prickle, and converseth in their workes.
1862 A. M'Gilvray Poems 327 Lay by the prickles, slips, and pins The barrels, broads, and setters.
2. A sensation of being pricked or goaded; (figurative) †an urging or prompting. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > touch and feeling > sensation of something creeping on skin > [noun]
pricklea1400
creeping1799
the creeps1849
OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) xxi. 171 Dum satietate uenter extenditur aculei libidinis excitantur : þænne mid oferfylle wamb byð aþened pricelas galnysse beoð awehte.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) ii. i. 64 Ac seo ræding pingð þæne scoliere mid scearpum pricele.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 8485 (MED) Y fele a ful hard prykyl Þat my flesshe tempteþ me mykyl.
3.
a. A small mark or written character; a jot, iota; a minute fraction, part, or particle. Cf. prick n. 3, 4. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > the smallest amount > a jot
cornc888
grotc888
prickleOE
prickOE
pointc1300
grain1377
hair1377
motec1390
twynt1399
mitec1400
tarec1405
drop1413
ace?1440
tittlea1450
whita1450
jot1526
Jack1530
plack1530
farthingc1540
minima1585
scintil1599
atom1626
scintillation1650
punct1653
doit1660
scintilla1674
rap1792
haet1802
dottle1808
smiggot1823
hooter1839
heartbeat1855
pick1866
filament1868
hoot1878
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. v. 18 Iota unum aut unus apex non præteribit a lege : foruord uel pricle an uel enne uel enne pricle uel stæfes heafod ne foreade uel ne forgæs from ae.
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xii. 59 Non exies inde donec etiam nouissimum minutum reddas : ne gaes ðu ðona oðð uutedlice ðone hlætmesto pricclu [OE Rushw. ðone lætemestu pricla]..ðætte ðu forgelde.
b. = prick n. 5a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > hour > [noun] > specific part of an hour
prickOE
momentumOE
prickleOE
punctOE
mileway1370
momenta1398
pointa1398
half-hourc1420
quartera1500
glass1599
semi-hore1623
scruple1728
part1806
OE On Length of Year (Titus) in H. Henel Stud. zum Altenglischen Computus (1934) 65 Þæs bið twa and fifti wucena; and eahta þusend tida and seouan hund and sixti; hund eahtatig ðusenda hwila and six hund, ða man hateþ minuta, and seouan ðusenda and six hund; þonne bið ðæs eac þara beorhtan hwila ðreo hund ðusenda, and fifti ðusenda, fif hund and twentig; ðonne bið þæs fif and þrittig þusenda pricla and feowortig.
II. A spinelike growth, and its effect.
4. The sting of an insect. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > [noun] > instruments of defence or offence > sting
prickc1350
stang1382
stingle1398
prickle?c1425
forker1616
dart1665
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [noun] > a sharp prominence > small
tinea700
bristlea1300
denticlec1400
prickle?c1425
tooth?1523
serra1800
spikelet1851
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Arachnida > [noun] > order Scorpiones > member of (scorpion) > parts of > sting
prickc1350
prickle?c1425
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Hymenoptera > [noun] > suborder Apocrita, Petiolata, or Heterophaga > group Aculeata (stinging) > superfamily Apoidea (bees) > sting of bee
prickc1350
prickle?c1425
spear1608
spine1656
bee-sting1689
?c1425 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Royal 17 D.vi) (1860) 121 Senek seithe how the kyng and the leder Of bees prikles hathe he right none..other bees prikles han everychone.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 413 Prykyl (or tyynde, infra)..aculeus.
5. A rigid, but comparatively short and slender, sharp-pointed outgrowth from or extension of the epidermis of a plant; spec. a modified trichome. Cf. spine n.1 1, thorn n. 1.Botanically, a prickle differs from a thorn or spine in that it may be peeled off with the epidermis and does not grow from the wood of the plant; but in popular use the terms are often used interchangeably.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > thorn or prickle > [noun]
thornc950
pileOE
prickOE
pikec1300
spine1430
pricklec1484
brodc1550
sting1567
point1604
spears1607
stob1637
pin1650
pricket1663
spinet1672
aculeus1702
pricker1743
spicula1753
acicula1784
acicule1800
acicle1852
thornlet1882
sticker1889
c1484 (a1475) J. de Caritate tr. Secreta Secret. (Takamiya) (1977) 178/12 He þat pullyth vppe þe flourys with þe leuys and prykyllis, and þan sokyth þe flouris thynkyng on ony woman, it settyth her afyr in hys loue.
1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 86 Nettells..haue no prickells, yet they sting.
1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie iii. vii. 108 There is a kinde of Holly, that is void of these Prickles.
a1672 P. Sterry Disc. Freedom of Will (1675) 157 It hath prickels to guard those Roses from rash and rude hands.
1715 F. Borland Memoirs of Darien 15 There is a great Variety of Trees and Shrubs..among which are Cedar trees, Locust and Bullet-trees.., Maccaw-trees full of sharp prickles like needles [etc.].
1776 W. Withering Brit. Plants (1796) II. 188 The prickles at the edge of the leaves..readily distinguish this from the G[alium] montanum.
1881 P. Henderson Henderson's Handbk. Plants 263/1 Aculei, or prickles, proceed from the bark; spines or thorns proceed from the wood. The former fall off when ripe; the latter do not.
1891 ‘Q’ Noughts & Crosses 159 I sat down under a dusty gorse-bush..and tugging off a boot, searched for a prickle that somehow had got into it.
1914 F. E. Fritsch & E. J. Salisbury Introd. Study Plants ii. 22 In the case of the Hop the grip of the climbing plant is greatly aided by the presence of curved prickles.
2002 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 2458/1 The fruit is a spongy berry covered with stout prickles.
6. A hard-pointed spine or spiny process on an animal; esp. a quill of a hedgehog or porcupine.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > hard or protective covering > spine
pikec1300
thornc1300
awl1340
prickle1567
prick1631
spine1753
acicula1784
acicule1800
acicle1852
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [noun] > a sharp prominence > specifically of a natural object
thornc950
prickle1567
prong1698
spine1750
1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 89 Almost on euerie prickle or brestle he getteth an Apple or Grape.
?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 58 Histrix is a little beast with speckled prickles on his back.
1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 74 [The Urchin] of the Sea, drunk with the prickles, expelleth the stone.
1709 A. Hill Full Acct. Ottoman Empire xxxii. 234 There is found in Egypt..a little Bird about the Bigness of a common Quail.., and both the Wings containing Feathers, at the ends whereof are certain Prickles, not unlike the Bristles of a Hog.
1740 R. Brookes Art of Angling ii. xliii. 161 The Red-Gurnard or Rotchet..has a large Boney Head arm'd with Prickles.
1840 T. Hood Miss Kilmansegg iii, in New Monthly Mag. 60 394 He lies like a hedgehog rolled up the wrong way, Tormenting himself with his prickles.
1909 Chatterbox 70/2 Some of the globe-fishes have the body covered with a most formidable armour of prickles or spines.
1954 Times May 24 8/3 Tenrecs..look much like hedgehogs with hair instead of prickles.
1982 W. L. Heat Moon Blue Highways v. xi. 208 An improbable bag of prickles, a big porcupine, all thirty thousand quills.
7. figurative and in extended use.
a. Something that pricks the mind or feelings; a cause of discomfort, contention, or irritation. Chiefly in plural.
ΚΠ
1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 128 The wisedome of M. the Cardinall will strip off all the thorny prickles of passions.
1682 J. Dryden Medall 9 The Man who laugh'd but once..Might laugh again, to see a Jury chaw The prickles of unpalatable Law.
1705 tr. A. Cowley Plants in Wks. (1711) III. 364 The Rose has prickles, so has Love, Though these a little sharper prove.
1821 M. Edgeworth Let. 29 Jan. (1971) 236 I will trample..upon all the prickles of the impossibilities and flatten them womanfully.
1924 H. de Sélincourt Cricket Match iv. 105 They would be a team, and not eleven men fenced off from each other by a thousand prickles.
1984 N.Y. Times 2 Sept. vii. 3/1 He even managed to smuggle in some of his sardonic world view, purged of its prickles, or some of them.
2005 Guardian 10 Sept. (Guide Suppl.) 83/3 New dad Brett is volunteering for overtime to avoid ‘cactus hour’, traditionally attributed to the hours before baby sleeps, but the prickles in this marital unit are due to Kim's nagging.
b. Originally regional and U.S. colloquial. A prickling sensation in the skin.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > [noun] > action of irritating > irritating sensation
prickle1895
1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. Prickle, a prickling or stinging sensation.
1898 N. Munro John Splendid xxiii. 223 A prickle's at my skin that tells me here is dool.
1975 M. Duffy Capital i. 48 I shall feel the prickle of heat and grass.
1985 J. Winterson Oranges are not the Only Fruit 109 I felt a prickle at the back of my neck.
2000 Daily Tel. 13 Mar. 5/1 He says he was struck by the ‘pringles’—a combination of prickles on the scalp and tingling on the neck.
c. In plural. British. A tendency or capacity to react argumentatively; defensiveness, prickliness, touchiness. Cf. prickle v. 4b, prickly adj. 3a. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > touchiness > [noun]
touchiness1603
huffiness1678
sensibilities1767
sensitiveness1817
tactility1831
huffishness1841
miffiness1845
hoity-toityism1881
sensitivity1906
prickle1956
1956 C. P. Snow Homecomings l. 358 The prickles and self-assertiveness which made them snack.
1975 L. Gillen Return to Deepwater ii. 38 ‘You've got the McCourt prickles, anyway,’ he told her tactlessly.
1993 Locus June 71/1 Disappointment deepens our crotchets, prickles, maggots, jaundices that were there already.
8. A filefish (family Balistidae), characterized by a dorsal spine and rough scales. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Tetraodontiformes (puffers) > [noun] > family Balistidae (trigger-fish) > Balistes (file-fish)
goatfish1613
prickle1681
leather-jacket1770
unicorn file-fish1804
file-fish1815
monacanthid1977
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. v. iii. 113 The Prickle or longest File-Fish..on the sides hinderly grows a little short Prickle upon the centre of every Scale.
9. Histology. Each of the tiny projections observed by light microscopy on the surface of prickle cells, representing intercellular connections (desmosomes).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells > spine on a prickle-cell
prickle1872
1872 H. Power tr. S. Stricker Man. Human & Compar. Histol. II. 226 They are homogeneous in structure, with a distinct membrane which in most parts of the skin gives off small hairlike processes or prickles which penetrate the immediately adjoining cells.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 881 The prickle cells in the neighbourhood of the lacunæ, which are found here and there over the papillæ, have lost their prickles.
1934 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 27 333 The nuclei of the germinal layer and of the prickle cells are close together, indicating great diminution or absence of cytoplasm of the cells.
1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xvii. 969 Above the basal cells are several layers of larger prickle cells..whose numerous desmosomes..are just visible in the light microscope as tiny prickles around the cell surface (hence the name).

Compounds

C1. attributive and parasynthetic.
prickle-armed adj.
ΚΠ
c1620 T. Robinson Mary Magdalene (1899) i. xxxiv. 310 No thistle heere was seen, no pricle-armed thorne.
1921 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 48 328 Scape rather slender, shorter than the basal leaves, bearing several prickle-armed small leaves.
1948 M. J. Cuthbert How to Know Fall Flowers 35 (caption) Prickle-armed, reclining-climbing plants with angled stems.
prickle-edge n.
ΚΠ
a1883 C. H. Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (1886) I. 102 Not infrequently some of the cells [of keratoid carcinoma] have prickle-edges, exactly as in certain layers of the normal epidermis.
prickle-edged adj.
ΚΠ
1857 P. H. Gosse Creation 136 Its great prickle-edged stiff leaves grow in long diagonal rows.
2001 Guardian (Nexis) 27 Jan. (Weekend Suppl.) 74 This has clustered strands of pale yellow flowers surrounded by a ruff of prickle-edged, pinnate leaves.
prickle-nosed adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vii. ii. 162 The Prickle-Nos'd Beetle..hath only a small short Prickle.
prickle-shaped adj.
ΚΠ
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants IV. 105 Leaves..edged with prickle-shaped substances the same as those on the surface.
1855–60 Repts. Explorations & Surv. (U.S. War Dept.) 408 The coronoid process is small and prickle-shaped.
1992 Systematic Bot. 17 471 Leaves... Trichome-shape: prickle-shaped (0).
C2.
prickle-apple n. now rare (Caribbean in later use) the soursop, the fruit of the tree Annona muricata.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > tropical exotic fruit > of South America or West Indies > sour-sop
prickle-apple1578
prickled apple1657
sour-sop1667
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. lxxxvii. 441 The Names..Thornie apples, Prickle apples, and Stramonia.
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis ii. i. ii. 186 Part of a Prickle-Apple... The Fruit is remarkable for the several Tussucks or Bunches of Thorns wherewith it is armed all round about.
a1700 State of Jamaica (B.L. Egerton MS 2395) f. 612 Cashues, prickell peares, prickell Apples, Soursops, Custard Apples.
1768 Wonders of Nature (ed. 2) VI. 217 The pine-apple, the prickle-apple, oranges, lemons, and limes are found here in plenty.
1979 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 9 Apr. 6/4 In Jamaica the prickle-apple was an old name for what fruit?.. The soursop.
prickle cell n. [after German Stachelzelle (M. Schultze 1864, in Virchows Archiv f. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol. 30 262)] Histology any of the cells forming the intermediate layer of squamous epithelium, characterized by numerous intercellular connections (desmosomes) appearing by light microscopy as tiny projections from the cell surface; cf. prickle layer n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells
reticular cell1832
torula1833
reserve cell1842
subcell1844
parenchyma cell1857
pedicel cell1858
nettle cell1870
heterocyst1872
prickle cell1872
angioblast1875
palisade cell1875
sextant1875
spindle cell1876
neuroblast1878
body cell1879
plasma cell1882
reticulum cell1882
stem cell1885
Langhans1886
basal cell1889
pole cell1890
myelocyte1891
statocyst1892
mast cell1893
thrombocyte1893
iridocyte1894
precursor1895
nurse cell1896
amacrine1900
statocyte1900
mononuclear1903
oat cell1903
myeloblast1904
trochoblast1904
adipocyte1906
polynuclear1906
fibrocyte1911
akaryote1920
Rouget cell1922
Sternberg–Reed1922
amphicyte1925
monoblast1925
pericyte1925
promyelocyte1925
pituicyte1930
agamete1932
sympathogonia1934
athrocyte1938
progenitor1938
Reed–Sternberg cell1939
submarginal1941
delta cell1942
mastocyte1947
squame1949
podocyte1954
transformed cell1956
transformant1957
spheroplast1958
pinealocyte1961
immunocyte1963
lactotroph1966
mammotroph1966
minicell1967
proheterocyst1970
myofibroblast1971
cybrid1974
1872 H. Power tr. S. Stricker Man. Human & Compar. Histol. II. 226 Rib or prickle cells of Max Schultze.
1962 G. C. Blake & J. R. Trott Periodontol. ii. 17 This epithelium consists of a few layers of prickle cells.
2000 Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. 118 678 The keratinocyte plasma membrane localization of aquaporin-3 was confirmed at the electron microscope level in prickle cells.
pricklefish n. (a) a stickleback (now rare); (b) a member of the family Stephanoberycidae of small deep-sea fishes of tropical and subtropical waters, which bear spines ventrally and dorsally in front of the caudal fin and typically have toothed scales with backward-pointing spines.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks) > [noun] > family Gasterosteidae > member of (stickleback)
sticklinga1400
stitlingc1425
sticklebacka1475
shaftling1558
sharpling1558
stansticklea1637
hackle1655
pricklefish1668
prickling1668
jack sharp?1758
tittlebat1781
Jack Sharpnails1787
thorny-back1811
struttle1821
bandie1825
tinker1833
thornback1859
tiddler1885
1668 W. Charleton Onomasticon Zoicon 144 Atherina..the Prickle-fish.
1834 T. Crookenden in J. Couch Illustr. Instinct (1847) xv. 250 The Pricklefish..in a large dock for shipping on the river Thames, thousands of these fish were bred some years ago.
1927 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 48 302 Prick, prickle, prickleback, prickle-fish ‘stickleback’.
1961 E. S. Herald Living Fishes of World 158/2 The very spiny pricklefishes (family Stephanoberycidae) are known from two small species.
1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xv. 249/1 The primitive stephanoberyciforms (gibberfishes, pricklefishes, cetomimoid whalefishes) are largely deep-sea forms.
prickle layer n. Histology the layer of squamous epithelium between the basal cell and granular cell layers, made up of prickle cells.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Prickle-layer, the lowest stratum of the epidermis... It is formed of prickle-cells.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 542 The prickle layer is thinned or absent, and the prickle cells flattened horizontally.
1907 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 79 551 In implanted skin a variable amount of the prickle layer always died.
2002 Global Cosmetic Industry (Nexis) 1 May s1 These..films possess a rheology enabling creation of mono-layers of functional ingredients on the skin, allowing them to be easily absorbed by the stratum corneum, even as far as the prickle layer.
prickle-machine n. rare a machine for pricking cheese.
ΚΠ
1905 Rep. U.S. Bur. Anim. Industry 103 The prickle-machine..has a disk set with long parallel needle-like spikes which make numerous holes through the cheese to let in the air for the growth of mold.
prickle-palm n. Obsolete = prickly palm n. at prickly adj. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > non-British trees or shrubs > palm trees > [noun] > other palms
prickly palm1666
thorny palm1666
palm1681
sagwire1681
wine-palm1681
prickle-palm1684
prickly pole1696
brab1698
palmyra1698
thatch-tree1756
double coconut1775
nibong1779
nipa1779
rhapis1789
cocorite1796
groo-groo1796
borassus1798
cohune1805
traveller's tree1809
tucum1810
gomuti1811
taliera1814
lontar1820
salak1820
ground-rattan1823
geonoma1824
tucuma1824
nikau1827
wax-palm1830
murumuru1834
piassava1835
traveller's palm1850
bangalow1851
inajá palm1853
jacitara1853
peach palm1853
pupunha palm1853
jipijapa1858
urucuri1860
climbing palm1863
sea-apple1864
Alexandra palm1865
coquito1866
thatch1866
thatch-palm1866
açai1868
walking-stick palm1869
kentia1870
toquilla1877
Guadalupe palm1895
tortoiseshell palm1902
pimpler1909
1684 tr. A. O. Exquemelin Bucaniers Amer. 179 The Prickle Palm is so full of prickles, from the Root to the top, that there is scarce a fingers-breadth free.
1737 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. XXX. 231 Hispaniola... They have also several sorts of palms, as the Latimer-Palm, the Prickle-Palm, [etc.].
prickle tree n. Obsolete rare the European spindle tree, Euonymus europaea; = prickwood n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental trees and shrubs > [noun] > spindle-tree(s)
prickwood1516
spindle-tree1548
prick-timber1578
prickle tree1607
prick tree1671
spindle1712
spindlekin1714
euonymus1767
skewer wood1782
gaiter1796
dogwood1838
spindle-trees1846
louse-berry1866
skewer tree1894
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 240 The prickle or spindle tree (called also Euonimus).
prickle-yellow n. (also prickle yellow tree, †prickle yellowwood) = prickly yellow n. at prickly adj. Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1750 G. Hughes Nat. Hist. Barbados vi. 167 The Prickle-Yellow-Wood... This is a Timber-Tree, growing large enough to be saw'd into Planks, or Boards, for Tables, and other Uses.
1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 302/1 Prickle-yellow, a very common West Indian wood, the produce of Xanthoxylon clava Herculis, used for furniture, flooring, and inlaying.
1927 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 28 Oct. 15/2 A large prickle yellow tree gave way in a landslide.
1979 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 66 162 Zanthoxylum setulosum..is known as prickle yellow..in English, and as acabu, alcabu,or arcabu in Spanish.

Derivatives

ˈpricklish adj. somewhat prickly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [adjective] > having (a) sharp projection(s) > having points like prickles or bristles
sharpc1000
prickling1567
prickly1577
prickled1578
thistly1605
pricklish1698
spicated1703
bristled1794
thistlish1858
stivery1892
burred1906
1698 J. Petiver in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 328 The..Leaves stand on a pricklish or rough Footstalk.
1933 Lima (Ohio) News 5 July 5/2 The couch had a wooly covering that was lovely in a winter firelight and pricklish in the summer heat.
1981 ‘C. J. Cherryh’ Pride of Chanur iii. 29 She strode off, pricklish in her dignity.
1997 L. Wolpert & A. Richards Passionate Minds ii. 16 On the whole the reviews have been very complimentary, but a few scientific ones..were much more pricklish.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

pricklen.2

Brit. /ˈprɪkl/, U.S. /ˈprɪk(ə)l/
Forms: 1500s prekele, 1600s prickel, 1600s 1800s– prickle.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item.. Etymon: prickle n.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps a transferred use of prickle n.1 (compare quot. 1825).
Now English regional (chiefly southern).
A type of wicker basket for fruit, flowers, fish, or other produce; such a basket used as a measure for various commodities. Also attributive in prickle-basket.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > basket > [noun]
teanela700
windlec725
spertc975
kipec1000
leapc1000
willyc1000
basketa1300
coopa1300
hoppera1300
ripc1300
skepc1340
coffinc1380
criba1387
skippetc1450
corfc1483
wisket1542
prickle1543
cleave1577
serpet1615
wicker1646
bascaud1647
shapeta1657
fender1682
canister1697
kist1724
calathus1753
voider1788
wick1802
skip1816
maeshie1822
1543 Will 27 Apr. in London Consistory Wills 1492–1547 (1967) 120 I owe to Michael the frewterer..for a prekele off ware 18d.
1604 N. F. Fruiterers Secrets 17 When your baskets or prickels be ful.
c1634 in H. Hall & D. J. Nicholas Sel. Tracts & Table Bks. Relating to Eng. Weights & Measures (1100–1742) (1929) (Camden) 3rd Ser. XLI. 53 Baskettes called prickles, conteyneing 4 Pecks and sometimes not soe much.
1674 Commune Concilium (London Court of Common Council) For each Prickle or Basket, holding not above one Bushel, one halfpenny per Day.
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. iv. 181 The prickle Baskets, and Hand-barrows should at this time be plyed with the greatest vigour and diligence.
1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Prickle, a basket or measure of wicker work among fruiterers. Formerly made of briers. Hence, perhaps, the name.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 27/2 The prickle is a brown willow basket, in which walnuts are imported..from the Continent; they are about thirty inches deep, and in bulk rather larger than a gallon measure; they are used only by the vendors of walnuts.
1883 J. A. Symonds Shakspere's Predecessors (1900) ix. 278 Nymphs, carrying prickles, or open wicker baskets.
1887 W. D. Parish & W. F. Shaw Dict. Kentish Dial. Prickle,..a basket containing about ten gallons, used at Whitstable for measuring oysters. Two prickles equal one London bushel. One prickle equals two wash (for whelks). But the prickle is not exact enough to be used for very accurate measuring.
1912 T. Okey Introd. Art of Basket-making viii. 84 Cages, prickles (generally used for the transport of empty glass bottles), cradles, shoulder baskets and numerous other articles of common use.
1973 W. Elmer Terminol. Fishing iv. 244 (caption) Hythe.., 7-stone prickle-basket.
1992 G. Pike et al. Oysters & Dredgermen Gloss. Prickle, a local measure for oysters; one half of the basic unit, the tub.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

pricklev.

Brit. /ˈprɪkl/, U.S. /ˈprɪk(ə)l/
Forms: Middle English prikelle, 1500s– prickle; Scottish pre-1700 prickill, pre-1700 pricle, pre-1700 prikill, pre-1700 prikle, pre-1700 prykle, 1800s– prickle.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: prickle n.1; prick v., -le suffix.
Etymology: Partly < prickle n.1, and partly < prick v. + -le suffix (compare -le suffix 3).Compare Middle Dutch prickelen, prikelen, prijkelen, prēkelen to prick, to sting, to pierce, to incite (a person or animal), to goad, to affect with a prickling sensation or (figurative) a feeling of pain (Dutch prikkelen, †prickelen), Middle Low German prickelen, prikelen, (rare) preckelen to pierce, to pinch, to cause a piercing pain, (figurative) to cause distress to, to worry or disquiet, prēkelen to prick, to sting, to goad, (figurative) to cause distress to, to worry or disquiet (German regional (Low German) prickeln, prikkeln to pierce, to affect with a prickling sensation, to cause a slight piercing pain, prekeln, preckeln to pierce, to prick; > German prickeln to goad (now obsolete), to itch, to sting, to titillate (a person), to have or feel a pricking sensation, to itch, to tingle (late 17th cent. or earlier; originally regional)).
1. intransitive. To stick out or stand up like prickles. Cf. prick v. 28.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > vertical position > be vertical [verb (intransitive)] > be or become upright > stiffly
prickle?a1400
stover1633
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 305 (MED) Þer foyntes forward prikelle.
1820 J. Galt Ann. Parish xliv The very first sound o't made the hair on my old grey head to prickle up.
1897 W. Beatty Secretar 327 My hair prickling, and the cold shooting down my back.
1905 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 305/2 The roofs of gray shingles or red tiles prickling up through the mass of greenery.
1966 B. Malamud Fixer (1969) v. vi. 162 The hair on the back of his neck prickled.
1998 T. Hughes Birthday Lett. (1999) 132 I heard the bellow in your voice That made my nape-hair prickle when you sang How you were freed from the Elm.
2. transitive. To affect with a feeling of mental or emotional pain, sorrow, or remorse. Cf. prick v. 2. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > cause anguish to or torment [verb (transitive)] > afflict with pangs
pingeOE
prickOE
bite?c1200
to smite to a person's hearta1225
stingc1386
hita1400
tanga1400
prickle?a1513
pang1520
punch1548
stimulate1548
twinge1647
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 194 My panefull purs so prikillis me.
1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay 62 Thay war priklit in thair hartis and said to hime..quhat sal we dw?
3.
a. transitive. To prick. Originally: to prick as with a goad or other sharp instrument; (later) to scratch, sting, or pierce with, or as with, a prickle or thorn. Also intransitive.Earliest in figurative use: †to goad, provoke, incite (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > incite or instigate
stirc897
putOE
sputc1175
prokec1225
prickc1230
commovec1374
baitc1378
stingc1386
movea1398
eager?a1400
pokec1400
provokea1425
tollc1440
cheera1450
irritec1450
encourage1483
incite1483
harden1487
attice1490
pricklea1522
to set on1523
incense1531
irritate1531
animate1532
tickle1532
stomach1541
instigate1542
concitea1555
upsteer1558
urge1565
instimulate1570
whip1573
goad1579
raise1581
to set upa1586
to call ona1592
incitate1597
indarec1599
alarm1602
exstimulate1603
to put on1604
feeze1610
impulse1611
fomentate1613
emovec1614
animalize1617
stimulate1619
spura1644
trinkle1685
cite1718
to put up1812
prod1832
to jack up1914
goose1934
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > affect with type of pain [verb (transitive)] > cause pain by pricking
pricklea1522
a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 299 So pryklyng hyr grene curage for to crowd In amorus voce and wowar soundis lowd.
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Kiii/1 To Prickle, stimulare.
1579 T. Lupton Thousand Notable Things i. 17 The outwarde part of the nettle, doth styng, prickle or burne.
1693 W. Congreve Old Batchelour iii. ii. 28 You have such a Beard, and would so prickle one.
1707 C. Cibber School-boy i. 21 He has buss'd and slaver'd me here..; and has prickled my Face till my Eyes are all of a Water.
1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Prickle, to prick.
1876 T. S. Egan tr. H. Heine Atta Troll 222 If that point I shall once unpack, 'Twill prickle and hackle your faces.
1898 R. Blakeborough Wit N. Riding Yorks. 431 Ah've prickl'd my han's all ower.
1904 M. M. Dodge Rhymes & Jingles 132 Buzzing all over him, Singing and tickling, In and out, round about, Nipping and prickling.
1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down ii. i. 171 The bairn likes the flowers. I have to stop and pick her a few. Mrs. Smith gives her a rose nows and thens, but they prickle her so.
2001 Ottawa Sun (Nexis) 25 Sept. 19 Miller's group had to wade through thick dust that prickled their skin like shards of fibreglass.
b. transitive. To affect with a prickling sensation.Cf. earlier prickling adj., in this sense.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > touch and feeling > sensation of something creeping on skin > [verb (transitive)]
prickle1612
to make one's flesh creep1725
horripilate1887
the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > causing physical symptoms > cause physical symptoms [verb (transitive)] > cause horripilation
prickle1612
to make one's flesh creep1725
porcupine1827
horripilate1887
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > affect with type of pain [verb (transitive)] > cause pain by pricking > affect with pricking
pritchc1450
prickle1612
1612 J. Smith Map of Virginia 13 The chiefe roote they haue for foode is called Tockawhoughe... Raw it is no better then poison, & being roasted, except it be tender..it will prickle and torment the throat extreamely.
1655 Duchess of Newcastle Philos. & Physical Opinions cxciv. 151 The sharpness, prickling or tickling the stomach, provokes a straining, as tickling in the nose doth sneezing.
1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud xiv. iv, in Maud & Other Poems 49 I..Felt a horror over me creep, Prickle my skin and catch my breath.
1954 G. Vidal Messiah vii. 186 The heat prickled me unpleasantly.
1983 J. Gordon Edge of World iv. 29 The horsehair stuffing prickled the backs of her legs.
2001 T. Winton Dirt Music (2003) 8 A bird's wings whopped by,..close as a whisper; the sound prickled Georgie's skin like the onset of the flu.
4.
a. intransitive. To have or feel a pricking or prickling sensation; to tingle with (something).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > suffer or cause type of pain [verb (intransitive)] > prick or tingle > suffer pricking or tingling
tinklea1382
tinglea1425
sowc1425
dindle1483
pricklea1661
prinkle1721
prick1850
pringle1889
a1661 W. Brereton Trav. (1844) 42 His finger burned and prickled.
1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 86 Sir Gareth's head prickled beneath his helm.
1898 R. Blakeborough Wit N. Riding Yorks. 431 Ah prickle all ower.
1947 E. Berridge Prisoner in Tell it to Stranger (2000) 151 The Germans went about the fields with a hunched, defensive walk, as if their flesh prickled with cold under the thick, rough khaki.
1974 J. Heller Something Happened 445 ‘Don't be such a worry wart.’ ‘Don't use that phrase. It makes my skin prickle.’
2002 A. Phillips Prague iv. i. 285 His exposed chest and arms prickled with silvery, slivery cold.
b. intransitive. figurative. To react defensively or angrily; to bristle. Frequently with at. Cf. prickle n.1 7a, prickly adj. 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > [verb (intransitive)] > become angry > react angrily
prickle1972
1972 Times 21 Aug. 4/2 She prickled at a newspaper headline which read along the lines of ‘Reds Under the Pails’.
1983 G. Harris Seventh Gate ii. 29 You're easy to tease and I like to watch you prickle, like a marsh kitten refusing to be stroked.
1997 J. Updike Toward End of Time 29 The primitive man within me prickled at this casual uncalled-for protrusion of insolent mock-nakedness.
2004 Evening Chron. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 28 July 1 He prickles when the word brave is mentioned, pointing out he didn't ask for cancer.
5. intransitive. To be thickly set with prickles or points. Frequently figurative or in extended use. Cf. bristle v.1 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > project as sharp prominence [verb (intransitive)] > be or become covered (as) with bristles
bristle1606
prickle1871
1871 Scribner's Monthly May 102/1 Spinea and hawthorn prickle with minute leaves.
1927 M. de la Roche Jalna xx. 276 The organist Mr. Fennel proposed Grandmother's health, in a toast..glowing with metaphor and prickling with wit.
1967 Times 23 Dec. 17/8 It is all certainly a most formidable problem, but also one that prickles with potentialities.
2004 Observer (Nexis) 14 Nov. (Special Suppl.) 2 Canary Wharf, prickling with glass skyscrapers.
6. transitive. To sprinkle, cover, or set with, or as if with, prickles or points. Chiefly poetic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > variegation > spot of colour > spot [verb (transitive)] > speckle
powderc1380
besprenga1425
prick1530
sprinkle1551
peckle1570
speckle1570
speck1580
pepper?1605
pounce1610
freckle1613
freck1621
stipplea1774
punctuate1777
dot1784
puncture1848
bespeckle1860
prickle1888
tick1910
1888 Harper's Mag. Apr. 753 Evening shadowed; the violet deepened and prickled itself with stars.
a1908 B. E. Baughan in V. O'Sullivan Anthol. 20th Cent. N.Z. Poetry (1987) 4 And the opposite rampart of ridges Bristles against the sky, all the tawny, tumultuous landscape Is stuck, and prickled, and spiked with the standing black and Grey splinters.
1984 C. H. Sissons Coll. Poems 46 The white hill-side is prickled with antlers And the deer wade to me through the snow.
1996 Guardian 11 May (Weekend Suppl.) 50/2 The whole landscape is prickled with spinifex, a jaggy little spiny desert plant that gives even its own species a wide berth.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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