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单词 raise
释义

raisen.1

Brit. /reɪz/, U.S. /reɪz/
Forms: see raise v.1
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: raise v.1
Etymology: < raise v.1Use in sense 3c was sometimes criticized by U.S. usage guides until as late as the 1980s, rise n. 18b being preferred, although it is standard usage in U.S. English.
†1. An assessment or collection; a levy. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > [noun]
enrolling1467
raisec1500
conscription1529
prest1542
enrolment1552
listing1641
delectus1656
enlisting1757
enlistment1765
recruitment1793
crimping1795
sign-up1908
induction1934
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [noun]
impositionc1374
taxing1413
levy1427
taxation1447
finance?c1475
taxage1483
levying1496
raisec1500
talliation1531
leviation1538
lay1558
tousting1565
stenting1587
cuttinga1599
imposing1610
assize1642
c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 91 Than may ye make a newe reise, bothe of people & tresour.
2.
a. The action or an act of raising something; uplifting, elevation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > [noun]
highing?c1225
heavinga1300
hancinga1382
arearing1382
hainingc1440
enhancing1490
elevation1526
raise1538
elation1578
heightening1598
raisure1613
exaltation1616
sublation1623
elevating1648
sublevation1663
upraising1839
uprearing1853
upsetting1882
updraw1912
1538 Bale God's Promises iii, in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1874) I. 301 The sure health and raise of all mankind.
?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter cxli. 405 My rayse of handes: as sacrifice,..let it bee.
1602 in T. Stafford Pac. Hib. iii. vii. 308 Raise of a greater height that worke Captaine Tirrell made, betwixt the house and the cornell.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §699 In Leaping with Weights..the Hands goe backward before they take their Raise.
1869 Janesville (Wisconsin) Gaz. 11 Oct. A raise in the sidewalk is one of the improvements.
1956 Times 5 Mar. 10/7 A raise of the Doctor's eyebrows was sufficient to secure silence.
1993 Rolling Stone 18 Feb. 11/3 With the raise of his middle finger, the last great gig of 1992 was on.
b. Weightlifting. The act of lifting or raising a part of the body while holding a weight; an instance of this. Usually with modifying word.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > athletics > [noun] > weight-lifting > act of lifting part of the body
raise1925
split1955
1925 Health & Strength 14 Feb. 104/3 The ‘Abdominal Raise’..is performed by, first of all, adopting the prone position.
1956 Muscle Power June 42/2 He then..performs the side lateral raise, lifting the weights off to the sides instead of to the front.
1985 Bodypower June 5 At the top of each rep Gladys contracted the calf muscle fully, just as she did for the standing raises.
2001 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 8 Feb. 15 The late Harry Peart..lifted 115lbs using the abdominal raise.
3.
a. Chiefly U.S. An increase in amount; an increase in the price, rate, value, etc., of something. Cf. rise n. 17.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > an increase
eke894
increasec1384
eking1393
augmentationc1452
superexcrescence1479
access1548
accrue1548
accession1551
increasement1561
ekementa1603
afflux1603
accruement1607
increment1631
rise1654
plusa1721
raise1729
swell1768
gain1851
step-up1922
upcurve1928
build-up1943
society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > increase in value
enhancing1490
enhancement1577
revaluation1611
advance1642
rise1645
raise1883
surpreciation1884
revalorization1908
write-up1915
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [noun] > (an) increase in price
enhancing1490
hoising1568
enhancement1577
advance1642
rise1645
inflammation1821
exaltation1866
raise1883
surpreciation1884
bulge1890
up1897
hike1931
uplift1949
1729 C. Carroll Let. 24 Oct. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1923) 18 335 You wil certainly find Crops short this year..which I hope may contribute to the Raise of that on hand.
1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxix. 413 France and Italy..cracked on such a rattling impost that cotton-seed olive-oil couldn't stand the raise.
1894 W. H. Wilkins & H. Vivian Green Bay Tree I. 108 Pimlico had obtained a raise of the limit to £20.
1931 W. G. McAdoo Crowded Years xxx. 469 A gigantic raise in [freight] rates would have added materially to the inflation.
1951 R. Cassady & W. L. Jones Nature of Competition in Gasoline Distribution at Retail Level xii. 186 When the retail price is low a raise in the price of crude would ‘squeeze’ the independent refiner.
1977 S. Spaeth Fifty Years with Music xvi. 257 A raise in prices..had no evident effect on the size of the audience.
2004 Asia Pulse (Nexis) 15 Mar. China's central bank governor Thursday ruled out the possibility of a raise in interest rate this month.
b. Cards. An increase of a stake or bet at poker; (Bridge) a higher bid in the same suit as a previous bid by one's partner. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > [noun] > actions or tactics > bidding or staking
vie1533
revie1591
vieing1591
revying1610
paroli1688
raise1821
bid1880
bidding1880
sweetening1896
parlay1904
re-raise1910
call1968
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > poker > [noun] > stake
blind1857
straddle1864
table stake1874
raise1921
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [noun] > actions or tactics > call > bidding > bid > other types of bid
ask1872
overcall1890
rescue bid1912
game-goer1913
reverse bid1915
denial1916
rebid1916
overbid?1917
rescue?1917
under-call1923
jump1927
invitation1928
score-bid1928
approach1929
pre-empt1929
one-over-one1931
response1931
cue-bid1932
psychic1932
asking bid1936
reverse1936
shut-out1936
under-bid1945
controlled psychic1959
relay bid1959
raise1964
psych1965
multi1972
splinter bid1977
1821 Hoyle's Games Improved 164 The player who last goes the double, raise, or brag, has the right, in his turn, of increasing either.
1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. iv. 40 ‘Why don't you make a raise?’.. ‘I've not got the spunk to make a real large haul.’
1887 ‘S. Cumberland’ Queen's Highway vi. 277 You feel certain that every ‘raise’ he makes will be his last.
1921 C. E. Mulford Bar-20 Three vii. 86 He had a reputation to maintain, and he saw the raise and returned it.
1964 R. L. Frey & A. F. Truscott Official Encycl. Bridge 192/2 A raise to two spades would be appropriate when one spade has been overcalled by two hearts.
1976 V. J. Scott & D. Koski Walk-in (1977) xxxii. 236 They were making another raise in that poker game, they were threatening to break off diplomatic relations.
2002 A. Bellin Poker Nation v. 82 Once..it is his turn to call, he surprises his opponent by making a raise instead.
c. Originally U.S. An increase in wages or salary; a pay rise. Cf. pay raise n. at pay n. Compounds 3 and rise n. 18b.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > wage structures and scales > [noun] > wage rise
rise1836
raise1898
pay rise1936
pay raise1938
bump1949
1898 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 489/1 A. J. Packer..had begun to ponder doubts of his wisdom in agreeing to the second ‘raise’.
1902 G. H. Lorimer Lett. Merchant xiii. 187 I earmarked Charlie for a raise and a better job right there.
1924 U. Sinclair Goslings lxxiv. 361 The Chamber of Commerce..rallied to their superintendent's support, and gave him a raise of a thousand dollars.
1977 Time 10 Jan. 46/2 Workers strike like clockwork to protest high prices, and nearly always win raises from management.
2000 A. Bourdain Kitchen Confid. (2001) 204 I gave Carlos a raise last week so I'll have a rash of greedy line cooks jumping me for money for the next few weeks.
4. A rising passage or road; esp. (Mining) a sloping shaft excavated from the lower end. Cf. rise n. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, passage, or means of access to a place > [noun] > upwards
upgang971
ascension1447
upcome1487
upcoming1487
climb1577
ascent1611
upgo1855
raise1877
society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > shaft > other types
stulm1693
whim-shaft1759
sump shaft1778
channel1816
staple1818
incline shaft1842
raise1877
stair-pit1883
subshaft1889
1877 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining ii. 197 We are..engaged in running a raise up from west drift on eighth level.
1898 S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii. 293 It being usual in that mine for the man who is driving the levels with machines to come back and put up the raises.
1930 Economist 26 Apr. 951/2 The work done by means of drives, winzes, raises and incline shafts to open up new ground.
1973 L. J. Thomas Introd. Mining vi. 167 Most raises are in the orebody and follow the footwall in grade in narrower stopes.
1991 Mining Mag. Feb. 80 We've refined ways of making raise boring in underground sites with limited access easier and more effective.

Phrases

slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). to make a raise: to raise funds, make (a sum of) money; to get possession of something, esp. by illicit means. Cf. raise v.1 27.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (intransitive)] > obtain money
to work the oracle1823
to make a raise1825
scuffle1946
1825 Boston Commerc. Gaz. 5 Dec. 4/2 He met Wright, an old prison chum, and..they agreed to do some business to make a raise, for which purpose he entered on Capt. Starbuck's vessel as steward, and..took the money.
1837 J. C. Neal Charcoal Sketches 96 I made a raise of a horse and saw, after being a wood-piler's prentice for a while.
1846 W. D. Stewart & J. W. Webb Altowan I. vii. 189 They were all to proceed next day ‘to make a raise’, as they termed it, on the stranger camp, where their debts to others would be unknown.
1885 C. A. Siringo Texas Cow Boy Pref. p. x An old stove-up New York preacher..had made a raise of several hundred thousand dollars.
1914 ‘High Jinks, Jr.’ Choice Slang 15 Make a raise, to secure a loan.
1966 C. T. Barnes & D. B. Jensen Dict. Utah Slang 29 I was broke but I made a raise, and got back home.
1992 V. Headley Yardie (1993) 148 You can get some pounds, or some business to hustle so you can make a raise.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† raisen.2

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name raise.
Etymology: < raise as an element in place names of the north of England (as e.g. Dunmail Raise (1576 as Dunbalrase stone ), Raise (1597), both in Cumberland, White Raise , Westmorland, Stone Raise , Yorkshire (1307 as la Staynrayse ), etc.) < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic hreysi , Norwegian røys , Old Swedish röse (Swedish röse , rös ), Danish røse ), probably ultimately < an extended form of the Indo-European base of Early Irish cró pen, stable, hut (see crew n.2).Early examples of place names derived from the early Scandinavian word include Rais Beck (river name, c1270 as Rayssebeck), Stanirase (lost field name, 1200), both in Westmorland, and Harras, Cumberland (c1220). Compare the following, referring to particular places with raise in their names: 1777 J. Nicolson & R. Burn Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland II. vi. 188 At a place called Spying How.., there was an heap of stones called the Raise.1857 F. W. Faber Poems 353 From the Raise we turned to look once more On Grasmere vale, so sweetly interspersed With fields and woodlands.
Obsolete. English regional (northern).
A pile of stones, a cairn.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > record > memorial or monument > [noun] > structure or erection > cairn
cairn1535
warlock1584
montjoy1653
raise1695
pike1751
obo1874
1695 W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. 37 Such risings as are caus'd by burial of the dead: which in the Northern parts are call'd raises.
1794 W. Hutchinson Hist. Cumberland I. 252 There are yet some considerable remains of stones..which still go by the name of raises.
1904 Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 17/2 There are many of these raises in the mountainous districts.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

raisev.1

Brit. /reɪz/, U.S. /reɪz/
Forms:

α. Middle English reȝȝsenn ( Ormulum), Middle English rese, Middle English reys, Middle English reysse, Middle English reze, Middle English–1500s reyse, Middle English–1600s reise, late Middle English resud (past tense), late Middle English reysud (past tense), 1500s rease, 1500s reyze; Scottish pre-1700 reais, pre-1700 reas, pre-1700 reise, pre-1700 res, pre-1700 1700s rease.

β. Middle English rays, Middle English–1600s rais, Middle English–1700s rayse, Middle English– raise, late Middle English raissede (past participle), late Middle English rayssede (past tense), 1500s raysen (past participle), 1500s–1800s (chiefly English regional (northern) and East Anglian) raize; Scottish pre-1700 rais, pre-1700 raiss, pre-1700 raisse, pre-1700 raiyse, pre-1700 rayise, pre-1700 rays, pre-1700 raysse, pre-1700 1700s 1900s– raize, pre-1700 1700s– raise, pre-1700 1800s rayse, 1900s– raes.

γ. Middle English ras, Middle English rasse, Middle English–1700s rase, 1700s raze; Scottish pre-1700 raase, pre-1700 ras, pre-1700 rase, 1800s raaze, 1900s– raze; Irish English (north.) 1900s– raze.

Origin: A borrowing from early Scandinavian.
Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare early Scandinavian (runic) ræisa (transitive) to erect (a stone monument), Old Icelandic reisa (transitive) to cause to rise, to erect, build, to start, to restore, to resurrect, (reflexive) to arise, to rebel, Old Swedish resa , (runic) ræisa (Swedish resa (transitive) to arise, to lift up, to drive an animal from its lair, to erect, build, to form an uprising, revolt, (reflexive) to get up, stand up), Old Danish resæ to cause to rise (Danish rejse : see below)), cognate with rear v.1 Compare rear v.1, rise v.Danish rejse shows formal influence from (or perhaps merger with) Old Danish risæ (see rise v.) and possibly also from Danish rejse (noun) journey ( < Middle Low German reise : see reise n.). First prominent in the Ormulum, in which it occurs freely in various senses. In the Wyclif Bible, up to the end of Jeremiah, the earlier version regularly has rear , while the later has raise ; but from Ezekiel onwards raise appears in both versions. From an early period the word has been extensively used in a great variety of senses, the exact development of which is not always perfectly clear. The main senses (here assigned to branches labelled with Roman numerals) are distinct enough in themselves, but tend to pass into each other in extended uses, while with certain objects more than one idea may be present. The addition of up to strengthen the verb is less common now than formerly. Intransitive use of this verb has been widely criticized in usage guides since the mid 19th cent., rise v. being preferred in this context. However, raise v.1 has been used intransitively since the Middle English period, and although relatively rare in British English since the late 18th cent., it is well represented in U.S. English, especially in regional varieties. In spec. Marxist use in sense 18d after similar uses in Russian by V. I. Lenin (1902 or earlier: povyšenie soznatel'nosti ‘raising of consciousness’) and other Marxist writers.
I. To set upright; to cause to stand up.
1. To cause (a person or animal) to rise or stand up.
a. transitive. To rouse (a person or animal) from sleep; to make (a person) wake up or get out of bed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > state of being awake > wake or rouse [verb (transitive)] > summon or force to get out of bed
rearOE
raisec1175
call1570
to rouse out1825
to shout (a person) up, out of bed-
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5843 O þe þridde daȝȝ itt iss. Waccnedd off slæp. & reȝȝsedd.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 11 Ðe leun..stireð he nout of slepe..ðanne reiseð his fader him mit te rem ðat he makeð.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xi. 11 Lazarus..slepith, but I go for to reyse him fro slepe.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5174 (MED) Þe duke..fand him slowmand on slepe & sleely him rayses.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 683/2 I reyse one out of his bedde. Je le fays leuer. By my fayth, if you wyll nat ryse I wyl rayse you.
1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 8 To raise [v.r. rise] betimes the lubberlie..Hob and Margerie.
1622 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. VI. N.T. iii. 289 Hee raised the Centurions seruant from his bed.
1712 tr. H. More Scholia Antidote Atheism 169 in H. More Coll. Philos. Writings (ed. 4) Then he would raise him, (viz. his Amanuensis) to write down his dictates.
1731 J. Derby Let. 13 Nov. in Philos. Trans. 1739–40 (Royal Soc.) (1742) 41 229 The Houses of all the Town were so shock'd, as to raise the Inhabitants.
1781 J. Moore View Soc. Italy (1790) I. i. 16 Raising the people at midnight.
1816 W. Scott Antiquary I. xi. 233 I would hae skreigh'd out at once, and raised the house.
a1886 D. Grant Sc. Stories (1888) 47 Mary's proposal wis to gang to his hoose an' raise either him or some of his sons.
1906 C. M. Doughty Dawn in Brit. VI. xxiv. 233 Bowing, being raised from sleep, his prayer-worn knees, Joseph long prays.
1992 R. Harris Fatherland i. 5 Time to raise our sleeping beauties.
1999 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 17 July 13 His cell mate had difficulty raising him from his sleep.
b. transitive. To drive (an animal or bird) from a lair or hiding place. Cf. to put up 3b(a) at put v. Phrasal verbs 1. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunt [verb (transitive)] > drive from lair or cover
starta1393
raisec1425
to put upa1475
rear1486
uprear1486
to start out1519
rouse1531
uncouch?a1562
to den outa1604
dislodge1632
tufta1640
draw1781
jump1836
c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 66 (MED) Þei goon bi fore hure maistre..and reyson or sterten foules and wild beestis.
1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iv They be dogges whiche are good for to serche and fynde partryches & quaylles. And whan they haue reysed them, my sperehawke taketh them.
c1500 King & Hermit in M. M. Furrow Ten 15th-cent. Comic Poems (1985) 256 A dere we reysed in þat stondes And gaue chase with our hundes.
1568 Tayis Bank l. 25 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) III. 297 Rasing þe birdis fra þair rest The reid sone rais wt rawis.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 154 Yet are these taught by Falconers to retriue & raise Partridges.
1653 Ghost or Woman wears the Breeches iii. 25 Let us alone to raise the Hare and hunt her.
1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. at Spring To raise a Partridge or Pheasant.
1813 J. Hogg Queen's Wake 357 (note) Their greyhounds were numerous and keen, but not a hare could they raise.
1898 Middletown (N.Y.) Daily Argus 3 Mar. 3/5 The two started out hunting during the afternoon, and in a swail near their home they raised a partridge.
1938 Delaware: Guide to First State (Federal Writers' Project) iii. xv. 509 Once in a while there has been a report that dogs raised a deer, which everyone at once turned out to kill.
1960 G. W. Target Teachers (1962) 147 We mustn't raise hares we cannot, at this time, er, chase.
2006 York (Pa.) Dispatch (Nexis) 17 Nov. We were knee deep in a freshly cut cornfield hoping to raise a pheasant.
c. transitive. To elicit a response from (a person within a building) by knocking, ringing the doorbell, etc. Usually in negative contexts.
ΚΠ
1868 Overland Monthly Oct. 379 I thought I never should raise anybody. Ain't this Hank Clayton's house.
1901 North Adams (Mass.) Evening Transcript 22 Mar. 2/4 He made a noise but was unable to raise anyone about the premises.
1961 Times 19 Dec. 7/5 Unable to raise anyone he had returned the following day and entered through a back door.
1998 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 26 Sept. 15 A friend called police on Thursday morning after being unable to raise anyone at the two-bedroom unit.
d. transitive. To establish contact with (a person, etc.) by radio or telephone.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > telecommunication > [verb (transitive)]
call1879
get1890
raise1929
1929 Amer. Speech 5 49 Raise, to secure [radio] communication with.
1969 ‘J. Morris’ Fever Grass xxii. 208 Raise McKay on that [radio] set of yours.
1974 ‘M. Hebden’ Pride of Dolphins iii. i. 210 She's gone off the air... We can't raise her.
2004 E. Conlon Blue Blood i. 3 Once a day, a sergeant or a lieutenant would raise us on the radio.
2.
a. transitive. To restore (a dead person or animal) to life. Also with again: to resurrect. Originally more fully as to raise from (also †of) death, to life, to raise from the dead.Frequently including the idea of enabling the dead to rise to their feet or of bringing the dead up out of the grave, and thus associated with senses 6a and 19, both of which are attested only later.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > resurrection or revival > [verb (transitive)]
quickOE
arearc1000
raisec1175
reara1325
upraisec1340
quickena1382
again-raisec1384
araisea1400
resuscea1400
revokea1413
recovera1425
revivec1425
suscitec1430
resuscite?c1450
risea1500
relive?1526
to call againa1529
resuscitate1532
requicken1576
refetch1599
reanimate1611
reinspire1611
reinanimatea1631
recreate1631
revivify1631
redivive1634
revivificate1660
resurrection1661
resurrect1773
re-embody1791
revivicate1798
re-energize1803
resurrectionize1804
revitalize1869
reimpress1883
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16233 I shall reȝȝsenn. Off dæþe..Þatt hus þatt itt [sc. the temple] bitacneþþ.
a1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 38/343 Þe moder him prayd to rays hir sun.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hosea vi. 3 He shal quycken us aftir two days, in the thrydde day he shal reyse vs.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22374 Quen þai ha lien tua dais, Til liif vr lauerd sal þam rais.
c1425 (c1400) Prymer (Cambr.) (1895) 69 Lord, þat reisidist stynkynge laȝer from his graue.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xvi. 14 Take out my saule fra the wickid deuel, raisand me fra ded.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 683/2 Christ dyd rayse Lazar from deth to lyfe.
1566 L. Wager Life & Repentaunce Marie Magdalene sig. Diiiiv At Naim a dead chylde agayne he did rayse.
1611 Bible (King James) Acts xiii. 34 As concerning that he raised him vp from the dead. View more context for this quotation
1677 T. D'Urfey Madam Fickle iv. i. 44 'Tis your influence that raises me from death to new-born life, and makes me currant from the dross of Nature.
1709 J. Swift Vindic. I. Bickerstaff 8 The General, who was forced to kill his Enemies twice over, whom a Necromancer had raised to Life.
1746 J. Wesley Let. 17 June (1931) II. 263 Would you have us prove by miracles..that God only is able to raise the dead?
a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) I. ii. 27 God was able to raise him from the dead.
1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop 36 As if they had lived a thousand years before, and were raised from the dead and placed there by a miracle.
1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad li. 542 In an hour, we reached Nain, where Christ raised the widow's son to life.
1902 Washington Post 17 Mar. 6/4 Dr Dowie says he can raise the dead, but he does not do so.
1921 E. D. Soper Relig. Mankind iv. 131 As Attis died and was raised to life again, so would the worshiper be sure of another life.
1983 A. Mason Illusionist vii. 270 If you have the power to kill a man with a word, I shall have the power to raise him with a word.
b. transitive. To restore (the body, soul, etc., of a dead person) to life. Also by metonymy of the bones of a dead person.
ΚΠ
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 194 O lazar ded..iesus raised his licam.
a1500 (?a1425) Antichrist (Peniarth) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mills Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. App. 494 (MED) Bodyes that ben dede and slayne, yff I may rayse theym up agayne, then honorys me.
a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1965) II. 57 Therfor the devin wertu sal rais the bodeis and vne thame to the saule.
1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Maides Trag. iv. sig. G4v They must restore him flesh agen and life, And raise his drie bones to reuenge this scandall.
1657 A. Farindon XXX. Serm. i. 55 That power which is requisite to raise a body now putrified and incinerated.
1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xxv. 210 Which Body so raised up and requickned, will tell us the Sum of all you shall require of him.
1732 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) VII. 478 When God hath raised this body, he can enliven it with the same soul that inhabited it before.
1874 J. Fraser in W. Robinson God's Acre Beautiful (1880) (facing title page) Could they suppose that it would be more impossible for God to raise up a body at the resurrection, if needs be?
1912 W. A. Brown Christian Hope vii. 100 It is not simply the fact that God raised the body of Jesus from the grave.
1950 P. Ramsey Basic Christian Ethics iii. 109 An equally supernatural intervention would be required to raise the soul again and give it life as to raise the body.
1997 Resource Packet for Neo-Paganism & Witchcraft 33/1 In Vodoun, corpses are ‘raised’ from graves in rituals.
2002 Boston Globe (Nexis) 13 Apr. b2 God..took a human body in the person of Jesus, and raised that body from the dead.
†c. intransitive. To be restored to life, to rise to life. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > resurrection or revival > [verb (intransitive)]
aquickc885
arisec950
quickeOE
riseOE
upbraidc1275
uprisec1340
quickena1382
recoverc1400
resuscite?c1450
revivea1500
raise1526
relive?1526
resuscitate1602
requicken1611
reanimate1645
resurrect1805
re-energize1938
1526 R. Whitford tr. Martiloge 68v The decollacyon also of saynt Wenefrede whan her heed was stryken of & she agayn reysed to lyfe.
†3. transitive. figurative. To restore (a thing) to its former status; to bring back into use or favour, to reinstate, revitalize. Also with up. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > restore [verb (transitive)] > something obsolete or in abeyance
raisec1175
renewa1382
restorec1384
revive1516
revoke1574
resurrect1823
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5327 To swelltenn bliþeliȝ. forr crisstenn dom to reȝȝsenn.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Ruth iv. 5 Thou owist to take..the wijf of the deed man, that thou reise [a1425 E.V. rere; L. suscites] the name of thi kynesman in his eritage.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ecclus. xxxvi. 15 Geue wytnes vnto thy creature..and rayse vp the prophecies that haue bene shewed in thy name.
1559 Abp. Hethe Speech in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. ii. App. vi. 400 We..are muche..inclined to rayse uppe the errors and sects of ancyent and condemned heretickes.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. xx. 268 He undertook to raise up the almost-perished name of Chivalry.
4.
a. transitive. To stir up, incite, instigate (a person or persons) to do something or to some feeling.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > incite or instigate > bring about by incitement
stirc897
forthclepe?c1000
raisec1175
entice1297
rearc1325
excitea1340
arta1450
provocate?a1475
suscitate1528
to stir upc1530
provoke1535
store1552
concitea1555
upsteer1558
spirit1598
solicit1602
foment1606
fana1616
proritate1620
incite1627
ferment1660
spirita1680
brush1755
whip1805
to put (also set) (the) spurs to1819
fillipa1822
instigate1852
spark-plug1945
whomp1961
the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > incite or instigate
stirc897
putOE
sputc1175
prokec1225
prickc1230
commovec1374
baitc1378
stingc1386
movea1398
eager?a1400
pokec1400
provokea1425
tollc1440
cheera1450
irritec1450
encourage1483
incite1483
harden1487
attice1490
pricklea1522
to set on1523
incense1531
irritate1531
animate1532
tickle1532
stomach1541
instigate1542
concitea1555
upsteer1558
urge1565
instimulate1570
whip1573
goad1579
raise1581
to set upa1586
to call ona1592
incitate1597
indarec1599
alarm1602
exstimulate1603
to put on1604
feeze1610
impulse1611
fomentate1613
emovec1614
animalize1617
stimulate1619
spura1644
trinkle1685
cite1718
to put up1812
prod1832
to jack up1914
goose1934
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 504 Þatt illc an shollde witenn wel. Whillc lott himm shollde reȝȝsenn. To cumenn inn till ȝerrsalæm. To serruenn i þe temmple.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 10878 (MED) Gode dedes and penaunce Reysyn a man to repentaunce.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. 56/15 Thir brethir..rasit to extreme ieoperdie of armes be hortacioun of thare..nacioun.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. 106 b To rayse up all men in every place, to the dewe feare of Gods law.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 99 That fixt mind And high disdain..That with the mightiest rais'd me to contend. View more context for this quotation
1711 Fingall MSS in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 127 This suggestion raysed the Prince on a resolution to undertake the Irish expedition.
1814 Ld. Byron Lara ii. viii. 868 A word's enough to raise mankind to kill.
1846 J. H. Ingraham Slave King I. xvii. 57 The voice of the young man raised him to a sense of his duty.
1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes xxv. 338 How could she have pretended love, and raised him to such a pinnacle of hope!
1999 Times Educ. Suppl. 7 May 96/2 The victim is raised to ecstasy by an encouraging word.
b. To rouse or stir up (a number of people, a district, etc.) for the purpose of common action, esp. attack or defence.
(a) transitive. With against, †on, †upon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > make an attack upon [verb (transitive)] > take hostile measures against
riseOE
raisec1384
heave at1546
to shove at1577
endeavour?1589
to give a lift at1622
attempt1749
to rise upon1816
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Amos vi. 2 Loo! Y shal reyse a folc vpon ȝou..and it shal to gydre breke ȝou.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Micah v. 5 We shuln reyse on hym seuen sheperdis and eiȝt primatis.
a1425 (c1384) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xxiii. 22 Therfor, thou Ooliba..Y shal reyse alle thi loueris aȝens thee.
a1500 (c1465) in J. Gairdner Three 15th-cent. Chrons. (1880) 77 (MED) Sir Baudewyn Fulforde, knyght, and Haysond, squyer, were saylenge..taward Brettayne for to reysse pepull agaynes Kynge Edwarde.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 147/9 Thay wald haue rasit Ethruria aganis ws.
1608 Yorkshire Trag. sig. C4 It shal be my charge To raise the towne vpon him.
1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 158 I have Orders to raise the County upon you.
1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 25 He..Raised my own town against me in the night.
1882 E. A. Floyer Unexplored Baluchistan 190 The whole country was raised upon him.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 806/2 Cortes..raised the subject peoples against them [sc. the Aztecs].
1950 C. Carrington Brit. Overseas vi. i. 305 The attempt to wave an olivebranch in the face of Kaffirs on the war-path soon raised some of the burghers..against the British.
1994 Austin (Texas) Amer.-Statesman (Nexis) 17 Apr. The communist idealists tried statecraft to raise the workers against the czars.
(b) transitive. In other constructions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > begin or enter upon (an action) [verb (transitive)] > stir up or rouse up > for the purpose of a common action
raisec1384
rear1460
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hab. ii. 7 Thei shuln be reisid [L. suscitabuntur] to-terynge thee.
a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) v. 1471 To sle this boor was al the contre raysed.
c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) 4815 (MED) Trowgh owt þer reme þei raysed ryȝt all wyght men þat myȝt wepyns weld.
a1500 (c1465) in J. Gairdner Three 15th-cent. Chrons. (1880) 76 The quene reysed all the northe and all oþer pepull by the wey.
?1518 Virgilius sig. Aiiij And forthewith he caused his kynsfolke to reyse theyr people.
1586 in Juridical Rev. (1892) 4 297 It was lesum to the said baillie to arme himself and rais the countrie to his support.
1631 in S. A. Gillon Sel. Justiciary Cases (1953) I. 187 The said Lord Roxburgh able to rease of his awin freindis and followeris aboue on 1000 gentlemen.
1674 C. Cotton tr. B. de Montluc Commentaries 363 I then dispatcht away Captain M..giving him order..to raise all the people of the Valleys and Villages.
1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 172 The mother crying and raising her Neighbours.
1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxxvi. 293 To raise the people in the counties..where his interest lay.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 544 Danvers undertook to raise the City.
1883 G. H. Boker Anne Boleyn v. v. 227 My brother has a plan To raise the common people in revolt.
1904 J. Conrad Nostromo iii. xi. 434 They may raise the country with the new cry of the wealth for the people.
1955 Times 22 Oct. 5/6 It was not difficult..to raise a mob armed with guns, spears, sticks, and bows and arrows, to murder him.
1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 21 Mar. 51/1 Pat Buchanan has converted himself into an incarnation of mortal danger because he raised up the gun-obsessed.
†c. intransitive. To rise up in revolt, to take up arms; to rebel against a person. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > insurrection > rise in revolt [verb (intransitive)]
arisec825
onriseOE
rise?a1160
stirc1275
inrisea1300
upstanda1300
again-risea1382
rebela1382
raisea1400
insurge1532
to fall offa1535
revolt1548
to rise in arms1563
tumult1570
tumultuatea1734
insurrect1821
insurrectionize1841
to break into rebellion1876
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) 8577 (MED) Alle þat walde agayne him rese, wiþ wisdome broȝt he ham to pes.
1666 Ormonde MSS in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 12 They never raised in rebellion against his Majestie.
1808 in J. H. Beadle Undeveloped West (1873) xxi. 410 Should the accused person or persons raise up with arms in his or their hands.
d. transitive. Chiefly Scottish or Irish English (northern) To provoke (a person, or occasionally an animal) to a state of excitement or anger. Cf. raised adj.1 3b, raised-like adj. and adv. at raised adj.1 Derivatives.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > [verb (transitive)] > excite anger
achafea1400
warm1752
raise1786
1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 165 He should been tight that daur't to raize thee, Ance in a day.
1802 W. Scott Lett. (1932) I. 165 To raise a horse with the spur would be an expression perfectly legitimate in Scotland.
1829 H. Miller Poems 87 When he breath'd ye durstna' raise him, Wretch begone! nor blame nor praise him.
1890 H. Nisbet Bail Up viii. 56 It was only that young whelp in the yard who raised me a bit with his cheek.
1925 J. Alexander in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 332/2 [Aberdeenshire] I raiset Broon fin I taul' 'im so-an' so.
1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 269/1 Raise,..excite; enrage, madden.
5.
a. transitive. To lift up one end or side of (a post, stone, etc.) in order to bring into or towards a vertical position; to set (something) upright or on end; to restore (a fallen thing) to an upright position.Frequently with object denoting a focus of worship, loyalty, remembrance, etc.Occasionally sense 8 or 19 may also be implied.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > vertical position > make vertical [verb (transitive)] > make upright or erect
rearOE
rightOE
to set upa1225
raisea1250
upreara1300
risea1400
to dress upc1400
stand?a1425
upsetc1440
dress1490
to stick up1528
arrect1530
erect1557
prick1566
upright1590
mounta1616
a1250 Wohunge ure Lauerd in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 283 (MED) A nu raise þai up þe rode.
a1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 170/527 Þe Emperoure..Gert þir wheles be smertly graid & on þe thrid day þam rayse.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. iii. 18 We wirshipen not the golden ymage whom thou hast reyside [L. erexisti].
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Jer. li. 12 Reise ȝe a signe on the wallis of Babiloyne.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 1010 (MED) In þe party þat was þer-to contrarie, I-reised was by many crafty stayre..a ful rich auter.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 375 (MED) After mete wolde these yonge bachelers haue reised a quyntayn in the medowes.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 69 The signe trivmphall rasit is of the croce.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 684/1 Reyse this speare and set it agaynst the wall.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet (1623) v. iii. 298 I will raise [1599 raie] her Statue in pure Gold.
1643 J. Burroughes Expos. Hosea (1652) ii. 174 God many times raises up golden pillars upon leaden Bases.
1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 309 He [sc. Lord Willbewill] raised a very high Cross, just in the face of Diabolus..and..hanged the young villains. View more context for this quotation
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. iii. 62 The said Man-Mountain shall..be aiding and assisting to our Workmen, in helping to raise certain great Stones.
1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. ii. 41 La Motte and Peter endeavoured to raise the carriage.
1840 C. F. Hoffman Greyslaer I. iii. 34 Men with arms as strong as yours to raise the tree of Liberty, and hearts as true to guard it.
1863 E. C. Gaskell Sylvia's Lovers I. ii. 25 There the old stone cross was raised by the monks long ago.
1927 Spectator 26 Nov. 928/1 We raise our monuments to the fallen.
1946 Times 16 Aug. 5/6 France, to whose honour Mestrovich once raised a statue in Belgrade.
1986 R. Pollack Teach yourself Fortune Telling v. 130 They [sc. the Vikings] raised stones..in honour of their warriors and their overseas exploits.
2001 B. K. Das tr. P. Ray Primal Land lxviii. 199 Next to the shrine..the gulang babus raised a stone image to their goddess.
b. transitive. Baking. To mould (pastry) in order to form a piecrust; to form (a piecrust) from pastry in this way. Cf. raised pie n. at raised adj.1 Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparing pastry, biscuits, or cake > prepare pastry, biscuits, or cake [verb (transitive)] > set up without dish
reara1475
raise1594
1594 Good Huswifes Handmaide 17 To make Paste and to raise Coffins.
1681 W. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 335 Tom Cooke can neither tie brawn nor raise past[e].
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 242. 2/1 Tell us the difference between a Gentleman that should make Cheesecakes, and raise Paste, and a Lady that reads Lock, and understands the Mathematics.
a1756 E. Haywood New Present (1771) 187 Make the flour and butter into a pretty stiff paste..then raise it for the pastry.
1845 E. Acton Mod. Cookery xvi. 416 The paste must be sufficiently stiff to retain its form perfectly after it is raised.
1881 A. R. Ellis Sylvestra II. 165 Betty's ‘walls of pie-crust’ were raised to Jacobite jingles.
1932 F. White Good Things in Eng. 46/1 If you cannot ‘raise’ the crust, line a cake tin that has a loose bottom, with the pastry.
1954 D. Hartley Food in Eng. 122 Pies can be raised by hand, without the use of a wooden mould.
1999 L. Mason & C. Brown Trad. Foods of Brit. 207/1 When the pies are raised by hand, the warm pastry is shaped over a wooden dolly or cylindrical mould.
6.
a. transitive. To lift (a person or animal) to a standing position; to help (a person) to rise from the ground, etc. In earlier use frequently in figurative contexts. In later use frequently with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > posture > action of standing up or rising > rise [verb (transitive)] > set upright
raisea1300
rearc1580
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 490 Mitte helpe of hem alle Ðis elp he reisen on stalle.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 495 Ðus fel Adam..Moyses wulde him reisen.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Amos v. 2 She is cast doun in to hir erthe; ther is not that shal reyse [L. suscitet] hir.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 19792 (MED) To saint petre sco raght hir hand, And he hir raisd for to stand.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) iii. vi. 54 I felle to the ground, but full soone myn Aungell reysed me and sette me on my fete.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 354 (MED) He wept tendirly, and reised the kynge be the hande.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 683/2 If you fall you shall nat be reysed for me.
1611 Bible (King James) 2 Sam. xii. 17 The Elders of his house..went to him, to raise him vp from the earth. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 258 Rais'd By quick instinctive motion up I sprung..and upright Stood on my feet. View more context for this quotation
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones III. vii. xii. 100 [They] had raised up the Body of Jones; but..again let him fall. View more context for this quotation
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xxii. 330 Julian..kindly raised him from the ground, and dispelled the terror and amazement which seemed to stupify his faculties.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiii. 119 ‘Why do you kneel to me?’ said Nicholas, hastily raising him.
1897 B. Stoker Dracula xviii. 252 I took him by the hand and raised him up.
1938 H. Spring My Son, my Son! i. iv. 39 We gently raised him to his feet, and there he stood for a moment, leaning on the two of us.
1976 Times 13 Sept. 5/2 He [sc. the Pope]..raised him up as he knelt at his feet.
1988 Daily Intelligencer (Doylestown, Pa.) 17 Apr. 5 b/3 The soldiers put a chain around his neck to raise him to his feet.
b. transitive (reflexive). To rise to a standing position; to get up. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > posture > action of standing up or rising > rise [verb (reflexive)]
risec1175
arearc1220
right?c1225
to do up?c1335
dressa1400
raisec1450
to stand up1533
rearc1580
upend1900
c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 162 (MED) Whan j hadde my burdoun lost bi which j was wont to reise me ayen, neuere man..was more desolat than j.
a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1965) II. 39 He turnit agane to lif and raisit him-self.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) v. i. 229 Let me in safety raise me from my knees. View more context for this quotation
1630 W. Prynne Anti-Arminianisme 119 We..haue all a vniuersall strength..to raise our selues being fallen.
1689 P. Belon Court Secret i. 70 Ibrahim, as if newly awakned,..did raise himself from a Day-Bed, on which he was lying.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 210 He essay'd to get up, but was not able to raise himself.
1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. xxix. 105 He set his right-hand thumb upon the bow of the saddle, raised himself up, and sprung into the air.
1822 J. Hogg Poet. Wks. II. 286 Our soldier raised him from the sod, And..leaned upon his bloody wrist.
1871 G. MacDonald At Back of North Wind iv. 40 By and by he raised himself and looked over the edge of his nest.
1930 W. M. Mann Wild Animals in & out of Zoo iii. 23 The male would occasionally try to bluff us off by raising himself to a standing position, and uttering threatening roars.
1961 N. Roy Black Albino 118 She cannot raise herself out of her bed now.
1983 A. Grey Saigon (BNC) 28 The fallen Annamese struggled to raise himself from the dusty road.
2001 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Jan. 22/2 Hughes raised himself up from his wheelchair and stood on the courthouse steps.
c. transitive. To cause or compel (a person) to rise from a sitting position. Cf. sense 30.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > posture > action of standing up or rising > rise [verb (transitive)] > cause to rise
raisea1500
to stand up1533
stand1838
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 126 So farys A huswyff..To be rasyd thus betwene.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 111 He..that reaseth one sittyng on his taill, to arise out of his place.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) iv. iv. 35 I am wak'd with it when I sleepe, rais'd with it when I sit. View more context for this quotation
1642 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1871) III. 282 [He] shall be raised and taken furth of the saids daskis be the kirk officiar.
1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxxi, in Poems (new ed.) 65 The auld kirk-hammer strak the bell..Which rais'd us baith.
1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. vii. 157 When he wan to the lee-side of a bowl of punch, there was nae raising him.
1861 J. Jones Let. 14 Jan. in D. D. Home Incidents Life (1863) x. 172 He was raised from his seat until he stood upright.
1914 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 22 Mar. (caption) 14/1 Pussyfoot felt himself being raised from his seat.
1939 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 17 Aug. 3/4 [As she sat on the couch,] Vorhis..put his arm about her waist and raised her to her feet.
1994 L. de Bernières Capt. Corelli's Mandolin xxi. 133 She took her son by the shoulder, raised him out of his seat, and led him outside.
7.
a. transitive. To give or add vigour or cheer to (the mind, spirit, etc.); to lift, rouse, or stir up. In later use esp. in to raise a person's spirits.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > excitement > exciting > excite [verb (transitive)]
astirc1000
stir?c1225
araisec1374
entalentc1374
flamec1380
reara1382
raisec1384
commove1393
kindlea1400
fluster1422
esmove1474
talent1486
heavec1540
erect?1555
inflame1560
to set on gog1560
yark1565
tickle1567
flesh1573
concitate1574
rouse1574
warmc1580
agitate1587
spirit1598
suscitate1598
fermentate1599
nettle1599
startle1602
worka1616
exagitate1621
foment1621
flush1633
exacuatea1637
ferment1667
to work up1681
pique1697
electrify1748
rattle1781
pump1791
to touch up1796
excite1821
to key up1835
to steam up1909
jazz1916
steam1922
volt1930
whee1949
to fire up1976
geek1984
the mind > emotion > pleasure > cheerfulness > make cheerful [verb (transitive)]
to mend a person's cheera1325
raisec1384
cherishc1400
rehetec1400
blithec1440
cheer1440
lightena1450
light?1473
embellish1481
hearten1524
exhilarate1540
laetificate1547
to cheer up1550
lift1572
to do a person's heart good1575
acheera1592
upcheerc1595
cherry1596
relevate1598
encheer1605
brighten1607
buoy1652
undumpisha1661
to lift (up) a person's spirits1711
cheerfulize1781
blithen1824
pearten1827
chirk1843
to chipper up1873
to chirp up188.
to buck up1909
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. xiii. 45 The Lord reyside a spirit of a ȝungir chijld, whose name Danyel.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 Esdras i. 5 Ech man whos spirit God reiside [a1382 E.V. rerede; L. suscitavit] for to stie to bilde the temple of the Lord.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 63 He..saw thys adventure whereoff hit reysed his herte, and wolde assayde as othir knyghtes ded.
1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. dd.ii The prophete..wyllynge to excyte and reyse vp the myndes of synners.
1578 Compend. Bk. Godlie Psalmes (new ed.) 195 I will speik planelie, to rais ȝour hartis quiklie.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ee2 It doth raise and erect the Minde. View more context for this quotation
a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xlvi. 146 Much after this manner did this faithful Servant of Christ raise up his thoughts and quicken his soule.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 274 His Spirits being a little rais'd, with the Dram I had given him, he was very chearful.
1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 203 To move, to raise, to ravish ev'ry heart, With Shakespear's nature, or with Johnson's art.
1778 J. Wedgwood Let. 3 Mar. in Sel. Lett. (1965) 218 Nothing but half a score Highland, Manchestrian, and Liverpool regiments amongst us will raise their malignant spirits again.
1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xii. 103 To which condolences Miss Squeers added others equally calculated to raise her friend's spirits.
1894 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 7 307 Four centuries of oppression have not tended to raise the spirits of the poor Quichuan.
1938 M. Armstrong Fanny Kemble vi. 58 Her..costume of white satin, point lace and pearls raised her spirits to rapture.
a1971 S. Smith Coll. Poems (1975) 422 Remembering this, that there was still some uncertainty, Raised my spirits.
1994 I. Botham My Autobiogr. xiv. 272 I saw it as part of my job to raise the players' spirits.
†b. transitive. To inspire (a person); to encourage, embolden. Frequently with courage, success, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > quality of affecting the emotions > affect with emotion [verb (transitive)]
rineOE
afaite?c1225
stir?c1225
movea1325
amovec1380
inspire1390
commove1393
informa1398
toucha1400
embracec1430
rore1481
alter1529
to carry away?1529
raise1533
removea1540
heavec1540
affect?1548
carry1570
inmove1583
infecta1586
worka1616
unthaw1699
emove1835
emotionize1855
emotion1875
the mind > emotion > courage > encouragement > encourage or embolden [verb (transitive)]
hearteOE
bieldc897
hardenc1175
elnea1225
hardyc1225
boldc1275
hardishc1325
endurec1384
assurec1386
emboldc1400
recomfortc1405
enharda1450
support1479
enhardy1483
animatec1487
encourage1490
emboldishc1503
hearten1524
bolden1526
spright1531
raise1533
accourage1534
enheart1545
to hearten on1555
hearten?1556
alacriate1560
bespirit1574
bebrave1576
to put in heart1579
to hearten up1580
embolden1583
bravea1593
enhearten1610
inspiritc1610
rehearten1611
blood1622
mana1625
valiant1628
flush1633
firm1639
buoy1645
embrave1648
reinhearten1652
reanimate1655
reinspirit1660
to give mettle to1689
warm1697
to lift (up) a person's spirits1711
reman1715
to make a man of1722
respirit1725
elate1726
to cocker up1762
enharden1779
nerve1799
boost1815
brace1816
high-mettle1831
braven1865
brazen1884
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome iii. xxi The horsmen..rasit þare futemen with new curage.
1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea Ep. Ded. 12 I am raised with more than ordinary confidence, that the same Spirit of Justice will carrie you on.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 336 Rais'd with Success, the Dolphin swiftly ran, (For they can Conquer who believe they can.)
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 139 Rais'd with so blest an Omen, she begun, With Words like these, to chear her drooping Son. View more context for this quotation
1740 H. Brooke Ess. Christian Peaceableness iii. 28 They continue the same, neither raised by Success, nor dejected by Misfortune.
1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvii. 530 Oh stupid creatures that are not raised with the descriptions of his person!
1761 D. Garrick Let. ?May (1963) I. 338 I was..charmed and raised with the power of his writing.
II. To build up, construct, create, produce.
8.
a. transitive. To lift up and put in position the parts of (a structure); to construct (something) by piling up, building, or fitting together elements; (U.S.) to set up the wooden framework of (a house or other building), esp. as a communal activity. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > build or construct [verb (transitive)] > build or construct by fitting parts together
reareOE
raisec1175
build1884
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > construct framework of
raise1657
carcass1881
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15591 Vnnbindeþþ all þiss temmple. & icc. Itt i þre daȝhess reȝȝse.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 5966 Barfreis did þe Bretons raise [a1450 Lamb. reyse], & magnels.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 394 Yif me thanne of thy gold..oure Cloystre for to reyse.
c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 71 In no wise þe edifice of vertues in oure soule may not reise ne dresse him-silf, if þe foundement of verry meeknes be not tastid first in oure hertis.
?a1500 (?1458) in J. H. Parker Some Acct. Domest. Archit. (1859) III. ii. 42 (MED) They reysid up the archeys be gemeotre in rysyng.
1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 20 The Carpenter rayseth not his frame without tooles.
c1615 W. Mure Misc. Poems ix. 9 So shall my Muse rich trophes rayse.
1657 in Hist. Coll. Essex Inst. (1865) VII. 40/1 The said John norman is..to be paid in corne & cattell the one halfe att or before the house be raised.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 96 Of Parian Stone a Temple will I raise . View more context for this quotation
1712 S. Sewall Diary 15 July (1973) II. 693 I and Mr. Gerrish went to Hog-Island and saw the Barn Rais'd.
1779 J. Moore View Society & Manners France (1789) I. xl. 342 Encouraging them to raise magnificent churches.
1846 Knickerbocker 28 338 After the usual amount of eating, drinking, swearing, and joking, the house..was raised and covered in.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 10 Annie seem'd to hear Her own death-scaffold raising.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iii. §4. 129 In the fields to the north the last of the Norman Kings raised his palace.
1906 R. Lanciani Golden Days of Renaissance in Rome i. 48 The glorious period of municipal liberties, when each town felt impelled to raise a church.
1943 W. Faulkner in Sat. Evening Post 13 Feb. 70/3 I told you we would meet here tomorrow to roof a church... We'll meet here in the morning to raise one.
1983 P. Ackroyd Last Test. Oscar Wilde 42 Ugly buildings were torn down and uglier ones raised in their place.
2002 F. Michaels Kentucky Heat xii. 324 They managed to raise a barn in one day.
b. transitive. To cause (a swelling or small elevation) to appear on the surface; esp. to cause (a blister, a lump, etc.) to rise or form on the skin.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > project from (something) [verb (transitive)] > cause to project or stretch forth
straightc1400
protend?a1475
shoot1533
raise1568
to set out1573
project1624
protrude1638
to start out1653
penthouse1655
portend1657
to throw out1689
obtend1697
to lay out1748
bumfle1832
out-thrust1855
rank1867
1568 W. Turner Herbal iii. Pref. sig. *iij Medicines that are hote in the fourth degre, rayse vp bladders.
1608 T. Dekker Belman of London sig. D1v With Sperewort or Arsenick will they in one night poyson their leg be it neuer so sound, and raise a blister.
1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden xlvii. 93 [Wall Pepper] raiseth blisters..as forcibly as Ranunculus or Crowfoot will do.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 14/1 Shavings of Leather..of wich a Heel is raised.
1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) iv. 34 Spoil a Grace, Or raise a Pimple on a beauteous Face.
1742 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer (ed. 4) I. 46 It will there raise little Pustles or Blisters.
1810 W. Henry Elem. Chem. II. 371 Acetic acid, thus prepared..raises a blister when applied to the skin.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Raising a Mouse, the process of making a lump on a stay.
1899 J. Rodway In Guiana Wilds xi. 161 The great pest was the kaburi, which raised a blister in every spot where its venomous proboscis was inserted.
1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 11 Oct. (1993) III. 16 The mosquitoes are of various kinds—some really poisonous. They raise a great swelling, others big blisters.
1951 I. Shaw Troubled Air xxii. 377 What I know about politics you could put in a chorus girl's g-string and it wouldn't raise a lump.
1983 N. A. Chagnon Yanomamö (1992) v. 207 The blow invariably raises a ‘frog’—a painful red lump—on the pectoral muscle.
2002 C. Hiaasen Basket Case xx. 187 My own pellet gun was employed chiefly to raise welts on the broad pimply shoulders of one Buster Walsh.
c. transitive. Mathematics. To construct or draw (a perpendicular) to a given line; †to construct (a triangle or other figure) on a given base (obsolete); = erect v. 9a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > geometry > form or represent geometrically [verb (transitive)] > construct or manipulate geometric object
to pull out?a1560
apply1570
coapt1570
quadrate1623
raise1647
join1660
range1670
project1673
rabat1868
unsquare1872
1647 J. Aspley Speculum Nauticum (ed. 4) 3 Perpendiculum, or Perpendicular is a Line raysed from, or let fall upon another Line, making equall angles on both sides.
1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 9 Join AC; upon which raise the equilateral triangle ADC.
1707 J. Ward Young Mathematician's Guide iii. 288 To Erect or Raise a Perpendicular upon the End of any given Right-line.
1784 B. Talbot Compl. Art of Land-measuring xi. 254 Raise a perpendicular on each end,..and join the tops of these.
1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy II. ii. 35 I can raise a perpendicular..and box the compass.
1879 Proc. Royal Soc. 29 502 Take A T any convenient distance, and raise the perpendicular TT′.
1963 R. G. de Bray tr. A. Reymond Hist. Sci. Greco-Roman Antiq. ii. i. 145 Describe a semicircle, then at the extremity of a at H, raise a perpendicular HD = x.
2001 Math. Mag. 74 207 We raise a perpendicular QR from the center Q of GHIKLM and find the points N, O, P.
†d. transitive. To construct, form, or base (a scheme, a description, a plan, etc.) upon some basis or premise; to devise (a plan). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] > arrange
beteec1275
tailc1315
castc1320
ordaina1325
setc1330
tightc1330
accord1388
tailyec1480
assign1558
raise1652
settle1694
work1761
arrange1786
engineer1831
1652 J. French York-shire Spaw ii. 14 Neither is it [sc. the notion of the vitality of water] rais'd upon that account of condensation, & rarefaction which the learned Docter..endeavours to demonstrate.
1706 J. Ward Introd. Math. (1734) v. 431 From hence we may also raise a Theorem for finding the Frustum..of the last Figure.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 339. ¶6 What a beautiful Description has our Author raised upon that Hint in one of the Prophets.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 446. ¶6 We do not find any Comedy..raised upon the Violations of the Marriage Bed.
1739 J. Thomson Edward & Eleonora ii. ii. 18 What Vigilance, what Toils..It cost our generous Ancestors, to raise A matchless Plan of Freedom.
1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. To Raise a plan of a fortress.
1825 W. Hazlitt Spirit of Age 275 An ingenious sophism might be raised upon it, to shew that the race of mankind will ultimately terminate in unity.
1868 J. Bruce in K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. Mediterranean Pref. p. xv Opinions..raised upon wrested inferences.
e. transitive. Chiefly U.S. To form or appoint (a committee). Perhaps originally in sense 28.
ΚΠ
1680 S. Crossman Sermon 26 The whole course of the Law, and Magna Charta it self, forced to strike sail to the boundless power and pleasure of some new-rais'd Committee.]
1711 Boston Town Rec. VIII. 80 The Summe of Thirteen hundred pounds..[shall be] Layd out..by Such other Committee as the Town may here-after raise..for that Service.
1769 J. W. Baker To Ld. Visc. Townshend 27 He knows it is not easy to raise a committee to attend in town.
1816 J. Pickering Vocab. U.S. 160 A member moves that a committee should be raised..and a committee is accordingly raised.
1896 Scribner's Mag. Jan. 77 Congress raised a committee to investigate the strike.
1930 R. Luce Legislative Princ. viii. 187 So the General Court raised a committee.
1953 Lowell (Mass.) Sun 23 Jan. 4/5 In 1866, the city government raised a committee on water supply.
1999 Africa News (Nexis) 16 Aug. I stepped into the matter, raised a committee and up till today I have not disciplined anybody.
9.
a. transitive. To bring into existence, to produce (offspring). Also with up. Now rare.Now chiefly in biblical allusions (e.g. to Deuteronomy 25:7 or Matthew 3:9).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)]
kenc825
begeteOE
strenec893
raisec1175
breeda1250
kenec1275
felefolda1300
engendera1325
tiddera1325
multiplyc1350
genderc1384
producea1513
procreatea1525
propagate1535
generate1552
product1577
kind1596
traduce1599
pullulate1602
traduct1604
progenerate1611
store1611
spawna1616
spawna1617
reproduce1650
propage1695
to make a baby1911
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9852 Drihhtin haffde mahht..To reȝȝsenn off þa staness. Rihht aþell streon till abraham.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 1199 (MED) Ur lord had aghteld yete, A child to rais of his oxspring.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Gen. xxxviii. 8 Entre thou to the wijf of thi brothir..that thou reise seed to thi brothir.
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 4 (MED) God is miȝti of the stonis to reise þe sonis of Habraham.
1574 J. Studley tr. J. Bale Pageant of Popes f. 107v By the mouth of God the man is cursed and band, Which hath not raysed seede and children to the land.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) v. ii. 343 Take her faire Sonne, and from her blood rayse vp Issue to me. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 123 God..from him will raise A mightie Nation. View more context for this quotation
1711 Spectator 26 Sept. 2/1 Will any Man think of raising Children without any Assurance of Cloathing for their Backs..?
1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xii. 79 It was before all things necessary that William should, with all speed, raise up sons of his own.
1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. Introd. 39 They..did not wish to preserve useless lives, or raise up a puny offspring.
1929 F. R. Earp Way of Greeks viii. 118 To raise up children who should perpetuate his family..was originally the most binding and sacred of all duties.
2006 Canberra Times (Nexis) 3 Apr. We no longer insist that a man should marry the widow of his brother and raise up children to his brother's memory.
b. transitive. To breed (animals); to produce (meat, seafood, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > rear animals [verb (transitive)] > breed
breedc1400
multiplya1550
raise1590
store1611
1590 E. Jenynges Briefe Discouery Damages Disordered & Vnlawfull Diet 21 There is in the said farme, raysed and increased, Veale, Porke, Bacon, Pigges, Geese, Ducks, Hennes, Chickens, Capons.
a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) ii. ii. 152 Some innocent Country girle..That could give directions..when to raise up Goslings?
1752 J. MacSparran Amer. Dissected (1753) 13 They will..raise great Quantities of neat Cattle, as the Climate is benign.
1798 W. Wordsworth Last of Flock in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 135 From this one, this single ewe, Full fifty comely sheep I raised.
1827 Massachusetts Spy 4 July 3/2 The men [were] cultivating corn and raising beef and pork in abundance.
1878 Spirit of Times 19 Jan. 659/1 I do not know of a better thing you can do than raise cattle.
1934 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald 18 Aug. 40/1 A certain company wants me to buy their rabbit stock and to raise rabbits.
1959 E. M. Thomas Harmless People ii. 28 They live a life very much like the life of Bushmen except that they raise goats.
1993 Fort Collins (Colorado) Triangle Rev. 7 Jan. 16/1 A firm that raises fish for commercial use.
c. transitive. To produce a supply of (people of a certain type, character, or class). rare.
ΚΠ
1616 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Kingdoms & Commonweales (rev. ed.) ii. 51. France wanteth shipping..can raise no good Sailers.
1891 E. Kinglake Austral. at Home 154 We ‘raise’ our own ministers and judges.
1934 Jrnl. Negro Educ. 3 123/2 It will take many years to raise up a body of teachers competent to conduct the schools in a foreign tongue.
1954 V. Randolph Pissing in Snow (1976) lxix. 103 Johnson County, where we raise men with peckers on, and the women are glad of it.
1961 B. R. Keith Geelong College xviii. 124 The real aim is to raise men who will identify themselves with the community, make courageous decisions, and accept responsibility.
d. transitive. Immunology. To stimulate production of (an antiserum or antibody), esp. against or to an antigen.
ΚΠ
1938 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 124 504 Antiserum raised in rabbits, to a gonadotropic extract of urine of patients with teratoma testis, inhibited the activity of human urine of pregnancy extract.
1961 Clinica Chimica Acta 6 507 By means of horse sera raised against whole human serum two major immunologically identifiable fractions have been found.
1971 I. M. Roitt Essent. Immunol. i. 12 Each antiserum raised by immunisation against a given antigen..tends to contain a variety of different antibodies.
2001 Poultry World May 34/4 Work in the US showed that antibodies raised against an isolate of IBV [= infectious bronchitis virus] was able to bind to a turkey coronavirus.
10.
a. transitive. To bring into being (a state of affairs); bring about, set going (a condition or process, as fermentation, heat, a smell, etc.); to give rise to (a demand, a possibility, a need, a prospect, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)]
wieldeOE
timberc897
letc900
rearOE
doOE
i-wendeOE
workOE
makeOE
bringc1175
raisec1175
shapec1315
to owe (also have) a wold (also on wield)a1325
procurec1330
purchasec1330
causec1340
conform1377
performa1382
excite1398
induce1413
occasionate?c1450
occasionc1454
to bring about1480
gara1500
to bring to passc1513
encause1527
to work out1534
inferc1540
excitate?1549
import1550
ycause1563
frame1576
effect1581
to bring in1584
effectuatea1586
apport?1591
introduce1605
create1607
generate1607
cast1633
efficiate1639
conciliate1646
impetrate1647
state1654
accompass1668
to bring to bear1668
to bring on1671
effectivate1717
makee1719
superinduce1837
birth1913
the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > initiate [verb (transitive)] > found or establish
arear?a800
astellc885
planteOE
i-set971
onstellOE
rightOE
stathelOE
raisec1175
stofnec1175
stablea1300
morec1300
ordainc1325
fermc1330
foundc1330
instore1382
instituec1384
establec1386
firmc1425
roota1450
steadfastc1450
establishc1460
institute1483
to set up1525
radicate1531
invent1546
constitute1549
ordinate1555
rampire1555
upset1559
stay1560
erect1565
makea1568
settle1582
stablish1590
seminarize1593
statuminatea1628
hain1635
bottom1657
haft1755
start1824
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5685 To reȝȝsenn rihhtwisnesse.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Pref. l. 70 Þatt mann þatt soþ sahhtnesse..Reȝȝseþþ bitwenenn lede.
a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. 6065 The Kyng off Frawns set hym to ras And set a sege befor Calays.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxviijv Suche as eyther Reyse vp new customes, or extorte that is forboden.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Pref. ⁋2 Belike he had charged them with some leuies, and troubled them with some cariages; Hereupon they raise vp a tragedie, and wish in their heart the Temple had neuer bene built.
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 625 Thoughts..Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts, Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise Dire inflammation. View more context for this quotation
1681 J. Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 4 Plots, true or false, are necessary things, To raise up Common-wealths, and ruin Kings.
1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 86 The Rogue, with his green Billets, has rais'd such a Funk in the Forecastle, that the Devil himself cannot stay.
1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. i. xix. 131 The application of such manures as raise a fermentation.
1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 688/1 The requisite heat for the dyeing operation is raised and maintained.
1892 Speaker 3 Sept. 278/2 The outbreak has raised a demand for restriction [etc.].
c1920 H. Beattie Trad. Lifeways Southern Maori (1994) 190 Another old man said that the pekapeka raised an awful smell.
1938 Brit. Jrnl. Exp. Path. 19 378 The successful cultivation of rabies virus..has raised the possibility of simplifying antirabic immunization.
1946 Liberty 1 June 45/2 The damned Ration Board is threatening to raise a stink about our getting tires and gas.
1968 Listener 4 Jan. 27/1 Slotted into one of the arts programme times the Beatles' film would hardly have raised a whisper.
1990 Med. & Vet. Entomol. 4 95/1 This alarming situation raises the need for alternative insecticides.
2005 Daily Tel. 26 Dec. 31/5 Indian technology workers are flooding the UK on temporary permits..raising the prospect of a homegrown skills shortage.
b. transitive. To give rise to (a report, a rumour, a slander, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > rumour > [verb (transitive)] > originate a rumour
raisec1350
risea1400
to bring up1535
anti-rumour1655
c1350 How Good Wife taught her Daughter (Emmanuel) (1948) 22 (MED) A sclandre þat is reised is euil to stille.
a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 29 (MED) Þai said he suld a sklaunder rays Of God.
1577 in D. Balfour Oppress. 16th Cent. Orkney & Zetland (1859) 51 Thair is ane branche of this law of Granderie, callit Sculding, that is to say, ane brute or sclander of thift, pykrie, or sic uther crymes, rasit by the deid of ane single persoun.
1611 Bible (King James) Exod. xxiii. 1 Thou shalt not raise a false report. View more context for this quotation
1641 Marianus xvii. 157 Your name may be brought in question; and a slander raised, is not so easily suppressed.
1688 J. Whitehall To my Friend Mr. J. N. in J. Barker Poet. Recreations ii. 159 What the Devil was his humour, To raise so scandalous a rumour?
1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 212 The uttering of reproachful Speeches..with an Intent of raising an ill Fame of the Party thus reproached.
1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 373 The report was raised by the English rebels refugee'd at Paris.
1839 C. M. S. Kirkland New Home (1855) 209 A sad rumour was raised last winter by some spiteful gossip.
1892 A. Conan Doyle Adventures Sherlock Holmes xi. 263 He threatened to raise a scandal which would convulse the nation.
1915 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 2 Dec. 10/6 She raised a report immediately and shortly after the bag and its contents were recovered.
1949 P. M. Symonds Adolescent Fantasy xv. 287 It was nothing serious, just enough to raise gossip at camp-hotel.
2002 H. Jacobson Who's Sorry Now? (2003) i. iv. 92 Countrywomen of unassailable propriety..against whom not a breath of malicious rumour was ever raised.
c. transitive. To cause, bring about, foment (strife, dissension, or other disturbance). Cf. sense 13a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > give rise to
makeOE
breedc1200
wakea1325
wakenc1330
engendera1393
gendera1398
raisea1400
begetc1443
reara1513
ingener1513
ingenerate1528
to stir upc1530
yield1576
to pull ona1586
to brood up1586
to set afloat (on float)1586
spawn1594
innate1602
initiate1604
inbreed1605
irritate1612
to give rise to1630
to let in1655
to gig (out)1659
to set up1851
gin1887
society > society and the community > dissent > become at variance with [verb (transitive)] > cause (dissension)
raisea1400
rear1548
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 7401 (MED) Þe syxte [species of lechery] reyseþ grete stryfe, To rauys anouþer mannys wyfe.
a1425 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Galba) 27728 Wreth es raysand..missaw, flit, and malisoune.
?c1430 (c1400) in F. D. Matthew Eng. Wks. Wyclif (1880) 185 Þei..reisen debatis & enemytes bitwene weddid men & here wiwes.
1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay 17 Thayme quhilk rasis discord amangis nichtburs.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. iiij So muche contention is reysed in these oure daies about matters of learnyng.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. Eccl. xxxi Wine drunken with excess raiseth quarrels, and wrath, and many ruins.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 226 Thou hear'st what stir on Earth Satan..Hath raisd in Paradise. View more context for this quotation
1719 A. Ramsay Richy & Sandy 58 How the ill sp'rit did the first mischief raise.
1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 317 Liberty..Shall raise no feuds for armies to suppress.
1831 E. Burton Lect. Eccl. Hist. i. iii. 72 The watchword..was sufficient to raise a ferment from one end of Jerusalem to the other.
1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. i. iii. §7 There are metaphysicians who have raised a controversy on the point.
1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 384 Do not raise a quarrel..between Thrasymachus and me.
1904 J. Conrad Nostromo ii. v. 164 A turbulent body of men, quite apt to raise a tumult.
1948 R. E. Sherwood Roosevelt & Hopkins iv. xxix. 757 A minority of Senators proved able to raise an uproar powerful enough to repudiate the President.
1997 R. Rhodes Deadly Feasts 145 Who are these people at this animal research institute raising a fuss?
d. transitive. To cause, originate (a feeling, a sentiment, a sensation, etc.).In quot. 1890 unusually with the person affected as subject.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > quality of affecting the emotions > affect with emotion [verb (transitive)] > cause or give rise to an emotion
rearOE
arear?c1225
annoyc1300
movea1325
excite1393
raisea1400
lighta1413
stirc1430
provokec1450
provocate?a1475
rendera1522
to stir upc1530
excitate?1549
inspire1576
yield1576
to turn up1579
rouse1589
urge1594
incense1598
upraisea1600
upreara1600
irritate1612
awakena1616
recreate1643
pique1697
arouse1730
unlull1743
energize1753
evocate1827
evoke1856
vibe1977
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 9714 (MED) Yn drunkenes men wyl rage, And ragyng wyl reyse korage.
?c1430 (c1400) Rule St. Francis (Corpus Cambr.) in F. D. Matthew Eng. Wks. Wyclif (1880) 40 Þat noon euyl suspecion may be reysed of hem.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 596 Gret sorow was raissed.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. xiii. 2 Thus awfull Mars..The sorow rasit apon athyr hand.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 385 Quhilk rumour in Scotland rayset not lytle invie in ffrance.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. iii. 52 If the scorne of your bright eine Haue power to raise such loue in mine. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 806 Thence raise..discontented thoughts, Vain hopes, vain aimes, inordinate desires. View more context for this quotation
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. viii. 141 Momentary Anger is frequently raised..without any apparent Reason.
1798 M. Wollstonecraft Maria ii. xiii I raised her indignation and excited her sympathy, by telling her briefly the truth.
1824 E. Curr Acct. Colony Van Diemen's Land 150 The native colonist has no recollections to raise discontent; what he never knew, he can never miss.
1855 E. B. Pusey Doctr. Real Presence Note A. 2 Opponents have succeeded in raising an almost insurmountable prejudice.
1879 Nation (N.Y.) 4 Sept. 154/2 Its pretensions..did nothing to extenuate it on the one hand, or to raise curiosity on the other.
1890 R. Kipling Barrack-room Ballads (1892) 53 Where there aren't no Ten Commandments an' a man can raise a thirst.
1939 D. Thomas Let. 29 Sept. (1987) 417 I don't know how you feel about all this, but I can't raise up any feeling about this War at all.
1964 M. Critchley Developmental Dyslexia ix. 59 Manual dexterity may be so poor as to raise the suspicion of a ‘congenital’ type of motor dyspraxia.
1992 Lakota Times (Rapid City, South Dakota) 5 Aug. a2/1 Mr. EchoHawk has raised the anger of the tribes because he is a Pawnee Indian and should have the best interests of tribes at heart.
2005 P. R. Keefe Chatter iv. 102 The program's ambitions had raised the ire of journalists and columnists all over the country.
e. transitive. To provoke, give rise to (the expression of a feeling or a sentiment). Frequently in to raise a laugh (also laughter): to provoke or elicit laughter; to cause amusement.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > elicit or call forth
movea1398
drawa1400
provoke?a1425
askc1450
to draw out1525
to stir up1526
allure?1532
suscitate1532
to call out1539
to draw fortha1569
draw1581
attract1593
raise1598
force1602
fetch1622
milka1628
invite1650
summon1679
elicit1822
to work up?1833
educe1840
1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie In Lectores sig. B2v You will nere conceiue, and yet dispraise, That which you nere conceiu'd, & laughter raise.
a1637 B. Jonson Discov. (1640) 130 Jests that are true and naturall, seldome raise laughter, with the beast, the multitude.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. vi. 207 The publique worship..rais'd a condemning, but selfe-absolving blush into her cheeks.
1730 J. Thomson Winter in Seasons 219 The Comic Muse..raises sly the fair impartial laugh.
1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 658 They raised a smile At folly's cost.
1835 J. N. Reynolds Voy. U.S. Frigate Potomac 285 Buffoonery is sometimes introduced, as it is on our own stage, for the sole purpose of raising a laugh.
1870 Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 2 208 Under such circumstances as would raise a blush in the latter, there can always be seen the same expression..on the countenance of the Indian.
1892 G. S. Layard Life & Lett. C. S. Keene viii. 176 He never fell into the habit of raising a laugh at the expense of individuals.
1928 Sunday Disp. 23 Dec. 12/2 A film calculated to raise buckets of tears has its appeal.
1961 ‘W. Cooper’ Scenes Married Life iv. iii. 216 I tried to raise a smile.
1992 C. C. Schlam Metamorph. of Apuleius iv. 40 The doubting traveler, having raised a guffaw..repudiates Aristomenes' tale of magic.
11.
a. transitive. To cause or promote the growth of (a plant); to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.). †Also with the soil producing the plants as subject (obsolete). Also in extended use: to grow (a beard, a moustache).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivate plants or crops [verb (transitive)]
tilla1325
raisec1384
uprearc1400
nourisha1500
cherish1519
dig1526
dress1526
govern1532
manure?c1550
rear1581
nurse1594
tame1601
crop1607
cultive1614
cultivate1622
ingentle1622
tend1631
make1714
peck1728
grow1774
farm1793
culture1809
side-dress1888
double-crop1956
produce2006
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Ezek. xxxiv. 29 I shal reyse to hem a iust buriownyng or seed.
a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 3909) (1926) 1055 (MED) Thai myȝt neuer raise in no maner corn.
1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia ii. sig. C3 There might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes or ofcomes.
1664 J. Beale Let. 1 Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1965) II. 154 Some plants can hardly be raysed, or if they be raysed can hardly obtaine all the fortune & kindness of ye soyle where they are planted.
a1678 T. Hanmer Garden Bk. (1933) 75 Gilliflowers agree best to bee rais'd in a very loose blacke mold.
1713 Guardian No. 171 (1714) II. 486 To adorn their upper Lip, by raising a quick-set Beard there in the form of Whiskers.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 118 I..got into the Manner of planting and raising my Corn.
1732 J. Swift Ess. Mod. Educ. in Misc. Prose & Verse III. 237 The Dunghill having raised a huge Mushroom of short Duration, is now spread to enrich other Mens Lands.
1780 W. Coxe Acct. Russ. Discov. 7 Greens and other vegetables are raised with great facility.
1797 J. A. Graham Descriptive Sketch Vermont 31 The soil is excellent, and raises vast supplies of wheat, Indian corn.
1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 72 A rose..raised in a conservatory.
1839 N. Amer. Rev. July 100 Ground enough..whereon to raise corn and vegetables for the use of the garrison.
1874 R. Brown Man. Bot. iii. xii. 539 The Moqui Indians..plant their maize a foot or 14 inches in the soil, and raise excellent crops.
1903 H. Keller Story of my Life i. ii. 22 He raised the finest watermelons and strawberries in the county.
1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering i. 3 The Indian squaw raised a few vegetables.
1999 Canad. Geographic Nov. 61/3 A contemporary once said that, ‘nearly all of his non-coms and as many of the men who could raise one, wore an imperial.’
2003 Independent 8 Feb. (Mag.) 35/2 Wilks marked the flower, and the following year raised 200 plants from the single head of seed.
b. transitive. To produce (manure). Now rare.
ΚΠ
1726 Gentleman Farmer 6 I will teach you an easy way to raise dung.
1792 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) 3 58 They [sc. Hogs] would certainly, in a yard properly littered, raise dung enough to manure one acre very amply.
1800 C. Varlo Guide Reason 182 Let us conceive what a mistake farmers lie under, who raise manure by fire.
1830 G. R. Porter Nature & Properties Sugar Cane 316 To raise manure abundantly from animals, it is, of course, essential that they should have a sufficiency of suitable food.
1906 Atlanta Constit. 16 July 10/4 Keep cattle in barns and raise manure.
c. transitive. To rear or bring up (an animal). Frequently with on or upon (a particular feed) .
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > rear animals [verb (transitive)]
nourishc1300
to bring forthc1305
rear?1440
raise1743
educate1760
farm1793
mind1824
1743 H. Bracken Farriery Improved (ed. 3) II. Index Foals, method of raising them good.
1767 G. White Let. 9 Sept. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 31 The young of the barn-owl are not easily raised.
1790 in HRA (1914) 1 196 The fixing the first settlers in townships will..prevent that increase of live stock which would be raised in farms at a distance from a great body of people.
1831 J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants 171 This [mast-fed] kind of pork is by no means equal to that raised and fatted on corn.
1859 R. B. Marcy Prairie Traveler iv. 111 Horses which have been raised exclusively upon grass.
1922 A. C. Davenport Amer. Live Stock Market xiv. 108 Cattle bred and raised on the farms of the corn belt and eastern states.
1952 G. F. Hervey & J. Hems Freshwater Trop. Aquarium Fishes 124 The fry are raised on infusoria for the first two or three weeks.
1998 N. Lawson How to Eat (1999) 94 I don't want to eat some miserable fowl raised on fish pellets in squalor somewhere.
d. transitive. To rear or bring up (a person). Frequently in passive, with as or specification of place. Also (chiefly U.S. regional (southern and south Midland)) with up.From 18th to mid 20th cent. chiefly U.S.Though this sense is widely used in all levels of discourse in the U.S., it has frequently been criticized by writers on usage.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > upbringing > [verb (transitive)]
i-teon975
forthbringc1000
forthwiseOE
nourishc1300
nurshc1325
feedc1330
updraw1390
uprearc1400
educate1445
norrya1450
nurturea1450
to bring up1484
endue1526
nuzzle1558
rear1558
nurse1584
to breed up1611
cradle1613
breed1650
raise1744
rare1798
mud1814
to fetch up1841
rise1843
1744 M. Bishop Life Matthew Bishop 268 The Child..she..says..is the Picture of his Father, and that she would endeavour to raise it for his Sake.
1784 Let. in G. Imlay Topogr. Descr. Western Territory N. Amer. (1797) 362 We were born and raised in the woods; we could never learn to make rum.
1795 H. Summersett Fate of Sedley II. ix. 104 My dissolution will be made more sweet by dying in the arms of one whom I raised.
1797 J. Pettigrew Let. in Dict. Amer. Eng. The thoughts of ingratitude or disobedience to a parent who has rased one up from the cradle.
1817 J. K. Paulding Lett. from South I. 102 You know I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the North.
1846 J. Hall Wilderness & War Path 160 ‘I can't back out,’ said he, ‘I never was raised to it, no how.’
1882 G. C. Eggleston Wreck of ‘Red Bird’ 3 Maum Sally was born and ‘raised’, as she would have said, in ‘Ole Firginny’.
1929 D. Runyon in Cosmopolitan Oct. 63/1 She slips this baby off to her sister in a little town in Spain to raise up.
1948 A. C. Kinsey et al. Sexual Behavior Human Male xii. 449 The city boy's failure to understand what life can mean to a boy who is raised on a farm.
1982 Z. Edgell Beka Lamb xvi. 109 She raised him to be a modest Catholic boy.
2002 J. Eugenides Middlesex iii. 304 Many genetic males raised as girls don't blend in so easily.
12. To cause (a person of specified character) to come into existence or appear.
a. transitive. Of God. Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > of God
workOE
rearOE
shapeOE
makeOE
raisec1384
to set (something) on (also upon) sevenc1390
spire1435
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Zech. xi. 16 Y shal reyse a sheperd in erthe.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Deut. xviii. 15 Thi Lord God schal reise a prophete of thi folk.
c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. Acts iii. 22 God sal raase [Purvey reise] to you a prophet.
1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 6* God raisit vp in Ingland, Iohne Uicleif.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Pref. ⁋11 We acknowledge them to haue been raised vp of God, for the building and furnishing of his Church.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 318 Provoking God to raise them enemies. View more context for this quotation
1730 R. Millar Hist. Church under Old Test. i. 137 He seems to have been a good peaceable Man, raised up to reform Abuses.
1760 W. Law Of Justif. by Faith & Wks. 65 The Mercy of God has here and there raised up awakened Preachers.
1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 152 Never Scotia's realm desert, But still the Patriot, and the Patriot-bard, In bright succession raise, her ornament and guard.
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe II. xv. 304 The God of Jacob shall raise up for his chosen people a second Gideon.
1884 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. 583/1 Great saints are raised up in different ages to renew the fervour of Christians.
1912 W. Boyle Family Failing ii. 42 If God raised up a friend for them they'd strive to be better workers.
1956 C. Hannay tr. I. Andersson Hist. of Sweden ix. 89 God raised up in Engelbrekt a saviour of the people.
1994 Homiletic & Pastoral Rev. July 44 God would raise up..a patriarch or reforming prophet who would summon them back to fidelity.
b. transitive. Of a human being or a course of action. In later use chiefly with up.
ΚΠ
1655 R. Turner tr. H. C. Agrippa Fourth Bk. Occult Philos. 28 In the twelfth House it [sc. Carcer] raiseth enemies, detaineth in prison, and inflicteth many evils.
1700 G. Farquhar Constant Couple Pref. sig. A4 I have not been long enough in Town to raise Enemies against me.
1735 A. Pope Wks. 63 Nor [do thou] wish to lose a Foe these Virtues raise.
1785 T. B. Clarke Crisis 61 The unwise policy of Britain hath raised up a formidable rival.
1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 30 The sins of Islam Must raise up a destroyer even now.
1846 J. H. Ingraham Bonfield x. 68 I intended through her when the king should die to raise up a powerful rival to the Prince Royal.
1881 W. Stubbs Early Plantagenets (ed. 3) ii. 19 In trying to make himself friends he raised up persistent enemies.
1927 L. M. Sears Jefferson & Embargo iv. 106 His insistence upon religious toleration had made him enemies in some quarters, but had raised up friends in others.
1970 R. Tucker in R. Tucker & F. R. Barkley Sons of Wild Jackass ii. 25 Again and again the Senator raised up enemies..by his sharp retorts inside and outside the Senate.
1998 Sunday Times (Nexis) 27 Sept. It is never in any monarch's interest to raise up rivals to his throne.
13. transitive. With prepositional phrases as complement.
a. To begin, make, institute, or direct (war, criticism, an objection, etc.) against a person or thing.
ΚΠ
c1390 (?c1350) St. Theodora 188 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 37 (MED) Aȝeyn þe i schal reyse a batayle.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 1071 (MED) A-gain abel he raysed strijf, Wit murth he did his broiþer o lijf.
a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 56 (MED) Ayeinst thes thre spices of polecye be raysid vnlawfull vsurpacions.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. x. 98 Thar most thou behald The weris rasit aganis Romanis bald.
1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 29 The summondis raisit be the said Lord againis the said James.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cclxij He..raysed warre against vs, and was taken therin.
1611 Bible (King James) Acts xiii. 50 The Iewes..raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas. View more context for this quotation
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvi. 378 They induce men..to adhære to those that call them Tyrants, and to think it lawfull to raise warre against them.
1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers Pref. sig. b2 This hath raised Envy, Grudge and Malice against them.
1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman v. 173 Though the cry of irreligion, or even atheism, be raised against me.
1821 W. Scott Pirate I. Advt. p. vi A variety of sham suits, raised against him by Newgate solicitors.
1873 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. 356 The objections which have been raised against this view.
1920 J. C. Drummond in Biochem. Jrnl. 14 660 The criticism usually raised against Funk's word Vitamine.
1952 A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. ii. 24 The same objection..can be raised against Trubetzkoy's handling of the problem.
1971 W. F. Dorrill in T. W. Robinson Cultural Revol. China ii. 72 Numerous accusations were raised against the ‘handful’ in authority in the Party.
1994 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 23 June 8/4 I feel obliged to give my own impressions..of the charges so cruelly and persistently raised against him.
†b. To bring, send, or direct (a thing, as harm, slander, etc.) on or upon a person or thing. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 7949 Iuel he sal apon þe rais.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Jer. li. 1 Y schal reise on Babiloyne..as a wynd of pestilence.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) vi. 276 Fra thai had rasit on him the cry.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Amos v. B He rayseth destruccion vpon the mightie people.
1577 in D. Balfour Oppress. 16th Cent. Orkney & Zetland (1859) 49 Gif ane brute be rasit upon thame.
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 846 This was..a meer Slander raised upon Atheists.
1689 C. Goodall Poems & Transl. 25 'T may raise a scandal on your Name, Thô I should think it sin.
1775 S. Johnson Let. 6 June (1992) II. 217 Mr Colson has quarrelled with me. He says, I raise the laugh upon him.
†c. To draw, obtain, derive (something abstract) out of or from another thing. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > originate or be a source of [verb (transitive)] > derive, come from, or originate in
fet1393
to take one's spring from (also out of)c1440
to come out of ——1481
extract1490
deduct1530
fetch1552
desume1564
deduce1565
father1577
derive1600
traduce1615
raisea1631
originate1653
to be sourced in1941
a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1956) VIII. 147 Moses third excuse, raised out of a naturall defect.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 231 Heav'n's great View..Virtue's Ends from Vanity can raise.
1772 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. I. Pref. p. xiv Abstruse speculations..have been raised from every branch of my subject.
14.
a. transitive. To utter or produce (a sound).In quot. c1425: to produce a sound on (a musical instrument).
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > thing heard > make sound [verb (transitive)]
stira1000
sendc1200
movea1382
raisec1400
demean1483
emit1826
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1916 (MED) Hit watz þe myriest mute..Þe rich rurd þat þer watz raysed for Renaude saule with lote.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 4134 (MED) Þe schrille trumpettis wern y-reised loude; Vp to þe skye goth þe blisful sown.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. sig. K7v Fayre Goddesse,..To my tunes thy second tenor rayse.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. i. 95 He raisd a sigh so pittious and profound. View more context for this quotation
1745 D. Garrick Lethe; or, Esop in Shades 4 I'll raise Musick to dispel their Fears.
1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans II. ii. 25 The scout then applied his fingers to his mouth, and raised a low hissing sound.
a1864 J. Clare Early Poems (1989) 437 Feign woud I tempt to sound thy notes again..To raise a sweeter sound.
1929 Manitoba Free Press 30 Mar. The birds all blithely raise a sound Of joy and gaiety.
1988 B. Chatwin Utz 15 People..wouldn't raise a murmur against the Party or State.
2003 World News Connection (Nexis) 17 July They..gun down a mother and son in their sleep and the inmates dare not raise a sound.
b. transitive. To utter (a cry, etc.) with a loud voice; to produce (a loud noise) by shouting or otherwise; to sound (the alarm).
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > loudness > make a loud sound or noise [verb (transitive)]
upheavea1300
rearc1400
raisea1425
foulder1559
trumpet1729
uplift1816
blast1932
blare1939
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > cry or shout [verb (transitive)] > raise (a shout)
arearc1380
rearc1400
raisea1425
to put up1730
a1425 (?c1375) N. Homily Legendary (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 100 (MED) A hidose cry þan raysed þai.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 40 Gret noyis and dyne was rayssit thaim amang.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 33/7 Als sone as the army had rasit thare noyis and clamoure.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 43 I stoutly emboldned with night shade raysed an howting.
1611 Bible (King James) Job iii. 8 Let them curse it..who are ready to raise vp their mourning. View more context for this quotation
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1124 I only with an Oak'n staff will meet thee, And raise such out-cries on thy clatter'd Iron. View more context for this quotation
1716 A. Hill Fatal Vision i. 5 Both Armies rais'd, at once, a deaf'ning Shout.
1729 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers II. xiv. 564 [He] came with a well-appointed Brigantine. But, just as he was putting ashore,..certain Moors..raised the Alarm.
1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence ii. xliv Th' inferior demons of the place Rais'd rueful shrieks and hideous yells.
1792 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. v. ii. 116 Teague,..raising a shout of desperation, was fixed on the spot, and his locomotive faculties suspended.
1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 78 The Frank warriors..raised a fierce shout of indignation.
1886 F. H. Burnett Little Ld. Fauntleroy iv. 67 On one occasion he raised a shout of laughter in a group of ladies and gentlemen.
1928 Blackwood's Mag. Apr. 498/1 Bullock-carts, hand-trucks, and coolies combined to raise..an excruciating din.
1953 C. Beaton Diary 31 May in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xviii. 253 A hoarse shout was raised when the flashlight went off.
1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxiv. 216 Why hadn't I when I was legging it down the stairs..hammered on several doors to raise the alarm?
2001 National Geographic Mar. 80/1 A witness said he overheard his neighbors raise a chilling cry.
c. transitive. To sing (a song, esp. a psalm or hymn); (also) to begin to sing, to lead the singing of (a song).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > singing > sing [verb (transitive)] > begin to sing
to take upc1390
raise1595
mount1601
rear1785
1595 B. Barnes Divine Cent. Spirituall Sonnets lxxxxix. sig. G 4v Euen thether shall my Muse her Musicke raise; Where my soules euerlasting pallace stands.
1616 in F. Roberts & I. M. M. Macphail Dumbarton Common Good Accts. (1972) 13 Item to Walter Watsoune for raising the psalmes.
1646 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1881) II. 96 Anent John Cant musician..that the proveist..sall pay to him yeerlie..for to raise the psalmes in the Hie Kirk on the Saboth.
1673 J. Milton Psalm VII in Poems (new ed.) 141 Then will I Jehovah's praise According to his justice raise.
1727 A. Pope Mem. of P. P. in J. Swift et al. Misc. II. 273 When I raised the Psalm, how did my Voice quaver for fear!
1798 D. Crawford Poems 48 The tune sae saftly he did raise.
1808 W. Scott Marmion iii. Introd. 118 I love the license..In sound now lowly, and now strong, To raise the desultory song.
1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 25 An old negro,..who raised a hymn, which soon became a confused chant.
1904 E. W. A. Pringle Woman Rice Planter 274 I knew I would have to ‘raise’ the hymn.
1958 O. Sherwin Prophet of Liberty xvii. 212 The Hutchinsons..attempted to raise a song to soothe the audience with music.
1996 A. Michaels Fugitive Pieces i. 110 There was nothing for it but to raise my foreign song and feel understood.
15. transitive. To produce, to bring into existence (any of various natural phenomena, as fire, a storm, etc.). Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth
doeOE
makelOE
to bring forthc1175
farrow?c1225
childc1350
fodmec1390
raise1402
spring?1440
upbringc1440
breed1526
procreate1546
hatch1549
generate1556
product1577
deprompt1586
produce1587
spire1590
sprout1598
represent1601
effer1606
depromea1652
germinate1796
output1858
1402 Reply Friar Daw Topias in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 109 The sterne stormes that reufulli ȝe reisin.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 1653 (MED) Sche coude..reyse floodis with many dredful wowe.
c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 303 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 490 It a fyre mad alsone, þat broynt þe watir, & lo rasyt.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xiii. 58 Sa maisterfull storme amyd the Libyan see Scho raisit sone.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cccclxix These sediciouse persones, which as certen bellouse seke to reyse vp flame.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. xx. 269 The joyfull departure of their suspected guest, rais'd this merry showre in their eyes.
1668 S. Colepresse Let. 22 Feb. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1967) IV. 119 This weeke has produc'd extraordinary high-Tydes, raised by ye storme.
1711 Boston News-let. 1 Oct. 2/2 Using Fire to a parcel of Ocum, Chips and other combustible rubbish, which soon raised a great Flame.
a1771 T. Gray Agrippina in Poems (1775) 131 One..may still With equal power resume that gift, and raise A tempest.
1820 W. Scott Monastery I. i. 3 I will as soon believe..That old Moll White..raised the last night's thunder.
1852 N.-Y. Daily Times 21 Sept. 1/4 You must heap up the coals and raise a fire that will make the whole shop glow in its ruddy light.
1884 W. E. Norris Thirlby Hall v All she can do is to raise a storm in a tea-cup.
1938 R. Hum Chem. for Engin. Students x. 205 The steam is raised in an iron vaporiser, attached to the top of the producer.
1968 D. Thompson in W. French & W. Kidd Amer. Winners Nobel Lit. Prize Introd. 85 The announcement of the award raised a storm of protest.
1999 M. Hulse tr. W. G. Sebald Vertigo (2000) ii. 57 In early November the great earthquake hit Lisbon, raising tidal waves as far away as Holland.
16.
a. transitive. Chiefly Scots Law. To draw up, frame (a summons, a letter, etc.); to institute (proceedings, an action, a claim, etc.); to establish (a use).
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal document > [verb (transitive)] > draw up document
raise1436
imbreve?a1600
levy1660
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > carry on or institute (an action) [verb (transitive)]
bringc1000
move1379
pursue1384
leada1400
suea1422
raise1436
maintain1456
conceive1467
persecute1483
implead1554
suscitate1560
solicit?a1562
intenda1578
intent1630
society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal proceedings [verb (transitive)] > establish a use
raise1766
1436 in Coll. for Hist. Aberdeen & Banff (1843) 394 I gert rase ane assise of the gentillys of the cuntre.
1499–1500 Elphinstone Mun. 189/2 The said Alexander..to pas to our souerane lordis chancellarii..and rais his infeftment..in dew forme.
1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 45 Raising of new letteres for halding of siclik courtis justiciare.
1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 109 b The name of the Judge, at quhais command the summons is raised, and directed.
1632 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 126 He..out of one cause ill begunne, raysed 20 severall actions.
1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 85 Criminal Letters, raised at the Instance of D.F. his Majesty's Advocate.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. ii. xx. 330 A use could not be raised without a sufficient consideration.
1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. 663 The arrestee..may raise an action of multiplepoinding.
1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. i. 92 They raised a summons of declarator against the Council.
1881 W. Stubbs Early Plantagenets (ed. 3) iv. 70 John the Marshal..raised a claim touching one of the archiepiscopal manors.
1927 W. M. Gloag & R. C. Henderson Introd. Law Scotl. 19 Where a party raises an action in the Court of Session he thereby submits himself to its jurisdiction in any counter action.
1945 Daily Tel. 7 Aug. 3/1 An action of multiplepoinding and exoneration has been raised in the Court of Session, Edinburgh.
1973 Bookseller 13 Jan. 106/1 The stock was apparently only one copy and an invoice was raised for this copy.
1991 Sc. Banker Aug. 24/1 The bank then raised proceedings against Watt for repayment of the money.
b. transitive. To bring up (a question, a point, etc.); to put forward (an objection, a difficulty, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > belief > suggestion, proposal > suggest [verb (transitive)] > for consideration
puta1350
purposea1382
propone1402
motion1505
exhibit1529
propound?1531
prefer1539
raise1566
to put forward1569
broach1579
start1579
offer1583
propose1614
first1628
to put it to a person1664
moot1685
suppose1771
pose1862
to put up1901
1566 Briefe Exam. Certaine Declar. sig. *1 Certayne brethren..rayse vp so braulyng questions, that they thynke nothing to be well done but what they do them selues.
1647 R. Gentilis tr. B. Malvezzi Chiefe Events 159 In raising difficulties hee makes them easie.
1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 276 They left off to raise any more objections, but consented to lend him what strength they could. View more context for this quotation
1722 R. Steele Conscious Lovers (1723) ii. i. 26 This will certainly give me occasion to raise Difficulties.
1788 J. Madison Federalist Papers xxxviii. 16 Those who raise so many objections against the new constitution,..never call to mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xv. 602 A day was appointed for considering the point raised by Crone.
1892 Decatur (Illinois) Herald-Despatch 15 Oct. 2/5 The Spanish representatives sought to raise a question concerning the occupancy of Manila.
1934 Jrnl. Ministry of Agric. Dec. 833 From time to time complaints are raised concerning a defect in pea seeds.
1949 ‘G. A. Birmingham’ Laura's Bishop 59 Not even the most captious critic could have raised any objection.
1986 J. Batten Judges 237 Counsel keep raising arguments based on the Charter of Rights.
2002 P. Augar & J. Palmer Rise Player Manager ix. 189 Dun usually raises some issue that is on his mind.
III. To cause to move to a higher position.
* To lift up by direct effort.
17. figurative.
a. transitive. To promote or advance (a person or thing) to a higher rank, status or position; to exalt (a person, a family, etc.) in dignity or power. In later use usually with into (now rare), to. Also reflexive.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > accord social rank to [verb (transitive)] > elevate or raise to a higher position
raisec1175
elevate1509
amount1523
bear?1529
advance?1566
elate1578
prelate1626
hitch1805
the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [verb (transitive)] > raise in prosperity, power, or rank
arearc885
raisec1175
aggrandize1634
society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > raising to noble rank > ennoble [verb (transitive)] > invest with rank or title > raise to a higher rank
raisec1175
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9611 Forr to reȝȝsenn alle þa Þatt follȝhenn soþmecnesse.
a1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 42/13 In þe kinges hows sethin was he To ofice and to reuerence raysed.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. v. 21 The heeȝist hath power in the rewme of men, and whom euere he shal wole, he shal reyse on it.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22281 He sal him rais..on hight.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 Kings ii. 7 The Lord makith pore, and makith riche; he makith low, and reisith.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 291 He resede þe poore man fro filthede..to sette him among princis.
1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Suffolk xvii How high, how soone, she did me raise.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary ii. 47 Hee much affected glory and honour, and had a great desire to raise his house.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 162 A Son whose worthy deeds Raise him to be the second in that Realme Of Pharao. View more context for this quotation
1735 T. Blackwell Enq. Life & Writings Homer 22 The Greeks became early masters of the military Art, and..of all others that tend to enrich or adorn a City, and raise a Commonwealth.
1752 E. Young Brothers iv. i They'll say the subtile statesman plann'd this marriage To raise his blood into his master's throne.
1791 ‘Layman’ Answer Dr. Priestley's Let. to Edmund Burke 5 Able lawyers are raised to the rank of judges.
1810 G. Crabbe Borough iii. 41 Their's is a gracious bounty, form'd to raise Him whom it aids.
1868 A. Bain Mental & Moral Sci. (1875) 459 There is no act however trivial which cannot be raised to the position of a moral act.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People ii. §6. 90 Charter after charter..raised the townsmen of boroughs from mere traders..into customary tenants.
1901 F. Galton in Biometrika 1 10 Biology could soon be raised to the status of a more exact science.
1929 J. B. Priestley in F. Donaldson Yours, Plum (1990) 166 He has raised speech into a kind of wild poetry of the absurd.
1957 L. Durrell Justine ii. 113 Even eating and excreting will be raised to the rank of arts.
1988 H. T. Hoover Yankton Sioux Introd. 7 The American Indian..has either been raised to the status of the ‘noble savage’ or disparaged as the ‘wild Indian’.
2003 Church Times 14 Mar. 32/2 He was raised to the cardinalate three years later.
b.
(a) transitive. To exalt (a person's name); to enhance (the status, rank, etc.) of a person or thing.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > majesty, glory, or grandeur > exaltation or glorification > exalt or glorify [verb (transitive)]
heavec825
higheOE
brightenOE
clarifya1340
glorifya1340
enhancec1374
stellifyc1384
biga1400
exalt?a1400
raisea1400
shrinea1400
to bear up?a1425
enhighc1440
erect?a1475
assumec1503
amount1523
dignifya1530
to set up1535
extol1545
enthronize1547
augment1567
sublimate?1567
sublime1568
assumptc1571
begoda1576
royalize1589
suscitate1598
swell1601
consecrate1605
realize1611
reara1616
sphere1615
ingreata1620
superexalta1626
soara1627
ascend1628
rise1628
embroider1629
apotheose1632
grandize1640
engreaten1641
engrandizea1652
mount1651
intronificate1653
magnificent1656
superposit1661
grandify1665
heroify1677
apotheosize1695
enthrone1699
aggrandize1702
pantheonize1801
hoist1814
princify1847
queen1880
heroize1887
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 2373 (MED) Þere shal þi name reised be And alle þo heires þat comen of þe.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 1546 (MED) Þoruȝ þe halle was þe manhod preised Of þe k[i]ng, and his renoun reysed.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 3148 (MED) Let also the fyrmament..day-by-day hys honour Reyse.
1597 Bp. J. Hall Defiance to Enuy in Virgidemiarum: 1st 3 Bks. sig. A5 To raise her silent and inglorious name, Vnto a reach-lesse pitch of Prayses.
1613 E. Cary Trag. Mariam v. i. sig. H2 She cannot be too often fam'd: All tongues suffice not her sweet name to raise.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. i. 67 It pleas'd his Maiestie To rayse my State to Title of a Queene. View more context for this quotation
1733 J. Swift On Poetry 26 You raise the Honour of the Peerage, Proud to attend you at the Steerage.
1739 W. Dunkin Let. 25 Apr. in J. Swift Corr. (1965) V. 149 His gracious endeavours to raise my reputation and fortune.
1744 A. Pope Epist. to Several Persons iii. 58 Of qualities deserving praise, More go to ruin Fortunes, than to raise.
1820 W. Scott Monastery II. v. 164 Farewell each hope of..raising thy low rank.
1876 J. B. Mozley Univ. Serm. (1877) iii. 67 The distance of an end raises the rank of the labour undergone for it.
1925 M. D. George London Life in XVIII Cent. i. 48 He was the founder of scientific midwifery in England, raised the status of practitioners and trained over 900 pupils.
1956 W. L. Neumann in W. A. Williams Shaping Amer. Diplomacy xv. 805 The surprise victory of the Japanese over the Russians..raised the stature of Japan in American eyes.
1990 D. Carrasco Relig. Mesoamer. ii. 49 The purpose of these wars..was to..reaffirm and raise the status of warriors.
†(b) intransitive. Of a name, reputation, etc.: to rise, be enhanced. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > advance, progress, or develop [verb (intransitive)] > rise in prosperity, power, or rank
wax971
climba1240
forthgoa1325
arise1340
risec1390
increasea1425
to come upa1475
raise1490
clamber1576
to make one's way1579
grow1622
to get on (also up) in the world1791
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vii. 32 The delectable name of hir cyte grewe & reysed in praysing.
1702 Eng. Theophrastus 240 His reputation abroad will raise or sink as his affairs go well or ill at home.
†c. transitive. To promote (a person) to some privilege. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 11 (MED) Þei reysen þe synnars to þe takyng of þe sacraments.
†d. transitive. To extol, praise. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > commend or praise [verb (transitive)]
heryc735
mickleeOE
loveOE
praise?c1225
upraisea1300
alosec1300
commenda1340
allow1340
laud1377
lose1377
avauntc1380
magnifya1382
enhancea1400
roosea1400
recommendc1400
recommanda1413
to bear up?a1425
exalt1430
to say well (also evil, ill, etc.) of (also by)1445
laudifyc1470
gloryc1475
advance1483
to bear out1485
prizec1485
to be or to have in laudationa1500
joya1500
extol1509
collaud1512
concend?1521
solemnize?1521
celebrate1522
stellify1523
to set up1535
well-word1547
predicate1552
glorify1557
to set forth1565
admire1566
to be up with1592
voice1594
magnificate1598
plaud1598
concelebrate1599
encomionize1599
to con laud1602
applauda1616
panegyrize1617
acclamate1624
to set offa1625
acclaim1626
raise1645
complement1649
encomiate1651
voguec1661
phrase1675
to set out1688
Alexander1700
talk1723
panegyricize1777
bemouth1799
eulogizea1810
rhapsodize1819
crack up1829
rhapsody1847
1645 J. Milton Arcades in Poems 52 Fame that her high worth to raise, Seem'd erst so lavish.
1734 A. Pope Epist. to Arbuthnot 211 While Wits and Templars ev'ry sentence raise, And wonder with a foolish face of praise.
18. figurative.
a. transitive. To elevate (a person or persons) to a higher moral or mental condition.Development from sense 6a would appear logical, but that sense is attested later.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > reform, amend, or correct [verb (transitive)] > specifically a person
raisec1175
chastya1240
amenda1275
chastisec1330
reara1382
revokec1384
redressc1390
reclaima1393
reducec1425
reform1477
reclaim?a1505
emendc1542
claim1546
reduct1548
save1857
decriminalize1963
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4373 He ras o þehhtennde daȝȝ To reȝȝsenn uss off sinne.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 510 Tus Adam he underȝede, Reisede him up & al mankin Ðat was fallen to helle dim.
a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 68 (MED) Lord, merci, rewe me now; reyse vp þat ys falle lowe.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 18674 Iesus him kidd til þaim..vte o wan-hope for to rais [a1400 Trin. Cambr. hem to reise].
c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) 318 (MED) Wan I stonde in grace þou holdyste me þat tyde; Wen I fall þou reysyst me myghtyly.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) Prol. 3 Thai rais [v.r. he rayses] thaim in til contemplatyf lyf.
1568 A. Scott Poems (1896) xxxiv. 149 Thir ressonis ar to raiss ȝow Fra crymes vndir coite.
1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus i. 9 If any shall deeme and repute it an impotent meanes to raise men to the grace of life.
a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) II. 18 Nature gave Man an erect Figure, to raise him above the groveling Condition of..the Beasts.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xiv. vii. 167 Whether he will sink these Wretches down for ever, or..raise them all from the Brink of Misery and Despair.
1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France i. 35 Raising them to the level of true dignity, or of chaste self estimation.
1832 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. July 356 A nation of degraded men cannot be raised up, except by what we rightly name a miracle.
1880 G. M. Hopkins Note-bks. & Papers (1937) 271 He..would raise man..infinitely above manself to the divine justice.
1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes xii. 153 There was that which had raised him far above his fellows of the jungle—that little spark which spells the whole vast difference between man and brute—Reason.
1947 M. E. Boylan This Tremendous Lover (new ed.) xvii. 267 We are raised to a new height of dignity, of magnanimity, of serenity, of noble moral perfection.
1990 M. Staley in A. Parfrey Apocalypse Culture (rev. ed.) 178 I will ask you to bear in mind..your original oath to devote yourself to raising mankind.
b. transitive. To elevate (the thoughts, mind, etc.); to give a higher or nobler character. Now rare.
ΚΠ
c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 65 (MED) Vr þouhtes an heiȝ resynge [L. attollendo] To vr noble hed crist.
c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 212 (MED) Vices stryuen sumtyme wyth vertues to profyte that the mynde be styrede and reysed to god.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. Proem iv. sig. A2v Raise my thoughtes too humble and too vile.
1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits xii. 182 Such as I haue marked to be good practitioners..raise not vp their contemplation very high.
1632 Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 2) iii. ii. 113 Thus should their view put as [sic] euermore in minde, to raise our thoughts to Godward.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 23 What in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise and support. View more context for this quotation
1762 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 86/2 To raise the thoughts and moralize the mind.
1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 233 While praising, and raising His thoughts to Heaven on high.
a1831 H. Derozio Poems (1923) 19 He knelt no more; his thoughts were raised; He felt himself a man.
1890 Athenæum 19 July 92/2 A school [sc. Voltairianism] based on destructive irony,..and incapable of raising or fortifying the human mind.
1907 E. M. Barton Straws on Stream (1910) 23 His mind to elevate, his thoughts to raise, Above the toilsome clamour of his days.
1985 C. Phillips Final Passage 101 Going to England be good for it going raise your mind.
c. transitive. To elevate or ennoble (a subject, style, diction). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > elegance > compose elegantly [verb (transitive)] > refine or make more elegant
file1551
raise1581
refine1582
smooth1667
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius f. 259 Haddons style doth not rayse it selfe to Ciceroes loftynes sufficiently.
1628 R. Sanderson Two Serm. Paules-Crosse 38 He doubted not to raise vp his language to that key.
a1637 B. Jonson Timber 120 in Wks. (1640) III There are words, that doe as much raise a style, as others can depresse it.
1668 J. Dryden Def. Ess. Dramatic Poesie 6 in Indian Emperour (ed. 2) He does so raise his matter in that Prose, as to render it delightful.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 285. ¶11 Milton has put in practice this Method of raising his Language.
1737 Ld. Hervey Mem. (1848) II. 361 His words are well chosen, his diction extremely raised.
1790 A. Alison Ess. on Nature & Princ. ii. iii. 107 The invention of every circumstance that..may raise the subject of his work.
a1824 Ld. Byron in R. C. Dallas Recoll. Life Byron (1824) v. 113 Leaves on his path whatever seems too mean To raise the subject, or adorn the scene.
1892 F. W. L. Adams Songs Army of Night (ed. 2) 49 You tell me these great lords have raised up Art: I say they have degraded it.
1995 I. Crichton Smith Coll. Poems 225 Let us raise, let us raise the language of our poetry.
d. transitive. To heighten, increase (consciousness, awareness, etc.).In the 20th cent. spec. with consciousness as object, originally in Marxist use, but since c1970 esp. after feminist use (cf. quot. c1975).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > perceive [verb (transitive)] > heighten
raise1747
1747 J. Baillie Ess. Sublime i. 7 Nothing can raise this Consciousness but a Vastness in the Objects about which she is employed.
1849 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Nov. 583 Men, with the religious consciousness supernaturally raised, are enabled to see religious truth.
1924 N. Minsky in Z. Vengerova tr. L. Trotsky Problems of Life p. viii More school teaching and culture will raise the consciousness of personality in the working classes.
1942 Times 30 Dec. 5/2 The practical needs and emotional impulses begotten by the war have raised the consciousness of common interests.
1945 tr. Mao Zedong Fight for New China v. 78 Every comrade should learn..to develop and raise the consciousness of the masses with due consideration to their level of understanding.
1968 E. Goldfield in Voice of Women's Liberation Movement Aug. 6/2 The groups should organize women, raise consciousness about women's oppression and radicalize women.
1972 Jrnl. Palestine Stud. 1 7 To go into the camps and change the environment of the camps in such a way as to raise the consciousness.
c1975 K. Sarachild Feminist Revol. 144/2 One woman in the group, Ann Forer, spoke up [c1967]: ‘I think we have a lot more to do just in the area of raising our consciousness... I've only begun thinking about women as an oppressed group..and each day, I'm still learning more about it—my consciousness gets higher.’
1993 S. Milligan & A. Clare Depression & how to survive It (1994) Introd. 2 A five-year Defeat Depression Campaign to raise public awareness concerning the condition.
2001 R. G. Castro Chicano Folklore 126 Songs and stories about the farmworkers' strike..raise awareness for support of all strikers.
e. transitive. To improve the standard or level of (the performance or result of something); to enhance the quality of.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (intransitive)] > improve or grow better
betterOE
goodOE
risec1175
mend1546
meliorize1598
to mend one's hand1611
improve1642
meliorate1655
brighten1659
ameliorate1728
to look up1806
to tone up1881
raise1898
graduate1916
to shape up1938
1898 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 7 Mar. 5/5 Her presence in the cast..will raise the performance above the ordinary level.
1937 Technol. Trends & National Policy (U.S. National Resources Comm.: Subcomm. on Technol.) 107 Attention should be turned to raising the performance of the less-efficient installations.
1984 R. Bush T. S. Eliot (1989) Pref. p.xi It is Eliot's intellectual clarity that raises his work a step above the achievements of his greatest contemporaries.
1991 C. Mansall Discover Astrol. v. 68/1 Prometheus..taught useful arts to raise the condition of mankind above that of the animal kingdom.
19.
a. transitive. To lift up or elevate (a thing) as a whole; to put or take into a higher position. Also: to hoist (a sail, a flag, etc.).Frequently denoting actions with a symbolic force, such as raising a hand, hat, etc., in salutation, raising a glass or cup in a toast, raising a flag to rally support, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > make to go up or cause to rise [verb (transitive)] > raise
heave971
hevenOE
onheaveOE
rearOE
highOE
arearc1175
to set above (also aloft, high, on high)c1275
upbraidc1275
to set upc1290
lifta1300
upheavea1300
upraisea1300
upreara1300
enhancec1300
araise1303
hance1303
uplifta1340
lift1362
raisec1384
upbear1390
uphancec1390
advancea1393
haut?a1400
to put upa1400
verec1400
hainc1440
inhigh1483
elevate1497
uphigh1513
alifta1522
height1530
heighten1530
exalt1535
extol1549
sublevate1559
rouse?1567
attol1578
elate1578
vaunce1582
dight1590
higher1592
tower1596
to fetch up1612
relevate1620
screwa1625
transcend1635
stilt1649
allevate1696
stiltify1860
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > make to go up or cause to rise [verb (transitive)] > hoist
heave971
lifta1300
to set upa1300
lift1362
raisec1384
weigh1421
horsea1500
hawsec1500
heeze1513
hoise1548
hoist1548
wind1577
to work upc1610
hist1707
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Hosea xi. 4 Y shal be to hem as reysynge [L. exaltans] ȝoc on the cheekis of hem.
a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 88 (MED) Angels..raysed hir vp into þe ayre.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvi. 692 Thai rasit salys but abaid.
a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 36 Him all nakit on a tre, Thay raissit on loft.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5v She..all attonce her beastly bodie raizd.
1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 i. i. 254 Then will I raise aloft the milke-white Rose.
1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. M I [haue not] strength To raise my hand to the top of my reeler.
1676 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 680 A Pump..whose Sucker..is raised and abased by two Levers.
1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 23 Such a bulk as no twelve bards could raise.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Raise is likewise used for placing a horse's head right, and making him carry well, and hindring him to carry low, or to arm himself.
a1771 T. Gray tr. Dante in Wks. (1884) I. 157 The griesly Felon raised His Gore-dyed Lips.
1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship II. 319 Raise tacks and sheets, and main sail haul.
1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel ii. 60 He raised the silver cup on high.
1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles ii. xxxii. 79 The train..Embark'd, raised sail, and bore away.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. To raise the metal, to elevate the breech, and depress thereby the muzzle of a gun.
1872 C. D. Warner Saunterings 253 Quarrying stone, which workmen raised a couple of hundred feet to the platform above.
1937 A. Christie Dumb Witness xxvi. 275 He raised a hand in salutation, then proceeded with his task.
1972 L. B. Johnson Vantage Point viii. 180 The students raised the American flag in front of the school.
1996 C. Bateman Of Wee Sweetie Mice & Men xxvi. 202 She raised her glass. I raised mine. We clinked.
2000 S. Heighton Shadow Boxer i. v. 44 Like those cannons they used to fire over the surface of the river in his grandpa's day, to raise the drowned.
b. transitive. To turn (the eyes, one's look, etc.) upwards.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > look up > turn (eyes) upwards
abraidOE
to-heavec1200
reara1382
upcast1390
blenkc1400
raisea1425
shore1581
upthrow1600
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Psalms cxx. 1 I reiside myn iȝen to the hillis.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Gen. xiii. 14 Reise [a1425 E.V. Heue vp] thin iȝen forth riȝt, and se fro the place in which thou art now, to the north and south, to the eest and west.
a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 786 Lord, my herte ne mi eghen sight Haf I not raisit vp in hight.
1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor ii. iii. sig. G Gentle friend be merrie, raise your lookes Out of your bosome. View more context for this quotation
1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent i. i. 11 Wherefore are your Eyes Severely rais'd to Heav'n?
1761 F. Sheridan Mem. Miss Sidney Bidulph II. 363 Seeing Mr. Faulkland raise his eyes full of resentment at him.
1817 P. B. Shelley Laon & Cythna v. xxii. 104 Nor spoke..nor raised his looks to meet The gaze of strangers.
1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 142 He raised his eyes and saw The tree.
1912 J. Conrad 'Twixt Land & Sea v. 61 He raised a heavy, drowsy glance for an instant.
1931 Times 11 Dec. 20/3 The white-haired parson raised his eyes to heaven.
1967 T. Wilder Eighth Day vi. 431 He raised his eyes and gazed weightily into Roger's.
1995 S. Schama Landscape & Memory vi. 313 The tapir and coati..raise a contemptuous gaze and return to lapping the water.
c. transitive. spec. To draw or bring up (water, minerals, etc.) to the earth's surface.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > action or process of extracting > extract liquid [verb (transitive)] > in buckets, esp. from a well
ladec950
draw?a1300
lavec1374
raise1607
bucket1640
society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (transitive)] > activities for raising ore or coal
stow?1549
raise1759
wind1883
1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue 108 In some places the force of water-courses is vsed, to raise water out of one place into another.
1619 S. Atkinson Discoverie & Hist. Gold Mynes in Scotl. (1825) 49 The greatest quantity of Silver that ever was gotten at God's Blessing, was raised and fined out of the red-mettle.
1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 228 Entertain'd the Royal Society with shewing a small Model of his Engine for raising Water by the help of Fire.
1745 R. Pococke Descr. East II. i. xvi. 61 The oxen raise the water by a bucket and rope.
1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. 65 Much Ore has been formerly raised on this Hill.
1839 H. T. De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall x. 287 Localities where the tin or copper can be profitably raised.
1872 R. B. Smyth Mining Statist. 44 Quartz..raised from depths between 240 and 690 feet.
1917 Washington Post 16 July 5/6 The enemy has been unable to raise coal from this mine because of the constant shellfire.
1949 Our Industry (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.) (ed. 2) ii. 20 Lifting the oil in the same way as an air-lift pump will raise water from a well.
1993 National Trust Mag. Spring 35/1 The sole surviving item of machinery..worked for 90 years, raising millions of tons of ore to the surface.
d. transitive. Campanology. To bring (a bell) into position for ringing, with its bell facing up.
ΚΠ
1702 J. D. Monk Campanologia Improved 13 The learning to Raise and Cease a Bell in Peal.
1868 E. B. Denison Clocks & Watches & Bells (ed. 5) 415 In some parts of England they never raise and ‘fall’ the bells in order.
1906 Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 7 397 The bell-ringer requires considerable practice to learn how to (a) raise a bell, (b) swing her, (c) keep her poised.
1998 J. Harrison Tower Handbk. 130 Raising two or three bells is a useful stepping stone between raising one bell and raising all in peal.
†e. transitive. North American. To lift (a felled tree) free of hindrances so that it can be transported. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1775 A. Burnaby Trav. Middle Settlements N.-Amer. 87 When the trees are fallen, they..drag them along the snow. It is exceedingly difficult to put them first in motion, which they call raising them.
f. transitive. To send (cream) to the surface of milk. Also with the milk as subject. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1788 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 197 Leads..made in the usual broad flat shallow form; a form much better calculated for raising the cream.
1872 T. Cayler Heart-life 131 Good milk ought to raise cream.
1913 Science 37 606/1 Cream raised by deep setting and pan setting.
g. transitive. Phonetics. To modify (a vowel) by articulating with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth. Cf. raising n.2 1e.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > vowel > furnish with or produce by vowel [verb (transitive)] > types of
obscurea1637
lower1836
labialize1855
reduce1861
round1869
raise1874
unround1874
delabialize1875
tense1978
1874 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1873–4 15 506 To assume that the low-narrow [è] was first widened, and then raised to the mid position, would be to ignore the fundamental laws of short vowel change.
1914 H. C. Wyld Short Hist. Eng. vii. 136 Old tense ē was raised to [ī] at least by the end of the first third of the sixteenth century.
1957 E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 II. 612 The view that ME ę̄ tended to be raised to ME ẹ̄ is strongly supported by the parallel case of ME ǭ.
1979 Trans. Philol. Soc. 106 The umlaut changes by which back vowels are fronted and front vowels raised.
1990 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 35 139 Another source of short vowels is /ə/ which is..raised to / i/ acquiring the feature..of a neighbouring palatovelar obstruent.
20.
a. intransitive. To rise or ascend; to be moved or carried upwards. Also of a storm, a wind, etc.: to rise, to build up. Now chiefly North American regional and colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > rise or go up [verb (intransitive)]
styc825
astyc950
ariseOE
upstyOE
to step upOE
upcomec1000
to come upOE
to go upOE
upwendc1200
runge?c1225
amountc1275
upgoa1325
heavec1325
uparise1340
ascend1382
higha1393
lifta1400
risea1400
skilla1400
uprisea1400
raisec1400
rearc1400
surmount1430
to get upc1450
transcenda1513
springa1525
upmounta1560
assurge?1567
hove1590
surgea1591
tower1618
hoist1647
upheave1649
to draw up1672
spire1680
insurrect1694
soar1697
upsoar1726
uprear1828
higher1889
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 46 (MED) Reise up bi þi loue fro wordlich þinges into contemplacioun and hiȝe þe into hilles.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 1219 Sir Gawaynes horse feete reysed, and so the horse and he felle to the erthe.
1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour ii. sig. K.iii Quhen Arbates that sycht had sene His corage rasit frome the splene.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. xxii. 273 Iust as imprison'd windes, when once broke forth, One against the other raiseth.
1727 P. Longueville Hermit 199 The Creature..launch'd itself into the Pond, but rais'd more easily, which gave him time to take Aim.
1861 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1859–60 4 102 The milk sours before the cream all raises.
1937 J. Steinbeck Of Mice & Men 27 The wooden latch raised.
2002 Miami New Times (Nexis) 29 Aug. His Brezhnevian brows raise at the memory.
2006 A. M. Foley Having my Say v. 28 That day a thunderstorm was raising.
b. intransitive. With up. To lift oneself to a higher position; (also) to rise to one's feet. Chiefly U.S. colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > posture > action of standing up or rising > rise or be standing [verb (intransitive)]
standOE
to get on (also upon) one's legs1578
raise1884
the world > space > relative position > posture > action of standing up or rising > rise or be standing [verb (intransitive)] > rise
arisec1000
astandOE
standOE
to stand upOE
risec1175
risec1175
runge?c1225
uprisea1300
upstanda1300
buskc1390
to fare upa1400
to get upa1400
to win upona1400
dress1490
upget1582
up1635
raise1884
1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn vii. 55 By-and-by pap raised up a minute, to drink another barrel of water.
1908 M. Mayo Polly of Circus ii. 50 The big alligator raised up on his front legs and opened his big, big mouth.
1932 W. James Big-Enough xv. 248 Big raised up in his stirrups and grinned.
1966 R. A. Heinlein Moon is Harsh Mistress (1967) 245 I..had to twist around and raise up on right elbow.
1974 D. Goines Daddy Cool i. 16 As soon as he heard the car pass, he raised up and watched until the headlights disappeared completely.
1976 R. Berry Before forever After in A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories 272 Undeterred, Chris raised up on his heels. ‘I'll cope with anything you can dish out.’
2004 Spin June 38/1 I was singing ‘You Aint' Woman Enough’ when this woman raised up and said, ‘I've been to Hurrican Mills, and I had your old man.’
** To cause to rise or mount up.
21. transitive. To make (one's voice) heard, to begin to speak; to speak out. Also figurative. Cf. sense 35d.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > speak in a particular manner [verb (intransitive)] > speak loudly or angrily
thundera1340
raisec1384
to speak outc1515
jowlc1540
fulmine1623
to talk big1680
tang1686
to speak upa1723
to go ona1753
rip1828
whalea1852
yap1864
to rip and tear1884
megaphone1901
to pop off1914
foghorn1918
to sound off1918
loudmouth1931
woof1934
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > [verb (transitive)] > utter > employ (voice) in utterance
speak1382
raisec1384
enhance1483
lilt1513
versea1533
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke xvii. 12 Ten leprouse men..reyside [a1425 L.V. reiseden] the vois, seiynge, Jhesu, comaundour, haue mercy on vs.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Psalms xcii. 3 The flodis han reisid [a1382 E.V. rereden vp; L. elevaverunt] her vois.
a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) 1068 (MED) A fole..In laghyng rais his vose on hight.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. F4 Who sometimes rayseth vp his voice to the height of the heauens.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 27 He rais'd his Voice; and soon a num'rous throng Of tripping Satyrs crowded to the Song.
a1771 T. Gray Imit. Propertius in Wks. (1814) II. 87 The tyrant Love permit me raise My feeble voice.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 31 Many voices were boldly raised in menace and accusation.
1885 A. Dobson Steele Introd. 11 He raised his voice unceasingly in condemnation of the fashionable insincerities of his day.
1921 H. Crane Let. 1 Oct. (1965) 65 It will be time for me to raise my voice in praise of Anderson soon, as his new book..is on the market.
1952 N. Mandela Struggle is my Life (1978) ii. iii. 34 Year after year, they have raised their voices in condemnation of the grinding poverty of the people.
2000 New Yorker 17 Apr. 36/3 Jean..was quick to raise his voice against any abuse he detected in the circles of power.
22.
a. transitive. To cause (a spirit, demon, ghost, etc.) to appear, esp. by means of incantations; to conjure up. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > [verb (transitive)] > invoke (a spirit)
conjurec1290
reara1382
to call upc1390
raisec1395
devocatec1570
adjure1585
invoke1602
evoke1623
incantate1623
conjure1637
excitea1639
evocate1675
incant1926
c1395 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale 861 I haue yow told ynowe To reyse a feend al looke he neuere so rowe.
a1425 (?c1375) N. Homily Legendary (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 98 (MED) Experimentes þan ordand he, And raised deuils grete plente.
c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 370 (MED) Þer þai raysid the devull as þai was wunt to do.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) iv. 243 The erll ferrandis moder was Ane nygramansour, & sathanas Scho rasit.
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid i. Prol. 212 Like as the spreit of Samuell..Rasit to Kinge Saul was by the Phitones.
?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 362 Reasing the devill with invocationes.
1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre v. iv. 83 in Wks. II This tragicall encounter..raises vp the ghost of their friend Dionysius.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 427 Grisly Spectres, which the Fiend had rais'd . View more context for this quotation
1728 A. Ramsay To D. Malloch in Poems II. 258 He that could in tender Strains Raise Margaret's plaining Shade.
1786 R. Burns Poems 59 Masons' mystic word an' grip, In storms an' tempests raise you up.
1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. ii. 23 Then the magician..raised the once-laid ghost of Cleveland's ambition.
1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic iii. 63 We are fighting here against ghosts raised by ourselves.
1924 Washington Post 3 July 7/2 It is wrong to raise the ghost of the negro question here.
1962 Lancaster (Ohio) Eagle-Gaz. 2 Nov. 24/2 This call, although nobody realized it then, was to..raise the spectre of nuclear war.
1993 J. Mowry Six out Seven i. xvi. 251 The little boy looked like he'd raised up a spirit but didn't know what to ask it for.
b. transitive. In various figurative phrases, as to raise the Devil, to raise the mischief, to raise (Old) Ned (U.S. slang, now rare), etc.: to create a disturbance; to cause trouble, uproar, or confusion. to raise Cain, hell, hob: see the final element.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > lack of peacefulness > cause a disturbance [verb (intransitive)]
to raise a dust1649
to stir up a hornets' nest1740
row1797
to kick up a shindy1829
to raise Cain1840
to raise the mischief1840
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > loudness > confused sound > [verb (intransitive)] > uproar or tumult
clamourc1400
rumblec1405
shout1513
racket1617
to keep a (bad, etc.) quarter1632
to raise a dust1649
obstreperate1765
row1797
uproar1834
to raise Cain1840
to raise the mischief1840
to raise (also lift) the roof1845
steven1855
tow-row1877
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > be in commotion or disorder [verb (intransitive)] > cause commotion or disorder
to make work?1473
perturb1543
hurly-burly1598
to throw (also fling) the house out of (also at) the window (also windows)1602
tumultuate1611
to beat up the quarters of1670
hurricane1682
larum1729
to kick up, make, raise a stour1787
stour1811
to strike a bustle1823
to cut shindies1829
to kick up a shindy1829
hurricanize1833
rumpus1839
to raise (Old) Ned1840
to raise hell1845
fustle1891
to rock the boat1903
1705 J. Vanbrugh Confederacy v. ii Sir, give me an Account of my Necklace, or I'll make such a Noise in your House I'll raise the Devil in't.]
1840 Daily Pennant (St. Louis) 2 May Why have we every reason to believe that Adam and Eve were both rowdies? Because..they both raised Cain.
1841 C. J. Lever Charles O'Malley lxiii He was going to raise the devil.
1848 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 1st Ser. v. 69 Your fact'ry gals..'ll go to work raisin' promiscoous Ned.
1859 N.Y. Weekly Tribune 10 Sept. 7/4 The accounts in The Tribune raise Old Ned.
1865 ‘Mark Twain’ Item which Editor could not Understand in Celebrated Jumping Frog (1867) 111 The boss-editor has been in here raising very the mischief and kicking the furniture about.
1906 R. Kipling Puck of Pook's Hill 241 See you why your pokings and pryings have raised the Devil in Sussex?
1931 Helena (Montana) Independent 27 Dec. 16/4 Even the wild debs, the ones who raise Ned all over the place, favor this type of photo for publicity purposes.
1946 Dunkirk (N.Y.) Evening Observer 16 Jan. 9/1 The dill pickle wil probably raise the mischief with my ulcer.
1970 A. Price Labyrinth Makers ix. 107 If Steerforth had raised the devil, they were also..on the devil's work, with its own load of trouble and mischief.
2000 Register-Guard (Eugene, Oregon) (Nexis) 1 Nov. People have got to raise the devil over not getting their pain medications.
23. transitive. To cause (dust, vapour, smoke, etc.) to rise up; to stir up. Also figurative.to raise a dust: see dust n.1 5; to raise sand: see sand n.2 7c.Quot. 1686 was taken by N.E.D. (1903) as implying a sense ‘to make volatile’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > make to go up or cause to rise [verb (transitive)]
overOE
mountc1330
risec1384
raise?c1425
to get upa1500
to screw up?1614
sublime1616
altify1643
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > irregular movement or agitation > agitate [verb (transitive)] > stir > cause to rise by stirring
raise1581
to set afloat (on float)1586
?c1425 T. Hoccleve Jonathas (Durh.) l. 57 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 217 Sholde y a neewe smoke now vp reyse.
a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) 1838 (MED) First with shot prouoke The aduerse part and on hem reyse a smoke.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 27 b They doe nothing else but raise a dust.
1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. i. 187 Loue is a smoke raisde with the fume of sighes. View more context for this quotation
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iii. 78 Like as in a Limbeck, th' heat of Fire Raiseth a Vapour.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xxii. 165 Camels to make the water sapid do raise the mud with their feet. View more context for this quotation
1677 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. 18 Sublime is to raise by Fire any Volatile matter to the top of the Cucurbit, or into its Head.
1686 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. (ed. 2) i. iii. 96 To Sublime Tinn is to raise and Volatilize it by means of a Volatile Salt.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 200 The wine was to raise disagreeable Fumes from the Stomach into the Head.
a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. iii. 397 Until they raise a dust which obnubilates that better light.
1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 22 The drizzly fogs from dull Pisuerga raised.
1864 Morning Star 13 Sept. 2/3 Dispel the mist raised by the petty breath of journalistic bunkumites.
1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles I. i. 7 And where do we raise our smoke... I mean, where do we D'Urbervilles live?
1926 T. E. Lawrence Seven Pillars (subscribers' ed.) xxxvi. 185 Part of the yellow cloud off Serd was coming slowly against the wind..raising scores of dust devils before its feet.
1954 Z. N. Hurston Let. 10 June in Life in Lett. (2002) 712 It is raising a fair fog in Eau Gallie.
1996 R. Drewe Drowner (1998) 243 Red dust raised by the squads of passing feet floats up and settles on their skin and clothes.
24. Nautical.
†a. transitive. To approach (a geographical pole). Also: to make (a ship or part of a ship) appear higher in the water by approaching. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > direct or manage ship [verb (transitive)] > set a ship's course > come in sight of > give a higher appearance by coming nearer
raise?1574
rise1669
?1574 W. Bourne Regiment for Sea xiii. 41 In going to the North, you doe rayse the Pole and lay the Equinoctial.
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος 131 The more they run Northward, the more they..raise the Septentrional Pole, and decline the Austral.
1669 T. Allin Jrnl. 30 Dec. (1940) (modernized text) II. 143 He coming before the wind we raised him fast.
1700 Moxon's Math. made Easie (ed. 3) 46 So many Degrees you approach towards it, so much you are said to Raise the Pole.
1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. *Hv Hausser un vaisseau, to raise a distant ship by approaching her gradually in chace.
1796 Ld. Nelson 21 Sept. in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 279 I saw a Spanish Frigate coming..who, when she raised our hull hauled her wind to the eastward.
1881 Naval Encycl. 677/2 Raise, to increase the apparent elevation of an object by approaching it.
b. transitive. To come in sight of (land, a whale, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > visibility > be or make visible [verb (transitive)] > come in sight of
raise1589
to turn up1613
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > direct or manage ship [verb (transitive)] > set a ship's course > come in sight of
rear1555
open1574
make1587
raise1589
1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 98 At 11. of the clocke wee raysed the Isle of Madera.
1633 T. James Strange Voy. 28 We hull'd off, North North-east, but still raised land.
1775 B. Romans Conc. Nat. Hist. E. & W. Florida App. 61 I would not come nearer than just to raise the land.
1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick xxxvi. 179 Whosoever of ye raises me a white-headed whale..he shall have this gold ounce.
1890 Cent. Mag. May 516 In October 1832, the ship Hector of New Bedford raised a whale and lowered for it.
1928 H. Belloc Chanty of Nona 1 Before it was morning he raised Lundy Light.
1969 F. Mowat Boat who wouldn't Float (1976) xix. 232 We'll raise Cape Breton in daylight tomorrow morning.
1987 W. Hagelund Whalers no More xi. 160 An overlapping box sweep..had raised nothing more exciting than the odd small minke or sei whale.
†25. transitive. Horse Riding. To make (a horse) perform various movements which involve lifting the legs together or leaping. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1705 tr. G. Guillet de Saint-Georges Gentleman's Dict. i. (at cited word) To raise a Horse upon Corvets, upon Caprioles, upon Pesades [Fr. le lever à Pesades].
1743 J. Brindley tr. Duke of Newcastle Gen. Syst. Horsemanship I. iv. xvii. 116 To raise him sometimes in Pesades, the croupe within the pillar, and before the shoulders, puts him much upon the haunches.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Raise, in the manege, is used for working; thus to raise a horse upon corvets, caprioles, and pesades, is to make him work at corvets, caprioles, &c.
1796 J. Hunter Compl. Dict. Farriery & Horsemanship Raise, in the manage, signifies to make a horse begin working at corvets, caprioles, passades, &c.
26. transitive. U.S. To reach the crest or summit of (a hill, ridge, etc.). rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > direct (one's course, steps, etc.) [verb (transitive)] > go up (a hill, etc.) > reach top of
rise1781
raise1804
1804 J. Ordway Jrnl. 30 Nov. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1995) IX. 99 We raised a Steep bank back of this bottom which brot us on the level prarie.
1824 W. H. Keating Narr. Exped. St. Peter's River I. v. 214 The loud whoops which he occasionally gave, as he raised the summit of a hill, enlivened the ride.
1866 ‘M. Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 291 We ‘raised’ the summit of the mountain and began to canter along the edge of the crater.
1934 J. R. Barrows Ubet 280 Every time I would raise a ridge, I expected to see him; for the signs were fresh.
*** To collect by lifting; to levy.
27.
a. transitive. To levy (a tax, etc.); to collect (a rent, a tax, etc.); to obtain, come by, make (money, profit, etc.). Also with †on (a person). Cf. fundraising n.In quots. 1642 and 1745 the active progressive is used with passive meaning.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > levy (a tax) [verb (transitive)]
taxc1290
araisec1386
levy1388
raise1389
cess1495
fine1570
cut1596
impose1600
society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > bring in (a revenue)
raise1389
levy1469
to pull in?1529
to fetch again1535
to bring in?1548
yield1573
produce1585
answer1596
in1609
render1687
net1758
rent1775
realize1777
earn1847
recoup1868
1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 30 It schal ben reysed and gadered be ye alderman and his felas.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 55 (MED) Þe kyng his sonde sent Forto reise þe treuage þat on þe lond was sette.
1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 43 I wil the mony yt is reysid and reseyvyd be delyueryd.
1511 Waterford Arch. in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 325 Noo man..shall reise keiage of noo kaye..except it be buylded as a keay.
1546 Supplic. Poor Commons sig. b.iiiv What yearelye rentes maye be clearlye reased therof.
1596 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. iii. 83 Unlawis..of the saidis courtis to ask, lift, and rais.
1611 R. Fenton Treat. Vsurie ii. i. 37 If they could with their owne free stocke raise the like gaine one time with another.
1642 Royal Commission in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 527 There are now..moneys raising by way of contribution and otherwise.
1688 I. Mather Narr. Miseries New-Eng. in Andros Tracts (1869) II. 5 Impowered to make Laws and raise moneys on the Kings Subjects.
1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 6 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) If no Profit can be raised, I see no Reason why any Man should Adventure his Money.
1745 T. O'Brien Truth Triumphant 101 Gregory the second..put a stop to the money raising for him in Italy.
1760 C. Johnstone Chrysal I. i. iv. 24 I..immediately raised all the money I possibly could.
1821 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto III xiv. 10 Let not his mode of raising cash seem strange.
1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond I. xiv. 316 The correspondence..related to a new loan my lord was raising.
1915 A. S. Neill Dominie's Log xvii. 196 I shall try to raise funds by giving a school concert.
1976 Daily Mirror 16 July 3/4 He..was living on what his wife Susan could raise by selling her furniture and jewellery.
2003 D. L. Scott Wall St. Words (ed. 3) 42 The acquiring company sells certain assets..in order to raise funds and repay the acquisition debt.
†b. transitive. To obtain, procure (advantage, pleasure, praise, etc.). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > as something desired or advantageous
findOE
winc1000
betellc1275
getc1330
reapa1350
craftc1350
attainc1374
achievea1393
embrace?c1475
conquer1477
consecute1536
gain1570
lucrify1570
compass1609
raise1611
lucrate1623
reconcile1665
engage1725
to pull off1860
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 484/1 Meaning indeede out of so wished a prize, to raise aduantage to his owne.
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts ii. 89 We cannot hope to raise any advantage to our selves by our utmost endeavours.
a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) xii. 79 What pleasure shall thy great Creator raise From thy breath-tainted, and unsav'ry praise?
1721 L. Eusden in J. Addison Wks. I. 266 Such energy of sense might pleasure raise, Tho' unembellish'd with the charms of phrase.
1781 W. Cowper Retirem. 805 Content if..I may raise A monitor's, though not a poet's praise.
†c. transitive. Of an article sold: to bring, fetch (a certain price). Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1791 ‘T. Newte’ Prospects & Observ. Tour 241 The few firs..cut for deals raise from eight pence to twelve pence per foot.
d. transitive. To procure, acquire (an item, esp. something to eat or drink).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by care or effort
begeteOE
findOE
bewinc1175
getc1175
conquerc1230
reachc1275
procurec1325
makec1350
fishc1374
catchc1384
furneya1400
attainc1405
tillc1440
to pick out1577
to get a gripe ofa1586
secure1743
raise1838
to get one's hooks on (also into)1926
1838 J. W. Carlyle Let. 28 Nov. (1903) I. 71 We have..raised (as dear Mary used to say) a capital easy chair.
1875 W. S. Gilbert Tom Cobb 1 Me so pinched for money till I can hardly raise an egg for breakfast.
1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway vi. 171 I..told Miss Learoyd to see if she could raise two cups of tea.
1973 M. Woodhouse Blue Bone xv. 162 Would you please see if you can raise us all a drink?
28. transitive. To collect, gather, bring together (an army, troops, a mob, etc.).In early use perhaps to be taken in sense 4.In quots. 1649 and 1776 the active progressive is used with passive meaning.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > levy or mobilize
make?a1160
host1297
arear1366
araisec1386
raisea1425
to call to account1434
rearc1450
levyc1500
riga1513
erect1520
leave1590
to call to arms1592
compound1614
re-embody1685
mobilize1853
remobilize1886
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Jer. l. 9 Y schal reise and brynge in to Babiloyne the gaderyng togidere of grete folkis.
a1500 Warkworth's Chron. (1839) 7 Alle his peple he reysyd were fledde fro hym.
a1500 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Trin. Dublin) 829* (MED) Nicholas..Had rasyd vp a rode hoste.
1567 R. Sempill in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 34 Our Quene..Into this Realme did rais ane ryall rout.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 282 Raseng an armie thame cruellie he persewis.
1643 Decl. Commons (Reb. Ireland) 63 Lord Barnewall..hath a Commission for a Troupe of horse, and is now gone into Wales to raise them.
1649 Great Fight neer City of Dublin (title page) Also terrible newes from the north of England, and another great army raising in Scotland.
1672 in P. H. Brown Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1910) 3rd Ser. III. 490 The thousand foot appoynted to be raised.
1715 Boston News-let. 6 June 2/2 The Governour Dispatched a Courier to Col. Macky with Orders forthwith to raise what Forces he could.
1776 P. Van Cortlandt Let. 25 Apr. in J. Judd Corr. Van Cortlandt Family (1977) 60 The Arms at Kingston..shall be applied for arming the Troops raising in that Quarter.
1843 F. Marryat Trav. M. Violet III. xiii. 152 A mob was raised in 1833, and expelled the whole Mormon body.
1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. ii. 594 The Sovereign has the sole power of raising..fleets and armies.
1932 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Sunset Song ii. 118 All the damned lordies in the House of Lords should..raise private armies to fight the common folk.
1970 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee viii. 179 Parker returned to New York with plans to raise a regiment of Iroquois Indians to fight for the Union.
1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) ii. i. 46 On condition that they raised troops to make available to him.
**** To remove by, or as by, lifting up.
29.
a. transitive. To abandon (a siege, a blockade) by withdrawing the besieging forces.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > action or state of siege or blockade > besiege or blockade [verb (transitive)] > abandon (siege)
removea1387
skailc1425
raise1477
1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 27 b He hadde not entencion for to disloge him ne to reyse his siege.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xx. 64 Thus maid wes pes..And syne the assegis rasit wair.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour iii. x. sig. biij He [sc. Porcena] dispairynge of winnynge the citie of Rome, raised his siege & departed.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1522/1 They raysed their siege, chiefely bycause they had no great battering peeces to ouerthrowe the walles.
a1671 T. Fairfax Short Mem. (1699) 62 Our men..put the enemy to a total rout, upon which he raised the siege.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 239 Long had the Grecians..Resolv'd to raise the Siege, and leave the Town.
1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. xi. 274 He gave orders immediately to raise the siege.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xix. 159 The approach of the rainy season obliged the emperor to raise the siege.
1811 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) VII. 605 The siege can be raised if it should be necessary to raise it.
1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 531 If the blockade shall be found to be raised.
1907 Catholic Encycl. I. 291/2 They were finally obliged to raise the siege.
1975 Times 2 Sept. 12/6 They have raised the siege, burned their tents and departed unmourned.
1991 T. Pakenham Scramble for Afr. xiii. 222 By the end of the month they seemed to have raised the siege.
b. transitive. To remove, rescind (a prohibition, a restriction, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > annul, cancel, revoke [verb (transitive)]
fordoOE
allayOE
withdrawc1290
withclepe13..
again-callc1390
to call againc1390
repealc1390
revokec1400
unmakec1400
rive1415
annulc1425
abroge1427
uncommandc1430
discharge?a1439
retreatc1443
retract1501
cancela1513
abrogate?1520
dissolve1526
extinct1531
rescind1531
abrenounce1537
infringe1543
recall1565
unwrite1577
extinguish1590
exauctorate1593
relinquish1594
unact1594
to strike off1597
undecide1601
unpass1606
to take off1609
to draw back1610
reclaim1615
to put back1616
abrenunciate1618
unrip1622
supersedeate1641
to set off1642
unassure1643
unorder1648
to ask away1649
disdetermine1651
unbespeak1661
undecree1667
reassumea1675
off-break1702
circumduct1726
raise1837
resiliate1838
denounce1841
disorder1852
pull1937
1837 Times 9 Oct. 4/4 General Quiroga raised the prohibition imposed on the press.
1893 A. C. Gunter Miss Dividends 141 He will be..happy..to raise the injunction, which..has crippled you.
1933 Times 9 Sept. 17/1 The Argentine Government..has raised the restrictions hitherto imposed on the deposits of paper peso accounts.
1937 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 31 637 Two days later, the French Government declared its intention of raising the sanctions then being applied to Italy.
1966 G. Greene Comedians i. v. 125 A lot of people made a point of dropping in now that the curfew had been raised.
2001 Associated Press Worldstream (Nexis) 21 July They raised the prohibition on visas for Americans working in the north.
30. transitive. To dismantle (a camp) in preparation for departure (frequently to raise camp). Formerly also: †to set in motion, to withdraw (an army, a host, etc.)Perhaps originally related to 6c.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > move
dislodge1477
raise1488
removea1513
society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > quartering > quarter (troops) [verb (transitive)] > encamp > break camp
raise1488
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 79 His ost he rasd and come to Werk on Twede.
1569 T. Stocker tr. Diodorus Siculus Hist. Successors Alexander iii. xviii. 135 Lysimachus..in a foule and raynie night raysed hys Campe.
1640 J. Yorke Battels in Union of Honour 41 Edward loth to loose time about one Cities Siege, raiseth his Army and departeth.
1684 J. P. von Valcaren Relation Siege Vienna 7 The Grand Visier raising His Camp, followed the Christians.
1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xviii. 300 For me, I move, before the Morning break To raise our Camp.
1824 P. Ogden Jrnl. 20 Dec. in Publ. Hudson's Bay Rec. Soc. (1950) 13 5 The Kootonnies & Flat Heads are likewise here waiting our arrival intending to raise Camp together.
1855 A. Ross Fur Hunters of Far West II. xi. 61 The next morning on raising camp, I ordered Martin's horses to be loaded and we set off.
1924 J. Galsworthy Forest ii. ii. 54 Captain Lockyer, raise camp. We march in an hour.
1978 Renaissance Q. 31 467 The commanders of the royal troops were getting ready to raise camp.
2006 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 7 July sw10 Competitors..have to raise camp as quickly and as correctly as possible.
31.
a. transitive. To end (a siege, a blockade, etc.) by forcing the besieging forces to desist or withdraw. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > action or state of siege or blockade > besiege or blockade [verb (transitive)] > abandon (siege) > raise (siege)
removea1387
remue?a1400
raise1490
to take up1490
araisea1500
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) vii. 163 Gyve me some parte of your men, And I shall goo reyse the sege of Cologne.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cccxxiii. 503 They were all determyned to go and reyse vp the siege, and to refresshe and vitayle the castell.
1598 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. (new ed.) f. 28 v He is besieg'd, the siege that came to rayse.
1645 J. Corbet Hist. Relation Mil. Govt. Gloucester 51 The slowness of their design..proceeded from..this presumption, that there was no power to raise the seige.
1698 T. Hearne Ductor Historicus I. iii. xviii. 390 Duilius, one of the Consuls..afterwards raised the Siege of Ægesta, and took Macella by Storm.
1741 J. Bancks Hist. Francis-Eugene Prince of Savoy iii. 143 He saw that it was time to raise the Blockade of Mantua.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 57 They had successfully raised the siege of Vienna.
1811 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) VII. 505 The enemy are still close to us; but they have made no progress in raising the blockade.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xvii. 14 William had still some faint hope that it might be possible to raise the siege.
1912 J. Hall Eng. & Orleans Monarchy iii. 60 The Federal Diet would be invited to raise the blockade by force of arms.
1956 Times 8 Feb. 1/1 Though for a few minutes Thomas's raised the siege, Middlesex were soon at it again.
1991 Parl. Hist. 10 153 No sooner had the siege of Derry been raised,..than Anglicans and Presbyterians were disputing the credit for the city's resistance.
†b. transitive. To cause (a besieger) to abandon or desist from a siege. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > action or state of siege or blockade > besiege or blockade [verb (transitive)] > abandon (siege) > cause to abandon siege
unleaguer1591
raise1592
1592 W. Wyrley Lord Chandos in True Vse Armorie 39 The King of England..Hearing declar'd his friends besieged so..hasts himselfe to go To rease the Duke.
1608 E. Grimeston tr. J. F. Le Petit Gen. Hist. Netherlands 176 This great armie of the Emperour, and the Princes of Germanie..could not raise him from this siege.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Lever Il leur fit lever le cul à, he raised them, or their siege, from.
IV. To make higher or greater.
32.
a. transitive. To increase (a thing) in height or bulk; to cause to rise up or swell; to give a higher level to.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > make high(er) [verb (transitive)]
biga1400
risea1400
raise?a1425
inheynec1475
height1530
heighten1530
relieve1661
upshoot1804
pinnacle1816
the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (transitive)] > distend > swell > swell up
raise?a1425
upswell1582
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 150v When þe ȝerd..is cold..it shuld not be raised vp [?c1425 Paris made to stonde vp] ne it shuld not go out in to þe acte of deling with.
c1450 Contin. Lydgate's Secrees (Sloane 2464) 2670 Shuldrys sharpe, I mene not reysed with slevys.
1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. biijv/1 He had hys nose reysed vpon a roundnes.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid i. ii. 30 The fadir..gaif the power..To meis the flude, or rais with stormes hie.
1596 W. Raleigh Discoverie Guiana (new ed.) 51 All the..riuers which fell into Orenoque were raised with such speed [etc.].
1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) iv. sig. I3 Why? could not he ha' suffer'd me to raise the mountaine o' my sinnes with one as damnable as all the rest.
1692 J. Ray Dissol. World (1693) v. 295 That the Mountains do daily diminish..that the Valleys are raised..no man can deny.
1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiii. 641 The Corselet..Whose glitt'ring Margins rais'd with Silver shine.
1792 G. Cartwright Jrnl. I. Gloss. p. xv The dam made by beavers across a stream, to raise the water to a height convenient for their purpose.
1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xx. 290 Raising the flesh in alternate bands from the ankle to the top of the thigh.
1843 W. Wordsworth Prose Wks. (1876) III. 201 The interior of it has been..made warmer by underdrawing the roof, and raising the floor.
1935 H. Heslop Last Cage Down i. viii. 80 They were damming back the Dnieper of the ages, raising the river to drown an obstruction which had prevented the growth of the country.
1952 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 3) iii. iv. 293 After the plain was raised above the sea it was eroded by rivers.
1989 J. McPhee Control of Nature (1991) 138 After 1973, the flow lines were recomputed and the levees had to be raised.
b. intransitive. Of water: to rise to a higher level. Also with up. Now chiefly North American regional and colloquial.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > change in level of water > [verb (intransitive)] > increase
swella1382
raise?a1425
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) 134b/a If þe cataracte raise agayne [?c1425 Paris: rose vp; L. resurgeret]..be it efte put doun away.
1785 G. Washington Diary 22 Sept. (1925) II. 415 The Water having raised,..I could form no accurate judgment of the progress.
1819 T. Forsyth in Minnesota Hist. Coll. (1880) III. 143 As the Mississippi was raising, the current was very strong.
1906 Dial. Notes 3 122 The crick, or the sun, is raisin'.
2006 A. M. Foley Having my Say xvi. 92 When the tide raised up to the top of the bank, we pushed the plunger and everything took off.
†c. transitive. to raise in flesh: to fatten (an animal); also in extended use. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > fatten
masteOE
fatc1386
frankc1440
to set up1540
fatten1552
feed1552
cram1577
engrease1583
to raise in flesh1608
adipate1623
saginate1623
batten1638
to stall to1764
tallow1765
to fat off1789
to make up1794
higglea1825
finish1841
force1847
to feed off1852
steam1947
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > fatten
masteOE
fatc1386
to set up1540
fatten1552
feed1552
forcea1571
cram1577
engrease1583
to raise in flesh1608
saginate1623
to stall to1764
tallow1765
stall-feed1766
graze1787
to fat off1789
to make up1794
higglea1825
finish1841
to feed off1852
steam1947
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 287 These Tortoyces..are giuen to Horses, for by them they are raysed in flesh, and made much fatter.
1614 S. Latham Falconry Explan. Wordes sig. ¶3 Raised in flesh, is when a Hawke growes fat, or prospereth in flesh.
1686 R. Blome Gentlemans Recreation ii. xxi. 48 When she [sc. a hawk] Groweth Fat, say she is Raised in Flesh.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 187 Carrying his hand to my breasts, I prest it tenderly to them; they were now finely furnish'd, and raised in flesh.
†d. transitive. Building. To increase the height by (a certain measurement). Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1662 B. Gerbier Brief Disc. Princ. Building 24 Four of them (together with the Morter thereunto belonging) may raise a Foot.
1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 56 The fittest bigness of a good brick; is..two Inches, a quarter and a half thick, which will raise a foot in the Morter with four bricks.
33. In various spec. uses.
a. transitive. To bring up (the nap or pile of cloth) by combing or carding with teasels, etc.; to produce a nap on (cloth). Cf. nap n.2
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > treat or process textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > put nap on
raise1482
rough1484
row1487
cotton1488
moze1505
frieze1509
teasel1603
nap1608
tease1755
card1766
frizz1806
1482 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 320 [The] fuller..shall dresse..vij. brode clothes; that is to say reyse, skore them, barbe them.
1494 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 27 They raise up the Cotton of such Fustians.
a1568 R. Sempill in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlviii. 78 Syne with the sleik stanis..Thay rais the pyle.
1633 tr. J. A. Comenius Porta Linguarum Reserata (ed. 2) §503 (margin) The shear-man..raiseth the nap.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Cloth The cloth..is..given, all wet, to the Carders, to raise the Hair, or Nap, on the right Side, with the Thistle, or Weed.
1797 Encycl. Brit. VI. 45/1 Teazel..is of singular use in raising the knap upon woollen cloth.
1835 A. Ure Philos. Manuf. 195 The pile is also said to be more perfectly raised.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 343/1 Cloth is usually ‘raised’ twice and ‘cropped’ several times.
1931 Econ. Hist. Rev. 3 58 Gott tried to introduce a gig-mill for raising the nap on cloth.
1975 C. Calasibetta Fairchild's Dict. Fashion 324/2 Suede, leather..that has been buffed on the flesh side to raise a slight nap.
1998 S. Delany Impolitic Bodies 205 The plant called teasel or fuller's teasel was used to tease cloth—that is, to raise the nap on woolen fabric.
b. transitive. To cause (dough, bread, etc.) to rise, as by the use of yeast, heat, etc. Also intransitive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > prepare bread [verb (transitive)] > add leaven or raise
sourdoughc1384
leavena1400
raisea1500
set1743
sponge1773
a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 70 (MED) Ete whilke þe lykes with breed euenly raysed.
1611 Bible (King James) Hosea vii. 4 The baker: who ceaseth from raising after he hath kneaded the dough, vntill it be leauened. View more context for this quotation
1711 C. Lockyer Acct. Trade India 267 The English at Madras raise their Bread with it [sc. Arack] instead of Yeast.
1789 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) 1 178 For fermenting liquors, and raising bread.
1799 E. L'Hommedieu in Trans. Soc. Promotion of Useful Arts 4 xii. 70 Fixed air, called by chymists carbonic gas,..the same which makes emptings or yeast raise the flour.
1845 E. Acton Mod. Cookery xxiii. 606 All light cakes require a rather brisk oven to raise and set them.
1897 New Eng. Mag. July 565/1 Deliverance planned to raise her bread in the modern way... Elmina insisted on potato yeast.
1940 Brit. Red Cross Soc. Cookery & Catering Man. (ed. 4) xvi. 139 Baking powder..is a quicker method of raising dough than either yeast or barm.
1976 D. Storey Saville (1978) i. i. 9 Oblong-shaped loaves, the dough of which she raised in a large porcelain bowl in front of the fire.
1997 C. Frazier Cold Mountain (2000) 27 She spent nearly two hours..trying to raise a loaf of wheat bread with saleratus, the only leavening she could find.
†c. transitive. Tanning. To cause (a hide) to thicken, in preparation for tanning. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with skins > work with skins [verb (transitive)] > other processes
curry14..
shave1467
dress1511
slaughter1603
raise1607
scutch1688
chamois1728
braya1835
break1842
fellmonger1843
fire-cure1848
crimp1849
board1860
pebble1862
soft-board1878
sam1883
stock1883
nourish1884
buff1885
pinwheel1885
sammy1885
wheel1885
unlime1888
1607 Lambarde's Eirenarcha (rev. ed.) iv. iv. 456 If any Tanner haue raised with any nurtures any Hide to bee conuerted to Backes, Bend Leather,..or any other sole leather.
1779 Philos. Trans. 1778 (Royal Soc.) 68 127 When you find your hides sufficiently raised, put them directly into the ooze.
1852 C. Morfit Art of Tanning, Currying, & Leather-dressing (1853) 196 The skins..have not yet been raised sufficiently to prepare them for tanning.
1859 J. H. Griscom Memoir vii. 224 The hide is immersed in an acid solution or sourings in order to raise it and prepare it for the reception of the tan.
d. transitive. To give (metal) a rounded form or domed shape.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > forge or shape > in specific way
batterc1380
beat1483
peena1522
hammer1522
malleate1598
extenuate1599
upset1678
planish1688
to set down1703
foliate1704
raise1774
skelp1803
tilt1825
jump1851
cold-hammer1858
stub1869
upend1932
ding1939
coin1940
1774 T. Nugent New Pocket Dict. French & Eng. (ed. 2) Reteindre, to raise metal with the hammer.
1846 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. II. 410 Thimbles, which are slightly conical are raised at five or six blows.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 299/1 Brings down upon them a..globular punch, which domes them up—in technical parlance, ‘raises’ them.
1974 Metrop. Mus. Jrnl. 9 124/1 One of the bowls..was probably produced by..raising the metal into its present shape by hammering, while still hot.
1991 M. Campbell in J. Blair & N. Ramsay Eng. Medieval Industries vi. 118 An ingot was hammered into sheet metal of suitable thickness, cut to size, and raised—that is hammered into shape.
34.
a.
(a) transitive. To increase the amount of (a tax, a price, a wage, rent, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (transitive)] > increase (prices)
raise?a1513
enhance1542
enhaulse1600
exhance1667
inflamea1687
to run up1709
rise1740
to put up1838
hike1904
up1934
price-gouge1940
uplift1962
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 147 Mailis and gersomes rasit [a1586 ar rasit] ouirhie.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Lev. xxv. f. liii Acordinge to the multitude of the yeares shalt thou rayse the pryce.
1548 W. Forrest Pleasaunt Poesye 358 in T. Starkey Eng. in Reign King Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xcv Too reyse his Rent alas it neadethe not.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. v. 22 This making of Christians will raise the price of Hogs. View more context for this quotation
1607 Fayre Mayde of Exchange sig. D3 Once already haue you prisoned me, To my great charge..And some-what raisde the debt by that aduantage.
1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical vii. 78 One side endeavours to raise, and the other to beat down the Market Price.
1737 J. Swift Let. to Barber 30 Mar. in Wks. (1765) VIII. ii. 124 Your society hath raised the rents..to four times the value of what the tenants formerly paid.
1758 G. G. Beekman Let. 16 Feb. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 323 Some Gentelman say that the N. York Factors Raised the Price of seed.
1820 J. Gifford Compl. Eng. Lawyer (ed. 5) ii. viii. 167 Journeymen who refuse to work, in consequence of a combination to raise their wages.
1885 Manch. Examiner 16 May 5/1 It is proposed to raise the duty on rye.
1921 P. G. Wodehouse Let. 20 May in Yours, Plum (1990) i. 20 The Strand have raised my price from one hundred and fifty quid to two hundred quid per short story.
1952 J. Lait & L. Mortimer U.S.A. Confidential ii. xvii. 192 The most serious offense in Texas is raising the price of tarts.
1996 W. Hutton State we're In (rev. ed.) iv. 100 An employer..will have to raise the entire salary scale for the rest of his staff.
(b) intransitive. Of a profit, price, value, quota, etc.: to rise or increase. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)]
forthwaxa900
wax971
growOE
risec1175
anhigh1340
upwax1340
creasec1380
increasec1380
accreasea1382
augmenta1400
greata1400
mountc1400
morec1425
upgrowc1430
to run up1447
swell?c1450
add1533
accresce1535
gross1548
to get (a) head1577
amount1583
bolla1586
accrue1586
improve1638
aggrandize1647
accumulate1757
raise1761
heighten1803
replenish1814
to turn up1974
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (intransitive)] > rise (of prices)
risec1175
enhancea1513
harden1673
raise1761
1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxix. 145 The artisans, finding their profits to raise by the favour of their Customers, increase..their skill.
1770 C. Carroll Let. 5 Sept. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1918) 13 61 I am quite indifferent whether Stephenson takes or Refuses the tob[acc]o, as I think the Price will raise again.
1911 H. P. Fairchild Greek Immigration to U.S. 70 About 1,000 houses are vacant in Athens, and yet the prices of rent have raised 15 to 20 per cent.
†b. transitive. To increase, add to (one's fame, credit, etc.). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?1624 G. Chapman tr. Hymn to Venus in tr. Crowne Homers Wks. 106 My Muse, affecting first, thy Fame to raise; Shall make Transcension now, to others Praise.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. viii. 219 The circumforaneous Emperick rais'd his Fame.
1696 W. Wycherly in C. Trotter Agnes de Castro Prologue Ladies; as necessitous of Fame, Ne'er raise your Credit by another's shame.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 474 His being thus divested of his commissions..would raise his interest in the Nation.
1797 J. Farington Diary 8 Feb. (1923) I. liv. 190 Taverner had much quaking about shewing his pictures, which raised their reputation.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. ix. 446 Promises and services which, if discovered, would not have raised his credit at Whitehall.
1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 3 Each did much to raise the measure of worth.
c. transitive. Mathematics. to raise to a power: to multiply (a number or quantity) by itself a number of times so as to obtain the stated power. Also figurative (cf. nth adj. 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > perform arithmetic or algebraic operations [verb (transitive)] > multiply > by itself or raise to a particular power
quaderc1450
to multiply quadrantlya1552
square?a1560
cube1588
quadrate1613
square-square1670
involve1673
to raise to a power1675
cubify1676
figuratea1690
(to multiply) figuratelya1690
biquadrate1694
1675 J. Collins Let. 10 Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1977) XI. 256 It is also applyed to the finding the rootes of Pure powers.., so that out of any number without ayd of Logarithmes you may raise any power per Saltum.
1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 621 To raise the Series az + bzz + cz3 + dz4, &c. to any Power whatsoever, write so many Series equal to it as these [read there] are Units in the Index of the Power demanded.
1707 J. Ward Young Mathematician's Guide ii. 157 To Raise the Binomial Root a+ b to the Seventh Power.
1798 C. Hutton Course Math. I. 201 To involve or raise Surd Quantities to any Power.
1827 R. H. Froude Remains (1838) I. 219 My notions about it have been..very fuddled and bewildered;..if I were to attempt to analyse and explain them, I might raise my fuddle to the nth power.
a1831 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 544/2 Both members of an equation may be raised to the same power.
1893 S. L. Loney Anal. Trig. 22 Raise each of these quantities to the pth power.
1903 Daily Chron. 9 May 4/5 The adventures of Sherlock Holmes are cerebrality raised to the power of n.
1944 Astounding Sci.-Fiction May 25/1 Gravitic phenomena propagates at the speed of light raised to the power of 2.71828—That's our limiting velocity.
1995 C. D. Short Shining Shining Path xxii. 334 The concept of a child's finger-silhouettes on a flashlighted wall raised to the thousandth power.
d. transitive. Cards, esp. Poker and Bridge (originally U.S.). To bet or bid more than (another player); to increase (an existing bet); to increase the bid of (one's bridge partner); to make a higher bid in (a bridge partner's suit). Also intransitive: to increase an existing bet. Also figurative. Cf. raise n.1 3b; to raise the ante at ante n.2 Phrases. to raise (a person) out: to cause (a player) to withdraw from a hand or a game by making the bet too high.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > play a card [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > bid or stake > increase or equal stakes
revie1577
see1599
raise1814
call1840
sweeten1896
up1915
1814 Hoyle's Games Improved (Boston ed.) 171 After the first three cards are dealt [in brag], but before taking in, the eldest hand having seen his cards, may raise the ante.
1864 W. B. Dick Amer. Hoyle 165 When any player makes a bet, it is the privilege of the next player to the left to raise him, or..to deposit in the pool the amount already bet by his adversary, and make a still higher bet.
1872 ‘M. Twain’ Roughing It xlvii. 332 ‘I'll have to pass, I judge.’ ‘How?’ ‘You've raised me out, pard.’
1894 J. N. Maskelyne ‘Sharps & Flats’ 57 You can bet against that particular player, continually raising the stakes, until all the other players are ‘raised out’.
1901 R. F. Foster Poker 40 Twice the amount of the blind is the amount of the ante, unless some player has raised it.
1951 E. Culbertson et al. Bidding & Play in Duplicate Contract Bridge v. 55 In rubber bridge he might take a chance and raise partner to three of the minor suit.
1959 T. Reese & A. Dormer Bridge Player's Dict. 142 North opens one spade and South..raises to two spades.
1965 Listener 4 Nov. 735/2 The only course open to him therefore is to raise to Four Clubs.
1981 P. Van Greenaway ‘Cassandra’ Bell xv. 183 I'll raise you. Any odds you care to name I walk out of here a free man.
1989 M. Granovetter I shot my Bridge Partner (1999) 309 If he held a singleton, he surely would have bid a second suit or raised hearts.
2003 J. McManus Positively Fifth Street 236 The two times I raise (with A-Q and 8-8), people like Hasan and Kathy come blasting back.
35. To increase the degree, intensity, or force of (a thing).
a. transitive. To make keener or intensify (a sensation, a feeling, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)]
echeOE
ekec1200
multiplya1275
morea1300
increase13..
vaunce1303
enlargec1380
augmenta1400
accrease1402
alargea1425
amply?a1425
great?1440
hainc1440
creasec1475
grow1481
amplea1500
to get upa1500
improve1509
ampliatea1513
auge1542
over1546
amplify1549
raise1583
grand1602
swell1602
magnoperate1610
greaten1613
accresce1626
aggrandize1638
majoratea1651
adauge1657
protend1659
reinforce1660
examplify1677
pluralize1750
to drive up1817
to whoop up1856
to jack up1884
upbuild1890
steepen1909
up1934
1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke iii. vii. 86 Cold vicious humours do cause a gnawing much like the proportion of sucking, and do raise appetite of meate.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 114 Salt herbage for the foddering rack provide, To fill their bags, and swell the milky tide. These raise their thirst. View more context for this quotation
1699 W. Dampier Voy. & Descr. i. v. 93 I think my appetite was raised by seeing so much food.
a1704 T. Brown Satyr against Woman in Wks. (1707) I. i. 81 To raise thy Pain, be Strephon ne'r forgot.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. vi. 136 The Misfortunes of her Friend had raised her Anxiety, and left her no Appetite.
1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab viii. 105 Lending their power to pleasure and to pain, Yet raising, sharpening, and refining each.
1839 P. M. Taylor Confessions of Thug I. ix. 224 I could not eat when I wished at my tent, but their smell has raised my appetite wonderfully.
1914 G. V. Jourdan Movement towards Catholic Reform Early XVI Cent. ii. 39 His further acquaintance with the brilliant young foreigner raised his expectations still higher.
1955 I. Bell in T. Parry Hist. Welsh Lit. ii. i. 28 The king..greatly raised the hopes of the Welsh by conquering Northumbria.
1994 A. J. Levine Missile & Space Race v. 60 The President declared that there was no space race and that Sputnik had not raised his apprehensions one iota.
b. transitive. To cause (the pulse) to beat faster, to increase (the heartbeat) (also in extended use). Also: to make (a fire) burn faster or more brightly, to make (something) hotter.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > make a fire > make a fire strong
bolda1400
raise1717
1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke iii. vi. 182 In the encreasing of the fittes, the pulses are raised and prouoked to vehemencie, greatnesse and fregnencie.
1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. vi. 101 The Pulse, which is..raised by the influent Blood.
1698 J. Colbatch Cure Person bitten by Viper 36 By the use of these Medicines you may raise the Pulse.
1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. ix. 277 Mean while Patroclus sweats the Fire to raise.
1745 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 91 All this will raise the pulse of the stocks.
1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. I. 381 After you raise the fire in order to melt the mixture.
1804 R. Cumberland Sailor's Daughter ii. 25 I have a pulse. Hope raises it; expectation quickens it.
1863 J. Tyndall Heat i. 10 Raised to incandescence by friction against our atmosphere.
1897 R. W. Trine In Tune with Infinite iv. 47 An angry word would sometimes raise the pulse of a horse ten beats in a minute.
1941 Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 14 536 To exploit all available educational broadcasting..in an effort to raise the intellectual pulse of the community.
1993 Options Aug. 42/1 Fitness walking is an aerobic exercise which..should raise your heartbeat.
c. transitive. To brighten or lighten (a colour), esp. in dyeing. Also: to heighten the colour of (the complexion).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [verb (transitive)] > brighten
sharpa1398
limn1548
raise1601
flash1607
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ix. xxxviii. 259 The lightnesse or sadnesse of the one [colour] doth quicken and raise, or els dorr and take downe the colour of the other.
1673 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 8 6176 Then he directs..what place 'tis [sc. urine] to stand in, to wit, neither in a cold nor hot one, because as the former hinders the setling, so the latter raises the color.
1753–4 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. xxviii. 177 My withheld breath raised my complexion, and swelled my features.
1794 R. Briggs Eng. Art Cookery (ed. 3) 389 Cut some green citron in very thin small slices, wash it in rose-water to raise the green colour.
a1817 J. Austen Lady Susan xxiii, in Wks. (1954) VI. 283 His complexion was raised, & he spoke with great emotion.
1848 Sci. Amer. 24 June 320 A little sulphuric acid is used in the boiler to redden or raise the color.
1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing 607 Steam-greens after printing are frequently brightened, or ‘raised’ as it is technically called.
1884 Girl's Own Paper 8 Mar. 353 The first pigment..when mingled with any other colour raises its tone—that is to say, lightens it.
1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey (1991) p. v Wherever choice offered between a poor and a rich word richness had it, to raise the colour.
1984 Times 18 Apr. 12/7 Innocent enquiries..raised the colour in his cheeks.
d. transitive. To make (the voice or its sound) louder; to give a higher pitch to. Cf. sense 21.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > quality of voice > impart specific tone or quality [verb (transitive)] > raise voice
uphancec1390
raise1603
exalt1611
elevate1618
to tune up1701
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [verb (transitive)] > raise pitch
raise1603
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 657 Musicians as they grow in yeeres..straine and raise their voice in singing so much the higher and lowder.
1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 145 An honest man..never raiseth the sound of his voyce, to get advantage of them, that speake not so loud.
1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iv. xvi. 254 Raise thy clear notes so high, That labouring birds may die.
1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xxiii. 193 Mars..did raise his Voice..horrifically loud.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. ii. viii. 142 I called out several times as loud as I could raise my Voice, but all to no purpose.
1782 W. Cowper Poems 348 You are so deaf, the lady cried, (And rais'd her voice and frown'd beside).
1814 M. Edgeworth Patronage III. 134 Gently, my Arabella! never raise your voice so high—you, who are a musician.
1855 Harper's Mag. July 274/1 One can talk to his neighbor upon the sidewalk without raising his voice above an in-door tone.
1886 J. A. Froude Oceana 84 They do not raise the voice at the end of a sentence, as the Americans do.
1934 H. Roth Call it Sleep i. vii. 53 He had raised his voice to a shout.
1965 K. Smith OGF 192 It was the voice of Godley, in high gear, raised to compete with the noise around him.
1998 A. Taylor Suffocating Night xix. 124 Williamson had to raise his voice to make himself heard over the clanging of the police car's bell.
†36. transitive. To increase the value or price of (a commodity, esp. coinage). Also intransitive. Obsolete.Cf. to raise the market at Phrases 9.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (transitive)] > increase (prices) > raise the price of
advance?a1400
dearthc1440
to set up?1529
mount1532
price1533
hoise1581
endear1603
raisea1626
to mark up1868
to price up1904
lift1907
a1626 F. Bacon Elements Common Lawes (1630) 39 If..the King..doth raise monies, that the weight of siluer in the piece now of sixpence should goe for twelve pence.
1662 W. Petty Treat. Taxes p. xix The effects of the various species of coins,..as also of raising or embasing them.
1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret ii. 37 How comes it about, that you have rais'd it a penny a quart?
1869 ‘M. Twain’ Lett. to Publishers (1967) 25 I had a bargain about concluded for the purchase of an interest in a daily paper..when..the owner raised on me.
37. transitive and intransitive. Mining. To excavate (a vertical or sloping passage between levels) upwards from the lower end; to drive a raise (raise n.1 4). Also with on (a body of ore).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (intransitive)] > dig shaft
sump1700
stope1778
drift1849
drive1859
raise1872
1872 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining ix. 322 Either a shaft must be sunk from the surface, or a winze must be ‘raised’ from below.
1898 S. J. Truscott Witwatersrand Goldfields xiii. 294 With machine drills it costs slightly more to sink a winze than to raise.
1915 A. H. Brooks et al. Min. Resources Alaska 111 The mine has been developed by..sinking and raising on the ore bodies from the tunnel level.
1946 J. D. Forrester Princ. Field & Mining Geol. xi. 438 Shaft enlargements are made usually by raising along a compartment.

Phrases

P1. to raise the bar: see bar n.1 Additions b.
P2. born and raised: see born adj. Phrases 2c.
P3. fit (also able, enough) to raise the dead: expressing the loudness or intensity of an utterance (occasionally a voice).
ΚΠ
1851 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin in National Era 17 July 113/4 Wal, I loses off my hat, and sings out nuff to raise the dead.
1889 G. W. Cable Strange True Stories Louisiana ii. 48 Carlo was beginning to swear ‘fit to raise the dead’, writes the memoirist, at the tardiness of the Norman pair.
1938 R. Finlayson Brown Man's Burden 30 Shrieking fit to raise the dead.
2001 S. Fatsis Word Freak vi. 84 A..sandpaper voice that could raise the dead.
P4. to raise one's eyebrow(s): see eyebrow n. Phrases 2.
P5. to raise a gallop: (of a horse) to break into a gallop, to manage to gallop; (of a rider) to succeed in making a horse gallop. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
1798 D. Crawford Poems 101 Captain Trollope..tell'd our birkies, could they raise a gallop, An' come outby to him.
1841 ‘Wildrake’ Cracks of Day 184 Mango could scarcely raise a gallop.
1876 Coursing Cal. 193 Maniac made mince-meat of Smoker, who was so stiff that he could scarcely raise a gallop.
1930 J. W. Thomason Jeb Stuart xii. 315 Now, at the last possible moment, they respond to whip and spur and raise a gallop.
1960 Times 18 Apr. 3/3 The Welsh backs were the first to raise a gallop.
2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 17 Mar. 1 Australians took the horse to heart in 2003 when it..steadfastly refused to raise a gallop in training.
P6. Originally Sport. to raise one's game: to elevate or improve the standard of one's performance.
ΚΠ
1916 N.Y. Times 5 Sept. 10/1 His play has been only passing fair. But yesterday, under the knowledge that Murray must be crushed, he raised his game to the pinnacle.
1926 Port Arthur (Texas) News 14 Aug. He seems to be able to raise his game at will when Tilden is on the opposite side of the net.
1988 Darts Player 89 53/1 Players who I would have previously beaten convincingly have raised their game and been an awful lot better.
1992 J. Birchall Housing Policy in 1990s 40 Some tenants' associations used the threat of the legislation to encourage councils to ‘raise their game’.
2002 Independent 1 Oct. 5/4 Most UK hotels need to raise their game if they are going to survive in today's difficult circumstances.
P7. to raise a glass: to drink a toast. Frequently with to. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
1919 Times 29 May 14 Were I present I should like to raise a glass in congratulation of our American friends.
1948 Winnipeg Free Press 7 Mar. 5/2 When you are next out thisaway, will you please let me know. I would like to raise a glass to you.
1999 L. Grobel Talking with Michner p. xiii Two hundred people came from all over the country to raise a glass to this well-loved man.
P8. figurative. to raise its (ugly) head: to make an (esp. unwelcome) appearance; to present oneself as a (troublesome) subject for attention. Cf. rear v.1 13b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [verb (intransitive)] > make an unwelcome appearance
to come on1592
to raise its (ugly) head1683
to rear its (ugly) head1771
1683 R. Roderick Serm. Blandford-Forum 15 Arianism..now flush'd with Success raised its Head, and threatned ruine to all that durst oppose its Reception.
1730 R. Barford Epist. Earl Chesterfield 15 Till, Peace restor'd, fair Commerce raise her Head.
1787 G. Stewart Reflections I. 216 As Britain falls, the genius of France raises its head.
1802 T. Jefferson Writings X. 321 Candid federalists acknowledge that their party can never more raise its head.
1823 W. Scott Peveril II. i. 27 The ancient superstition..is raising its head.
1887 R. L. Stevenson Misadv. J. Nicholson vi Next bludgeoned vanity raised its head again, with twenty mortal gashes.
1930 New Yorker 8 Mar. 32/2 The questionnaire is once more raising its ugly head at dinner parties.
1955 A. Atkinson Exit Charlie (1957) iii. 74 ‘There was the question of—women.’ ‘Ah. I wondered when this would raise its ugly head.’
1966 Listener 28 July 141/3 The subject of money for the arts raised its head again.
2000 T. Clancy Bear & Dragon xxxvii. 548 Sooner or later, reality raised its ugly head.
P9. to raise the market: to cause a higher price to be charged; to demand a higher price (for something).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (intransitive)] > rise (of prices) > increase prices
to raise the market1535
inflate1940
rocket1958
price-gouge1968
1535 D. Lindsay Satyre 3186 The markit raisit bene sa hie, That Prelats dochtours..Ar maryit with sic superfluitie.
1687 C. Sedley Bellamira i. i. 2 The poor Sinners of the Town complain of you; you raise the Market upon 'em.
1751 R. Paltock Life Peter Wilkins II. xxi. 270 Its all one to her with whom she [sc. a mistress] engages, so she can raise but the Market by a Change.
1821 W. Scott Pirate I. ii. 26 Sweyn Erickson had gone too far in raising the market upon Mr. Mertoun..charging the rock codfish at a penny instead of a halfpenny a-piece.
1889 Harper's Mag. Nov. 968/1 A day and a half of tropical weather..raised the market for thin underwear.
1930 Times 1 Oct. 13/1 Sir Hamilton Harty..criticized the action of the British Broadcasting Corporation as having ‘raised the market’ for orchestral players.
1963 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 43 34 These agreements raised the market for Mexican livestock, plunder, and captives.
2002 P. Groenewgen Eighteenth Cent. Econ. iii. xi. 216 The usefulness of foreign trade as a device to raise the market for agricultural produce.
P10. to raise the roof: see roof n. Phrases 6 (a).
P11. to raise the wind.
a. To cause the wind to blow; to produce wind (frequently by means of witchcraft).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > [verb (intransitive)] > cause wind to blow
to raise the winda1425
a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 33 (MED) Þan deuils..raysed þe wynd with weders wik.
a1525 Crying ane Playe 67 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 151 At noorway costis scho rasit þe wynd.
a1593 C. Marlowe Tragicall Hist. Faustus (1604) sig. A3 Nor can they raise the winde, or rend the cloudes.
1662 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 607 Quhen we rease the wind, we tak a rag of cloth and weitts it in water.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xii. xi. 274 I am very certain it is in the Power of Witches to raise the Wind whenever they please. View more context for this quotation
1787 G. Colman Inkle & Yarico i. ii. 9 Alas! the poor Eolus can't raise the wind!
1850 ‘W. T. Moncreiff’ Orig. Coll. Songs 111 He knows how to raise the wind, Hold the rains, have hail at pleasure.
1880 T. A. Spalding Elizabethan Demonol. 113 Charged..with having raised the wind.
1902 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 22 310 It must be admitted that his efforts to raise the wind put some strain upon our credulity.
1938 G. Landtman Origin Inequality Social Classes b. ix. 133 One man, for instance, may be able to raise the wind but cannot lay it, another can call forth rain but is unable to stop it.
1960 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 29 June 10/1 The Greeks selected Iphigenia for a sacrifice to raise the wind.
2006 Xinhua Gen. News Service (Nexis) 8 Aug. In ancient Chinese legends dragons..had magic powers that could raise the wind and make rain.
b. figurative. To procure money or the necessary means for some end. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > borrowing money > borrow money [verb (intransitive)]
borrowa1000
strike1618
to break shins1699
to raise the wind1722
shin1855
bot1930
1722 Rump Examin’d 18 When the Reckoning was to be paid, he'd be often call'd upon by the Company, with a Come how shall we raise the Wind? and never fail to pay his Shot.
1789 Loiterer No. 42. 10 He..never offered to pay earnest. I suppose, poor fellow, he could not raise the Wind.
1819 J. H. Vaux Memoirs I. 53 I sometimes raised the wind by..obtaining goods on credit.
1885 Manch. Evening News 23 June 2/2 A large number of people still rush to such methods of raising the wind.
1934 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Grey Granite iv. 280 Raising the wind to buy chaps boots.
1958 Punch 17 Sept. 381/2 He might be a boffin trying to raise the wind to finance something scientific.
1995 D. Lavin From Empire to Int. Commonw. i. iv. 82 They proposed to..raise the wind for the next stage of the campaign.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

raisev.2

Brit. /reɪz/, U.S. /reɪz/
Forms: late Middle English rais, late Middle English reise, late Middle English–1600s rayse, late Middle English– raise, 1500s rease, 1600s reize; also Scottish pre-1700 rais, pre-1700 rays.
Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: raze v.
Etymology: Variant of raze v., probably arising partly by association with raise v.1; compare raised adj.2
1. transitive. To tear; to scratch, to cut. Now rare.In some earlier cases perhaps with idea of ‘raising’ or lifting a portion of the surface; in recent use probably felt to be a use of raise v.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)]
snithec725
carvec1000
cutc1275
slitc1275
hag1294
ritc1300
chop1362
slash1382
cut and carvea1398
flash?a1400
flish?a1400
slenda1400
race?a1425
raise?a1425
razea1425
scotch?c1425
ochec1440
slitec1450
ranch?a1525
scorchc1550
scalp1552
mincea1560
rash?1565
beslash1581
fent1589
engrave1590
nick1592
snip1593
carbonado1596
rescide1598
skice1600
entail1601
chip1609
wriggle1612
insecate1623
carbonate1629
carbonade1634
insecta1652
flick1676
sneg1718
snick1728
slot1747
sneck1817
tame1847
bite-
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > tear [verb (transitive)]
tearc1000
renta1325
reavea1400
lacerate?a1425
raise?a1425
rivea1425
shearc1450
unsoundc1450
ranch?a1525
rechec1540
pilla1555
wreathe1599
intertear1603
shark1611
vulture1628
to tear at1848
spalt1876
?a1425 [implied in: tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 136v Often tymes..þe disposicion nedeþ wirching with raisyng [L. rasione] with a radie suple or wiþ a knotty threde. (at raising n.3)].
c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) 10256 (MED) Ryȝt ose his mantyll reuyn was, so suld þe reme be raysed and rent.
1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 552 I sall rais thy Ryall array.
1590 R. Harvey Plaine Percevall 6 If you strike his face, you can raise no skin, for his forhead is brasse.
1601 R. Hakluyt tr. A. Galvano Discov. World 23 They tilled and raised the ground with oxe hornes.
a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 50 That hee lay strawe in the barne floore..to prevent the wheeles from breakinge and raysinge the floore.
1677 London Gaz. No. 1223/3 [Having] his Skin only raised.
1767 T. Bridges Homer Travestie (ed. 2) I. iv. 123 The arrow..could only pierce a little through: It did so; and the skin it rais'd.
1852 W. G. Simms As Good as Comedy iv. 56 I know you hain't got the teeth to raise the skin of that varmint.
1872 T. W. Robertson Half Caste iii. ii. 30 Fortunately, the foil only raised the skin, and though the wound is painful it is not dangerous.
1976 G. Vanderhaeghe in Chelsea Jrnl. Nov.–Dec. 290 His father begins to raise the skin off the back, his forearms hidden as the knife moles upward toward the neck.
†2. transitive. To erase; to raze. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (transitive)] > break down, demolish, or ruin
spillc950
fellOE
to cast downc1230
destroy1297
to turn up?c1335
to throw down1340
to ding downc1380
to break downa1382
subverta1382
underturn1382
to take downc1384
falla1400
to make (a building, etc.) plain (with the earth)a1400
voida1400
brittenc1400
to burst downc1440
to pull downc1450
pluck1481
tumble1487
wreck1510
defacea1513
confound1523
raze1523
arase1530
to beat downc1540
ruinate1548
demolish1560
plane1562
to shovel down1563
race?1567
ruin1585
rape1597
unwall1598
to bluster down16..
raise1603
level1614
debolish1615
unbuilda1616
to make smooth work of1616
slight1640
to knock down1776
squabash1822
collapse1883
to turn over1897
mash1924
rubble1945
to take apart1978
1439 Chancery Proc. Ser. C1 File 9 No. 143 (MED) William wright..opened hys seyd testament and raysed oute the seyd godes bequethed to the seyd wife.
1465 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1852) V. 392 Ane letter of assidation..nocht rayssit nather ȝeit schorin, nather any part off it faulty.
1588 A. King in Catholic Tractates (S.T.S.) 216/16 To raise the diett of ane instrument.
1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 165 In the year 1241. they raised [1601 raced; 1611 razed] Kiouia the chiefe city of the Rutheni.
1645 Answ. to Pref. 130 If there had been any such church robberie of raising the recordes.
1732 A. Pope Strange Relation E. Curll in J. Swift et al. Misc.: 3rd Vol. 37 Resolv'd, That a number of effective Errata's be raised out of Pope's Homer.
†3. transitive. To graze, touch. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > distance > nearness > be near to [verb (transitive)] > be in contact with
toucha1350
meeta1400
to meet witha1400
raise1591
buss1609
taste1634
osculate1740
incidea1774
nuzzle1891
1591 E. Spenser tr. J. du Bellay Visions xiv, in Complaints sig. Z It seem'd her top the firmament did rayse.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1c1500n.21695v.1c1175v.2?a1425
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