† ramagen.¹

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: ramage adj.

Etymology: < ramage adj.Middle French, French ramage is not recorded as a noun in these senses: see ramage n.²

Obsolete. rare.

1. Wildness, spirit; courage; fierceness.In quot. c1485 perhaps an adjective (qualifying woodnes).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [noun]

unrulinessc1400

wildnessc1400

ramagec1485

untamedness1592

unruliment1596

uncomeliness1607

unreclaimedness1611

infrenation1623

indocility1648

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness

jollinessc1386

liveliheadc1425

quicknessc1425

vyfnes1475

ramagec1485

couragea1498

liveliness1534

spritec1540

livelihood1566

life1583

sprightliness1599

sprightfulness1602

ruach1606

sprightiness1607

sparkle1611

airiness1628

vivacy1637

spiritfulness1644

spirit1651

vivacity1652

spiritedness1654

brightness1660

sprightness1660

ramageness1686

race1690

friskiness1727

spirituousness1727

vivaciousness1727

brio1731

raciness1759

phlogiston1789

animation1791

lifefulness1829

pepper-and-salt1842

corkiness1845

aliveness1853

vitality1858

music1859

virtu1876

liveness1890

zippiness1907

bounce1909

zing1917

radioactivity1922

oomph1937

pizzazz1937

zinginess1938

hep1946

vavoom1962

welly1977

masala1986

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > profligacy, dissoluteness, or debauchery > [noun]

ribaldyc1300

riotc1330

ribaldry1389

riotingc1390

riotry?a1400

wildnessc1400

arrioutc1410

ramageness1440

ribaldise?c1450

unthriftinessc1450

ramagec1485

riotousness?1535

royet1542

dissoluteness1549

ruffianing1549

riotness1553

wildernessa1616

debauchery1642

profligateness1668

profligacy1693

rakishness1737

rakism1777

profligation1805

rouéism1828

c1400 Wit & Will B/30 (MED) I..Mette him in midde-way..Raghte him with rammes [perh. read ramage] þar he rughest was.]

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 268 Malice or hete, woodnes ramage or pride orguillous.

a1500 Promptorium Parvulorum (BL Add. 37789) 422 Ramage or corage, coragium.

a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander (1974) 1953 In this breth and ramage with his glave Sic ane straik..he gaue..The baudrik brak.

1618 S. Latham New & 2nd Bk. Falconrie xxiv. 107 The Lanner..is nothing inferiour to the other in ramage and wildenesse.

2. Falconry. = ramager n. Cf. eyas n. In later use historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > type of hawk or falcon

airec1330

tercelc1381

terceletc1381

lannerc1400

sakerc1400

sakeretc1400

tercel-gentle1486

lannard1530

ramage1575

tercellenea1682

ramager1686

the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > hawk > young

brancher?a1400

bowerc1460

eyas1486

nyas1495

eyea1500

ramage1575

ramager1686

1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 181 If any man haue a Niasse or Ramage Goshawke, whereof he woulde see the proofe, let him man hir, and make hir to the fist: then let him enter hir first to yong Partridges, vntill it be Nouember.

1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion v. Illustr. 85 The Goshauke taken at the source by the Falcon, soone fell down at the Kings foot, which performance in this Ramage, made him yearly afterward send hither for Eyesses.

1891 H. Frith tr. E. T. L. Gautier Chivalry v. 148 A falcon taken from its nest in the wild state is called a ramage falcon.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online September 2019).

ramagen.²

Brit.

/ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈræmɪdʒ/

Forms: 1600s rammage (Scottish), 1600s– ramage.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French ramage.

Etymology: < French ramage branches collectively, woodland (c1275 in Old French), right to cut and collect branches in a wood, due for this right (1298), (in genealogy) descent along collateral lines (1328), birdsong in the trees (1540; compare earlier chant ramage (1525)) < ram branch (see rame n.¹) + -age , suffix forming adjectives (see -age suffix). Compare Old Occitan ramatge (c1219), Catalan ramatge (1356), both in sense ‘branches collectively’. Compare also post-classical Latin ramagium right to collect branches in a wood (12th cent.), due for this right (13th cent.). Compare earlier ramage adj.

1. The song or cry of birds. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > sound or bird defined by > [noun] > cry or call

gredingc1275

crowingc1386

call1584

note1594

ramage?1614

honking1844

bird call1880

the world > animals > birds > sound or bird defined by > [noun] > song

songeOE

lay13..

notec1330

shouting1508

record1582

charm1587

roundelay1588

ramage?1614

ornithology1655

jerk1675

birdsong1834

roll1933

?1614 W. Drummond Sonnet: My Lute be as thou was in Poems My Lute be as thou was when thou did grow..in some shadie Groue,..And Birds their ramage on thee did bestow.

1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xiii. 106 The barking of Currs, bawling of Mastiffs,..rammage of Hawks.

1769 E. Carter Let. 3 May in Series of Lett. E. Carter & C. Talbot (1809) III. 356 The ramage of the birds rather gave spirit than interruption to the conversation.

1834 A. Marsh Two Old Men's Tales I. 161 The thrushes..filled the green leaves with their varied ramage.

1846 Biblical Repertory Oct. 602 The perpetual varying of the theme brings to our mind the ramage of some happy summer bird.

1948 H. McRae in Story-bk Only 192 Immediately the stringed instruments began a humming movement, which grew from the sound of bees to the ramage of birds, from the ramage of birds to the hurry of wind.

a. The branches of a tree; trees collectively. Now archaic and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > bough or branch > collectively

boughage1594

shroud1597

ramage1656

ramification1768

branchery1830

branchage1869

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Ramage, Boughes, Branches, or any thing that belongs thereto.

1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 85 That beneficent stem..From leaf and ramage sheddeth cool bright showers.

1895 S. M. Almon-Hensley Woman's Love-Lett. 5 Athwart the ramage where the young leaves press It came to me, ah, call it what you will Vision or waking dream, I see it still!

1917 E. Phillpotts Chron. St. Tid 93 Young green leaves now hid the ramage of the boughs.

1955 D. Davie Coll. Poems (1990) I. 24 A sheer abstraction, apt upon the grass Of London parks, has emulated oak And aped the ramage that it could surpass.

b. Cultural Anthropology. In Polynesian ethnography: a cognatic descent group; a system of ranked descent groups.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively

bairn-teamc885

kinc950

seedOE

teamOE

offspringOE

kindOE

childrenc1175

lineage1303

generationa1325

issuea1325

successiona1340

kindredc1350

progenya1382

posterityc1410

sequelc1440

ligneea1450

posterior1509

genealogy1513

propagation1536

racea1547

postery1548

after-spring1583

bowela1593

afterworld1594

loin1608

descendance1617

succession1618

proles1640

descent1667

ramage1936

1936 R. Firth We, the Tikopia x. 371 One term that might be employed to characterize such kinship groups is ‘ramage’, for which there is literary authority, though it has fallen out of use.

1936 R. Firth We, the Tikopia xvi. 586 The patrilineal principle of descent in the ramage (‘joint family’ is the translation given of the native term hoaɔ) is modified.

1957 R. Firth in Man 57 6/2 Ramage would then be defined as a corporate descent group of a non-unilinear (ambilineal) character, membership being obtained ambilaterally..according to circumstances.

1963 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 24 The word ramage has been used to mean a corporate group in which membership may be acquired through either parent.

1976 Hunter & Whitten Encycl. Anthropol. 330/1 Ramage, nonunilineal descent group composed of individuals who are descended from one ancestor through any combination of male and female links.

2005 H. J. M. Claessen in D. Quigley Char. Kingship xii. 235 The ramage would later allow its branches to retain their genealogical interrelations, thus facilitating the formation of larger political units under the leadership of a ranking chief.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Ramagen.³

Brit.

/ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈræmɪdʒ/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Ramage.

Etymology: < the name of Adam Ramage (?1772–1850), a printer of Philadelphia.

attributive. Designating a (usually wooden) printing press, or part of one, designed by Adam Ramage.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > [adjective] > type of hand-press

Stanhopian1808

Ramage1923

1827 Hallowell (Maine) Gaz. 20 June 4/3 For Sale, a small font of Brevier, nearly new; also a Printing Press with a new Ramage Screw.

1874 B. F. Taylor World on Wheels i. iii. 24 The cargoes of those boats..was something wonderful,..plows, axes and Bibles, teachers, preachers and Ramage presses.

1923 L. E. Young Founding of Utah xxxiii. 349 The old Ramage press had a lever which the printer pulled in the printing of each page.

1949 Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. Mar. 634 It was..printed on a small wrought-iron Ramage press.

2005 Santa Fe New Mexican (Nexis) 16 Sept. pa40 A museum of old printing presses, many of which are still used. The oldest one is a Ramage press.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

ramageadj.

Brit.

/ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈræmɪdʒ/

Forms: Middle English– ramage, late Middle English raynage (transmission error), 1500s–1600s rammage, 1600s ramadge; Scottish pre-1700 ramach, pre-1700 ramadge, pre-1700 rammasche, pre-1700 1700s ramage, pre-1700 1700s– rammage; 1500s rammedge, 1500s–1600s ramege, 1500s–1600s rammege.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French ramage.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French ramage (French †ramage ) (of a bird, especially a young hunting bird) untrained, wild (c1174), (more generally) of the trees (a1185), (of a forest) bushy (13th cent.), (of an animal) wild, untamed (14th cent.) < ram branch (see rame n.¹) + -age -age suffix. Compare post-classical Latin ramageus , ramagius (in falconry) wild, untamed, having left the nest (1237, 1330, 1333 in British sources). Compare Old Occitan ramatge (second half of the 12th cent.). Compare ramage n.²

†a. Of an animal: wild, untamed, unruly, violent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > by nature > [adjective] > wild or vicious

wildc725

wrothOE

keenOE

ramagec1300

fell?c1335

furiousc1374

fierce1377

ramageousa1398

eagerc1405

savage1447

naughtyc1460

criminal1477

ill1480

shrewd1509

mankind1519

roidc1540

mad1565

horn-mad1579

fierceful1607

man-keen1607

indomite1617

fellish1638

ferocious1646

ferousa1652

ferinea1676

kwaai1827

skelm1827

the world > animals > domestic animal > [adjective] > untamed

wildc725

untemeda1000

savagea1275

ramagec1300

untameda1340

untamea1382

ramageousa1398

tameless1597

unreclaimed1614

indomite1617

immansuete1656

feral1659

myall1848

wilding1853

maroon1890

undomesticated1972

c1300 Childhood Jesus (Laud) 65 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 4 Þe wolfues þat weren ramage.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 2878 (MED) Hector & Achilles..ran I-fere fersely in her rage As wode lyons whan þei be ramage.

c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 2858 At wylde bestis for to shete..Whan she seeth hem to savage, Hygh of gres, or to Ramage.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxviii^v Nothyng is werse than the beestes that shulden ben tame, if they catche her wyldenesse, and gynne ayen waxe ramage.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 I herd the rumour of rammasche foulis ande of beystis that maid grite beir.

1566 T. Blundeville Arte of Rydynge (rev. ed.) i. xiii. f. 14^v, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe A horse that is..of nature ramege or restyffe.

1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman i. iii. 12 Horses..becomming wild, rammage, and unruly.

1696 A. S. Gentleman's Compl. Jockey 30 If he [sc. the horse] should make resistance, for that he is either rammage or evil broken, then trot him swiftly with quickness of Voice, Rod and Spur.

b. Of a person: fierce, frenzied, uncontrollable; excited, unruly. Scottish after 16th cent. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [adjective] > frenzied or raging

aweddeOE

woodc1000

woodlyc1000

wildc1300

franticc1390

ramage1440

welling woodc1440

staringc1449

rammistc1455

rabious1460

horn-wood?a1500

rammisha1500

enragea1522

frenzic1547

wood-like1578

horn-mad1579

woodful1582

frenzicala1586

ragefula1586

rabid1594

ravening1599

ravenous1607

Pythic1640

exorbitant1668

frenziful1726

haggard-wild1786

frenzied1796

maenadic1830

berserk1867

up the wall1951

ballistic1981

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 422 Ramage, or coragyows, corragiosus, luitosus.

c1475 ( J. Hardyng Chron. (Harl.) (1812) 176 (MED) Ramage [1543 Grafton Vnburyed hole withoute sacrament..Some woode, some raynage went].

a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 12513 For men callit ȝow cuvatus but ressoun all ramage Vncunnand gredy fyry and savage.

1573 J. Partridge Treasurie Commodious Conceits lxv. sig. F. iiii If there be any man that is ramage: take the Flowers and the leaues, a great quantytie, and boyle them together in a good quantytie of cleane water, in that, Paciens bulneat: and it shall heale hym.

a1612 W. Fowler Trivmphs Petrarke in Wks. (1914) I. 54 This Rammage and rebelling mayde.

1643 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) II. 72 He is so extraordinarlie ramage, that I think we will hardlie receave him under our discipline.

1714 Vindic. Church Scotl. from W. Dugud 54 Mr Dugud seemed rammage and forward.

1749 Let. in Atholl MSS in Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) He had been in several partes of Holland, and had seen so many fine things he was quite Ramage.

1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 406 When a man is rammaged, that is..craz'd..with drink.]

1913 H. P. Cameron tr. Thomas à Kempis Of Imitation of Christ i. xxiv. 43 Thar sal the rammage an' the haluckit be plopp'd i' brennin' pick an' smushy brunstane.

1946 S. G. Smith Deevil's Waltz 46 As the frantic rammage Panzers brash on Moscow toun.

†2.

a. Falconry. Of a hawk, falcon, etc.: wild, untamed, shy; spec. having left the nest, but as yet only capable of brief flights from branch to branch (cf. brancher n.²). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [adjective] > of hawk > wild or untrained

ramagea1393

rammist1501

rammisha1529

haggarda1566

unmanned1577

haggardly1580

unstaid1614

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 2430 (MED) The faucon which that fleth ramage, And soeffreth nothing in the weie..Is noght mor set upon ravine Than thilke man.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) x. 24 Take a sperhauke ramage, And calle hym curtoysly, and ye shal make hym come frely to yow.

a1500 Who Carpys (Trin. Cambr. O.9.38) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 27 (MED) To another sche dyd enclyne, And as a ramage hawke began to cry.

1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 31 The seconde name is a ramage Falcon, and so she is called when she hath departed and left the eyrie.

1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) vii. xliv. 708 Iias-hawkes, are nothing so valiant as those which are taken long time after, and are called ramadge hawkes.

1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention xii. 166 This Hawke is vtterly ramadge and wilde and not to bee taken by Call or Luer.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) 118 Nor must you expect from high Antiquity the distinctions of Eyess and Ramage Hawks.

1704 Dict. Rusticum at Faulconer She [sc. a hawk] must sit unhooded if she be not Rammage.

1773 J. Campbell Treat. Mod. Faulconry 201 It is best to give them [sc. stones] at night to haggards and ramage-hawks.

1818 J. Wilson in Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 2 586 While they continue in the eyrie, they are known called Eyesses, and afterwards are known by the different names of Ramage Hawks, Soar Hawks, [etc.].

1857 T. Wright Dict. Obsolete & Provinc. Eng. I. 440/2 Faukun-ramage, a ramage hawk.

1891 L. Gaultier Chivalry v. 148 A falcon taken from its nest in the wild state is called a ramage falcon.

b. In extended use of a person: wild, untamed. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > [adjective] > easily frightened or startled

shyOE

scaddle1483

ramageous?c1530

ramage1567

startling1599

startish1677

startful1790

willyart1818

starty1825

society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [adjective] > not tamed

untameda1340

untamea1382

ramageousa1398

haggard1566

ramage1567

tameless1597

undauntoned1609

unmeekened1612

unreclaimed1614

1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 15^v You are become so wylde and rammage..As though you were a haggard Hawke.

1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. D4^v She left from being so rammage, and..came to the fist, and granted me those fauours shee might affoord.

1614 T. Overbury et al. Characters in Wife now Widdow (4th impr.) sig. F^v The first yeare of her trade she is an Eyesse,..the second [a]_Soare: the third a Ramage whoore.

1652 J. Mayne tr. Donne Bk. Epigr. vi. 89 Though ramage grown, Th' art still for carting fit.

1666 W. Austin Ἐπιλοίμια Ἔπη: Anat. Pestilence 16 They should be blam'd, for being now so scar'd; As to leave City without welt or guard: Did not their flight their ramage prowess meet Friendly, and by their care prove it discreet.

†3. Of a place: scrubby, thicketed; rough, uneven. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [adjective] > wooded > types of

bushya1382

ramagea1500

boskya1616

brakya1637

brushy1658

brushed1666

scrubbya1687

pine barrenc1721

bush-grown1837

stumpy1838

bush-skirted1858

bushed1868

bush-covered1873

bush-fringed1891

bush-clad1909

primary forest1909

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) 527 Cerching, enquering in wodes ramage.

a1807 J. Skinner Amusem. Leisure Hours (1809) 500 He rumbl'd down a rammage glyde.

4. Of clothes, fabrics, etc.: adorned with a representation of branches or foliage.Cf. branched adj. 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from silk > [adjective] > velvet > patterned

ramage1579

brancheda1616

sparky1620

1579 in C. T. McInnes Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1978) XIII. 299 Item aucht elnis of rammage taffatie.

1603 in Lady M. Stewart Househ. Bk. (1815) 10 My goun of Ramach taftie.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Velvet Ramage, or branch'd Velvet, representing long Rinds, Branches, &c. on a Satin Ground.

1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 1022/1 Tapis and ramage shawls of various colours.

2006 Cabinet Maker (Nexis) 21 Apr. 16 Zoli Dino & C's Mediterraneo collection is composed of seven different patterns: structures, ramage and multi colour stripes that can be joined together in a combination of bright modern colours.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1485

n.²?1614

n.³1827

adj.c1300

单词	ramage
释义	† ramagen.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: ramage adj. Etymology: < ramage adj.Middle French, French ramage is not recorded as a noun in these senses: see ramage n.² Obsolete. rare. 1. Wildness, spirit; courage; fierceness.In quot. c1485 perhaps an adjective (qualifying woodnes). ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [noun] unrulinessc1400 wildnessc1400 ramagec1485 untamedness1592 unruliment1596 uncomeliness1607 unreclaimedness1611 infrenation1623 indocility1648 the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness jollinessc1386 liveliheadc1425 quicknessc1425 vyfnes1475 ramagec1485 couragea1498 liveliness1534 spritec1540 livelihood1566 life1583 sprightliness1599 sprightfulness1602 ruach1606 sprightiness1607 sparkle1611 airiness1628 vivacy1637 spiritfulness1644 spirit1651 vivacity1652 spiritedness1654 brightness1660 sprightness1660 ramageness1686 race1690 friskiness1727 spirituousness1727 vivaciousness1727 brio1731 raciness1759 phlogiston1789 animation1791 lifefulness1829 pepper-and-salt1842 corkiness1845 aliveness1853 vitality1858 music1859 virtu1876 liveness1890 zippiness1907 bounce1909 zing1917 radioactivity1922 oomph1937 pizzazz1937 zinginess1938 hep1946 vavoom1962 welly1977 masala1986 society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > profligacy, dissoluteness, or debauchery > [noun] ribaldyc1300 riotc1330 ribaldry1389 riotingc1390 riotry?a1400 wildnessc1400 arrioutc1410 ramageness1440 ribaldise?c1450 unthriftinessc1450 ramagec1485 riotousness?1535 royet1542 dissoluteness1549 ruffianing1549 riotness1553 wildernessa1616 debauchery1642 profligateness1668 profligacy1693 rakishness1737 rakism1777 profligation1805 rouéism1828 c1400 Wit & Will B/30 (MED) I..Mette him in midde-way..Raghte him with rammes [perh. read ramage] þar he rughest was.] c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 268 Malice or hete, woodnes ramage or pride orguillous. a1500 Promptorium Parvulorum (BL Add. 37789) 422 Ramage or corage, coragium. a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander (1974) 1953 In this breth and ramage with his glave Sic ane straik..he gaue..The baudrik brak. 1618 S. Latham New & 2nd Bk. Falconrie xxiv. 107 The Lanner..is nothing inferiour to the other in ramage and wildenesse. 2. Falconry. = ramager n. Cf. eyas n. In later use historical. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hawking > [noun] > type of hawk or falcon airec1330 tercelc1381 terceletc1381 lannerc1400 sakerc1400 sakeretc1400 tercel-gentle1486 lannard1530 ramage1575 tercellenea1682 ramager1686 the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [noun] > hawk > young brancher?a1400 bowerc1460 eyas1486 nyas1495 eyea1500 ramage1575 ramager1686 1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 181 If any man haue a Niasse or Ramage Goshawke, whereof he woulde see the proofe, let him man hir, and make hir to the fist: then let him enter hir first to yong Partridges, vntill it be Nouember. 1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion v. Illustr. 85 The Goshauke taken at the source by the Falcon, soone fell down at the Kings foot, which performance in this Ramage, made him yearly afterward send hither for Eyesses. 1891 H. Frith tr. E. T. L. Gautier Chivalry v. 148 A falcon taken from its nest in the wild state is called a ramage falcon. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online September 2019). ramagen.² Brit. /ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈræmɪdʒ/ Forms: 1600s rammage (Scottish), 1600s– ramage. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French ramage. Etymology: < French ramage branches collectively, woodland (c1275 in Old French), right to cut and collect branches in a wood, due for this right (1298), (in genealogy) descent along collateral lines (1328), birdsong in the trees (1540; compare earlier chant ramage (1525)) < ram branch (see rame n.¹) + -age , suffix forming adjectives (see -age suffix). Compare Old Occitan ramatge (c1219), Catalan ramatge (1356), both in sense ‘branches collectively’. Compare also post-classical Latin ramagium right to collect branches in a wood (12th cent.), due for this right (13th cent.). Compare earlier ramage adj. 1. The song or cry of birds. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > sound or bird defined by > [noun] > cry or call gredingc1275 crowingc1386 call1584 note1594 ramage?1614 honking1844 bird call1880 the world > animals > birds > sound or bird defined by > [noun] > song songeOE lay13.. notec1330 shouting1508 record1582 charm1587 roundelay1588 ramage?1614 ornithology1655 jerk1675 birdsong1834 roll1933 ?1614 W. Drummond Sonnet: My Lute be as thou was in Poems My Lute be as thou was when thou did grow..in some shadie Groue,..And Birds their ramage on thee did bestow. 1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais 3rd Bk. Wks. xiii. 106 The barking of Currs, bawling of Mastiffs,..rammage of Hawks. 1769 E. Carter Let. 3 May in Series of Lett. E. Carter & C. Talbot (1809) III. 356 The ramage of the birds rather gave spirit than interruption to the conversation. 1834 A. Marsh Two Old Men's Tales I. 161 The thrushes..filled the green leaves with their varied ramage. 1846 Biblical Repertory Oct. 602 The perpetual varying of the theme brings to our mind the ramage of some happy summer bird. 1948 H. McRae in Story-bk Only 192 Immediately the stringed instruments began a humming movement, which grew from the sound of bees to the ramage of birds, from the ramage of birds to the hurry of wind. 2. a. The branches of a tree; trees collectively. Now archaic and rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > bough or branch > collectively boughage1594 shroud1597 ramage1656 ramification1768 branchery1830 branchage1869 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Ramage, Boughes, Branches, or any thing that belongs thereto. 1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 85 That beneficent stem..From leaf and ramage sheddeth cool bright showers. 1895 S. M. Almon-Hensley Woman's Love-Lett. 5 Athwart the ramage where the young leaves press It came to me, ah, call it what you will Vision or waking dream, I see it still! 1917 E. Phillpotts Chron. St. Tid 93 Young green leaves now hid the ramage of the boughs. 1955 D. Davie Coll. Poems (1990) I. 24 A sheer abstraction, apt upon the grass Of London parks, has emulated oak And aped the ramage that it could surpass. b. Cultural Anthropology. In Polynesian ethnography: a cognatic descent group; a system of ranked descent groups. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively bairn-teamc885 kinc950 seedOE teamOE offspringOE kindOE childrenc1175 lineage1303 generationa1325 issuea1325 successiona1340 kindredc1350 progenya1382 posterityc1410 sequelc1440 ligneea1450 posterior1509 genealogy1513 propagation1536 racea1547 postery1548 after-spring1583 bowela1593 afterworld1594 loin1608 descendance1617 succession1618 proles1640 descent1667 ramage1936 1936 R. Firth We, the Tikopia x. 371 One term that might be employed to characterize such kinship groups is ‘ramage’, for which there is literary authority, though it has fallen out of use. 1936 R. Firth We, the Tikopia xvi. 586 The patrilineal principle of descent in the ramage (‘joint family’ is the translation given of the native term hoaɔ) is modified. 1957 R. Firth in Man 57 6/2 Ramage would then be defined as a corporate descent group of a non-unilinear (ambilineal) character, membership being obtained ambilaterally..according to circumstances. 1963 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 24 The word ramage has been used to mean a corporate group in which membership may be acquired through either parent. 1976 Hunter & Whitten Encycl. Anthropol. 330/1 Ramage, nonunilineal descent group composed of individuals who are descended from one ancestor through any combination of male and female links. 2005 H. J. M. Claessen in D. Quigley Char. Kingship xii. 235 The ramage would later allow its branches to retain their genealogical interrelations, thus facilitating the formation of larger political units under the leadership of a ranking chief. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Ramagen.³ Brit. /ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈræmɪdʒ/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Ramage. Etymology: < the name of Adam Ramage (?1772–1850), a printer of Philadelphia. attributive. Designating a (usually wooden) printing press, or part of one, designed by Adam Ramage. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > [adjective] > type of hand-press Stanhopian1808 Ramage1923 1827 Hallowell (Maine) Gaz. 20 June 4/3 For Sale, a small font of Brevier, nearly new; also a Printing Press with a new Ramage Screw. 1874 B. F. Taylor World on Wheels i. iii. 24 The cargoes of those boats..was something wonderful,..plows, axes and Bibles, teachers, preachers and Ramage presses. 1923 L. E. Young Founding of Utah xxxiii. 349 The old Ramage press had a lever which the printer pulled in the printing of each page. 1949 Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. Mar. 634 It was..printed on a small wrought-iron Ramage press. 2005 Santa Fe New Mexican (Nexis) 16 Sept. pa40 A museum of old printing presses, many of which are still used. The oldest one is a Ramage press. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ramageadj. Brit. /ˈramɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈræmɪdʒ/ Forms: Middle English– ramage, late Middle English raynage (transmission error), 1500s–1600s rammage, 1600s ramadge; Scottish pre-1700 ramach, pre-1700 ramadge, pre-1700 rammasche, pre-1700 1700s ramage, pre-1700 1700s– rammage; 1500s rammedge, 1500s–1600s ramege, 1500s–1600s rammege. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French ramage. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French ramage (French †ramage ) (of a bird, especially a young hunting bird) untrained, wild (c1174), (more generally) of the trees (a1185), (of a forest) bushy (13th cent.), (of an animal) wild, untamed (14th cent.) < ram branch (see rame n.¹) + -age -age suffix. Compare post-classical Latin ramageus , ramagius (in falconry) wild, untamed, having left the nest (1237, 1330, 1333 in British sources). Compare Old Occitan ramatge (second half of the 12th cent.). Compare ramage n.² 1. †a. Of an animal: wild, untamed, unruly, violent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > by nature > [adjective] > wild or vicious wildc725 wrothOE keenOE ramagec1300 fell?c1335 furiousc1374 fierce1377 ramageousa1398 eagerc1405 savage1447 naughtyc1460 criminal1477 ill1480 shrewd1509 mankind1519 roidc1540 mad1565 horn-mad1579 fierceful1607 man-keen1607 indomite1617 fellish1638 ferocious1646 ferousa1652 ferinea1676 kwaai1827 skelm1827 the world > animals > domestic animal > [adjective] > untamed wildc725 untemeda1000 savagea1275 ramagec1300 untameda1340 untamea1382 ramageousa1398 tameless1597 unreclaimed1614 indomite1617 immansuete1656 feral1659 myall1848 wilding1853 maroon1890 undomesticated1972 c1300 Childhood Jesus (Laud) 65 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1875) 1st Ser. 4 Þe wolfues þat weren ramage. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 2878 (MED) Hector & Achilles..ran I-fere fersely in her rage As wode lyons whan þei be ramage. c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 2858 At wylde bestis for to shete..Whan she seeth hem to savage, Hygh of gres, or to Ramage. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxviii^v Nothyng is werse than the beestes that shulden ben tame, if they catche her wyldenesse, and gynne ayen waxe ramage. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 I herd the rumour of rammasche foulis ande of beystis that maid grite beir. 1566 T. Blundeville Arte of Rydynge (rev. ed.) i. xiii. f. 14^v, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe A horse that is..of nature ramege or restyffe. 1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman i. iii. 12 Horses..becomming wild, rammage, and unruly. 1696 A. S. Gentleman's Compl. Jockey 30 If he [sc. the horse] should make resistance, for that he is either rammage or evil broken, then trot him swiftly with quickness of Voice, Rod and Spur. b. Of a person: fierce, frenzied, uncontrollable; excited, unruly. Scottish after 16th cent. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [adjective] > frenzied or raging aweddeOE woodc1000 woodlyc1000 wildc1300 franticc1390 ramage1440 welling woodc1440 staringc1449 rammistc1455 rabious1460 horn-wood?a1500 rammisha1500 enragea1522 frenzic1547 wood-like1578 horn-mad1579 woodful1582 frenzicala1586 ragefula1586 rabid1594 ravening1599 ravenous1607 Pythic1640 exorbitant1668 frenziful1726 haggard-wild1786 frenzied1796 maenadic1830 berserk1867 up the wall1951 ballistic1981 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 422 Ramage, or coragyows, corragiosus, luitosus. c1475 ( J. Hardyng Chron. (Harl.) (1812) 176 (MED) Ramage [1543 Grafton Vnburyed hole withoute sacrament..Some woode, some raynage went]. a1540 (c1460) G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander 12513 For men callit ȝow cuvatus but ressoun all ramage Vncunnand gredy fyry and savage. 1573 J. Partridge Treasurie Commodious Conceits lxv. sig. F. iiii If there be any man that is ramage: take the Flowers and the leaues, a great quantytie, and boyle them together in a good quantytie of cleane water, in that, Paciens bulneat: and it shall heale hym. a1612 W. Fowler Trivmphs Petrarke in Wks. (1914) I. 54 This Rammage and rebelling mayde. 1643 R. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) II. 72 He is so extraordinarlie ramage, that I think we will hardlie receave him under our discipline. 1714 Vindic. Church Scotl. from W. Dugud 54 Mr Dugud seemed rammage and forward. 1749 Let. in Atholl MSS in Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) He had been in several partes of Holland, and had seen so many fine things he was quite Ramage. 1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 406 When a man is rammaged, that is..craz'd..with drink.] 1913 H. P. Cameron tr. Thomas à Kempis Of Imitation of Christ i. xxiv. 43 Thar sal the rammage an' the haluckit be plopp'd i' brennin' pick an' smushy brunstane. 1946 S. G. Smith Deevil's Waltz 46 As the frantic rammage Panzers brash on Moscow toun. †2. a. Falconry. Of a hawk, falcon, etc.: wild, untamed, shy; spec. having left the nest, but as yet only capable of brief flights from branch to branch (cf. brancher n.²). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Falconiformes (falcons, etc.) > family Accipitridae (hawks, etc.) > [adjective] > of hawk > wild or untrained ramagea1393 rammist1501 rammisha1529 haggarda1566 unmanned1577 haggardly1580 unstaid1614 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 2430 (MED) The faucon which that fleth ramage, And soeffreth nothing in the weie..Is noght mor set upon ravine Than thilke man. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) x. 24 Take a sperhauke ramage, And calle hym curtoysly, and ye shal make hym come frely to yow. a1500 Who Carpys (Trin. Cambr. O.9.38) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 27 (MED) To another sche dyd enclyne, And as a ramage hawke began to cry. 1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 31 The seconde name is a ramage Falcon, and so she is called when she hath departed and left the eyrie. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) vii. xliv. 708 Iias-hawkes, are nothing so valiant as those which are taken long time after, and are called ramadge hawkes. 1621 G. Markham Hungers Preuention xii. 166 This Hawke is vtterly ramadge and wilde and not to bee taken by Call or Luer. a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) 118 Nor must you expect from high Antiquity the distinctions of Eyess and Ramage Hawks. 1704 Dict. Rusticum at Faulconer She [sc. a hawk] must sit unhooded if she be not Rammage. 1773 J. Campbell Treat. Mod. Faulconry 201 It is best to give them [sc. stones] at night to haggards and ramage-hawks. 1818 J. Wilson in Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 2 586 While they continue in the eyrie, they are known called Eyesses, and afterwards are known by the different names of Ramage Hawks, Soar Hawks, [etc.]. 1857 T. Wright Dict. Obsolete & Provinc. Eng. I. 440/2 Faukun-ramage, a ramage hawk. 1891 L. Gaultier Chivalry v. 148 A falcon taken from its nest in the wild state is called a ramage falcon. b. In extended use of a person: wild, untamed. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > [adjective] > easily frightened or startled shyOE scaddle1483 ramageous?c1530 ramage1567 startling1599 startish1677 startful1790 willyart1818 starty1825 society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [adjective] > not tamed untameda1340 untamea1382 ramageousa1398 haggard1566 ramage1567 tameless1597 undauntoned1609 unmeekened1612 unreclaimed1614 1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 15^v You are become so wylde and rammage..As though you were a haggard Hawke. 1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. D4^v She left from being so rammage, and..came to the fist, and granted me those fauours shee might affoord. 1614 T. Overbury et al. Characters in Wife now Widdow (4th impr.) sig. F^v The first yeare of her trade she is an Eyesse,..the second [a]_Soare: the third a Ramage whoore. 1652 J. Mayne tr. Donne Bk. Epigr. vi. 89 Though ramage grown, Th' art still for carting fit. 1666 W. Austin Ἐπιλοίμια Ἔπη: Anat. Pestilence 16 They should be blam'd, for being now so scar'd; As to leave City without welt or guard: Did not their flight their ramage prowess meet Friendly, and by their care prove it discreet. †3. Of a place: scrubby, thicketed; rough, uneven. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [adjective] > wooded > types of bushya1382 ramagea1500 boskya1616 brakya1637 brushy1658 brushed1666 scrubbya1687 pine barrenc1721 bush-grown1837 stumpy1838 bush-skirted1858 bushed1868 bush-covered1873 bush-fringed1891 bush-clad1909 primary forest1909 a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) 527 Cerching, enquering in wodes ramage. a1807 J. Skinner Amusem. Leisure Hours (1809) 500 He rumbl'd down a rammage glyde. 4. Of clothes, fabrics, etc.: adorned with a representation of branches or foliage.Cf. branched adj. 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from silk > [adjective] > velvet > patterned ramage1579 brancheda1616 sparky1620 1579 in C. T. McInnes Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1978) XIII. 299 Item aucht elnis of rammage taffatie. 1603 in Lady M. Stewart Househ. Bk. (1815) 10 My goun of Ramach taftie. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Velvet Ramage, or branch'd Velvet, representing long Rinds, Branches, &c. on a Satin Ground. 1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 1022/1 Tapis and ramage shawls of various colours. 2006 Cabinet Maker (Nexis) 21 Apr. 16 Zoli Dino & C's Mediterraneo collection is composed of seven different patterns: structures, ramage and multi colour stripes that can be joined together in a combination of bright modern colours. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1485n.²?1614n.³1827adj.c1300
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† ramagen.1

ramagen.2

Ramagen.3

ramageadj.

† ramagen.¹

ramagen.²

Ramagen.³