reavern.

Brit.

/ˈriːvə/, U.S.

/ˈrivər/

Forms:

α. Old English hreafere (rare), Old English reofere (Northumbrian), Old English–Middle English reafere, early Middle English ræuere, Middle English reauar, Middle English refar, Middle English reuar, Middle English reuere, Middle English reuour, Middle English reure, Middle English revere, Middle English–1500s reuer, Middle English–1500s rever, Middle English–1600s reauer, 1500s–1600s 1800s– reaver; English regional (northern) 1700s 1900s– reever, 1800s raver, 1800s– reeaver; Scottish pre-1700 raiver, pre-1700 reevar, pre-1700 refare, pre-1700 reffar, pre-1700 reffare, pre-1700 reffayr, pre-1700 reuer, pre-1700 revair, pre-1700 revar, pre-1700 revare, pre-1700 revear, pre-1700 revere, pre-1700 rewar, pre-1700 rewer, pre-1700 rewere, pre-1700 rewir, pre-1700 1700s rever, pre-1700 1700s– reaver, pre-1700 1800s raver, pre-1700 1800s revir, 1700s reavor, 1800s– reever; N.E.D. (1904) also records a form early Middle English ræuare.

β. Middle English reyuer, Middle English reyuour, 1500s reyvar.

γ. 1800s riever (English regional (northern)), 1800s– reiver; Scottish pre-1700 reifar, pre-1700 reiffare, pre-1700 reiuer, pre-1700 reivare, pre-1700 1700s reifer, pre-1700 1700s riefer, pre-1700 1700s– reiver, pre-1700 1800s reiffar, pre-1700 1800s reivar, pre-1700 1800s reyffar, 1800s– riever.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian rāvere , Middle Dutch rōver (Dutch rover ), Middle Low German rōver , Old High German roubāri (Middle High German roubære , röuber , German Räuber , †Rauber ) < the Germanic base of reave v.¹ + the Germanic base of -er suffix¹. Compare (all ultimately < Middle Low German rōver ) Old Icelandic raufari , reyfari , Old Swedish rövare (Swedish rövare ), Old Danish røfuære , røfuær (Danish røver ); compare likewise rover n.¹The γ. forms in ei may simply show a diacritic spelling indicating the presence of a long vowel. On modern use of the form reiver outside Scots and English regional (northern) use see note at reave v.¹

1. A robber, a plunderer; a marauder, a raider. Also figurative.Frequently with reference to the groups of marauders that raided the border between Scotland and England from 13th–16th centuries.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > robber > sacker, raider, or looter > [noun]

reavereOE

forayerc1330

cateran1371

ransackerc1390

depopulatorc1440

rover1481

forager1489

river?a1500

riderc1550

wight-rider1569

predour1577

sacker1589

harrier1596

boot-haler1600

marauder1698

poligar1773

skinner1780

looter1860

raider1861

α.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxxvii. 114 Gif þu on hwilcum men ongitst þæt he bið gitsere & reafere [L. alienarum opum uiolentus ereptor], ne scealt þu hine na hatan mon, ac wulf.

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xxii. 52 Quasi ad latronem existis cum gladiis et fustibus : suę uel to hreafere [OE Rushw. reofere] gie cuomon uel mið suordum & stencgum.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xix. 189 Sceaðan & reaferas, oððe reðe manslagan..nabbað godes rice.

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Gif twa men..coman ridend to an tun, al þe tunscipe flugæn for heom, wenden ðat hi wæron ræueres.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 430 (MED) Reauers hit..robbið.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 (MED) He haueþ bi-tauht þe o tresur..And bit þe luke þine bur, & wilneþ þat þu hit wyte wel Wyþ þeoues, wiþ reueres, wiþ lechurs.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2205 Þis Nembrot..was..gret werrur; Reuer [Trin. Cambr. Robber], and man-queller.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 77 (MED) Clerkis now are fals witnes aȝen þer lawis and þefis and refars.

c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 688 (MED) Ther were..Robbers, reuers, rauenouse ryfelers.

1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Induct. xlii [Sleep] Reuer of sight, and yet in whom we see Thinges oft that tide.

1615 T. Jackson Iustifying Faith iv. viii. §2 [Bodies politic] the one hath reavers the other only plain thieves.

a1682 F. Sempill Banishm. Poverty in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 12 We fear'd no Reavers for our Money, Nor Whilly-whaes to grip our Gear.

1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 284 Reavers should not be Ruers.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iv. ii. 68 Carried by some Rever's Hand, Far frae his Wishes.

a1801 R. Gall Poems & Songs (1819) 10 The lintie mournfully Sabs sair aneath the rowan tree, To see her nest an' young anes a' By thoughtless reaver borne awa.

1846 W. Hamilton in T. Reid Wks. 890 (note) This paper is remarkable for the sagacity which tracks the footsteps of the literary reaver.

1892 Times 12 Mar. 5/5 Royalist refugees, Jacobite conspirators,..and Cateran ‘reavers’ fill a full measure of excitement.

1936 Speculum 11 53 Was that [which he saw] merely reavers, or was it men in wolf-shape?

1982 M. Z. Bradley Mists of Avalon iii. viii. 560 Now that there are no more Saxons to slay, I suppose our Companions must go against dragons and bandits and reavers.

2006 Irish Independent (Nexis) 9 Aug. It was only when James VI of Scotland inherited the crown of England did a single sovereign rule over the land of the reavers.

β. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 1798 (MED) Þov mayntenest þef [perh. read þes] reyuours her neȝ to þyn honde.a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 73^v A riȝtful loord..p[u]ttiþ of robboures & reyuers.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xxiii There is nother Englyshe, nor French, nor robbers, nor reyvars, y^t dothe them any hurte.γ. 1398 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 211/1 Manslaerys reiferis brynneris [etc.].1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xix. 671 [The fisher] said, ‘Reiffar [1487 St John's Cambr. tratour] yow mon her out.’1553 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. I. 148 The said Capitane of Norame reiffar of the said fyscheing.a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 66 To theif and reiver he was ane sicker targe.a1615 Balnagown MS in W. R. Baillie Breve Cron. Earlis of Ross (1850) 11 Scap~thriftis, alias reivars and sorneris.1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet II. xi. 249 Harry was none of your bold-speaking, ranting reivars.1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. xxxii. 62 The chiefs of Oudh were reivers and bandits; the king was the head reiver and bandit.1924 N. Munro New Road ix. 102 The rievers, spoiled in this way, in their turn, as they had spoiled Glen Lyon, hung about the inn.1954 Scots Mag. Mar. 467 Security from robbers and rievers when traversing Badenoch and Rannoch.2003 Sun (Nexis) 23 Sept. Police fear the reivers also used a sheepdog to herd..[the] sheep from Mealasta off the west coast of the Isle of Lewis during darkness.

2. A pirate. Cf. sea-reaver n. at sea n. Compounds 1o(a).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > piracy > [noun] > pirate

sea-thiefc1050

skimmera1387

scummera1398

galliotc1425

reaver1434

piratea1475

freebooter1570

sea-rover1579

filibuster1591

water rat1600

water thief1600

picaroon1624

sea-rata1640

Algerine1657

marooner1661

rat1675

Likedeelers1764

Viking1807

sea-wolf1837

piratess1862

society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > pirate

rovera1393

pirate?a1425

reaver1434

freebooter1570

filibuster1591

water thief1600

picaroon1624

marooner1661

Likedeelers1764

buccaneer1846

1434 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1835) IV. 194 (MED) Such robbers & revers by þe see of scippis, godes, or merchandises..shal be..arestid by..shirrefes.

c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 305 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 382 Þare come in þe sithtware Reueris sayland.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ix. l. 211 The best wer-man in se is ws beforn..The Rede Reffayr thai call him.

1592 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) I. ii. 267 That nane..suffir or permitt ony Spanishe veshellis, Spanȝeartis, pyrottis, or revaris to have ressett..in ony of thair portis.

1610 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 100 Notorious pirattis, revearis and sea-robberis..lowsed af Ireland, in this schip.

1722 W. Hamilton Life of Sir William Wallace ix. i The Reaver's Barge came then closs by their Side.

1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 48 Their reifers sail, wi' mony loads O'half stealt tea.

1824 J. Hogg Queen Hynde ii. 77 The stars were sprinkled o'er the night, With goggling and uncertain light, As if eventful watch to keep, Over these reavers of the deep.

1953 K. M. Briggs Personnel of Fairyland Gloss. 201 Some think him the ghost of a reiver who died bearing a secret of undisclosed treasure, and so could not rest.

2006 Denver Westword (Nexis) 14 Sept. It revels in the pirate image, sailing..under a grinning Jolly Roger... The good ship Ocean and her veteran crew are also the most cunning of reavers.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive.

ΚΠ

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) iii. 23 A traytour thef or revare knycht.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 381 Than Wallace thus began to dyt in hast: ‘Thow [sc. Edward I] reyffar king [etc.].’

1729 J. Harvey Life R. Bruce ii. 63 The royal Guest His great Ancestors ancient Pavement prest: There found his Brother..and the Reaver-Knight.

1832 A. Cunningham Maid of Elvar iv. xxxii. 65 The reaver-ship sailed from their sight, but still They stood till darkness grew to silver gray.

1864 J. C. Atkinson Stanton Grange 292 A gun might warn the reiver crow to be less audacious.

1992 G. M. Fraser Quartered Safe out Here 24 The lying-up perhaps in a ruined temple at what seemed the back of beyond, the feeling of being part of a reiver foray—the section seemed somehow easier, if not happier, at that kind of work.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reaver
释义	reavern. Brit. /ˈriːvə/, U.S. /ˈrivər/ Forms: α. Old English hreafere (rare), Old English reofere (Northumbrian), Old English–Middle English reafere, early Middle English ræuere, Middle English reauar, Middle English refar, Middle English reuar, Middle English reuere, Middle English reuour, Middle English reure, Middle English revere, Middle English–1500s reuer, Middle English–1500s rever, Middle English–1600s reauer, 1500s–1600s 1800s– reaver; English regional (northern) 1700s 1900s– reever, 1800s raver, 1800s– reeaver; Scottish pre-1700 raiver, pre-1700 reevar, pre-1700 refare, pre-1700 reffar, pre-1700 reffare, pre-1700 reffayr, pre-1700 reuer, pre-1700 revair, pre-1700 revar, pre-1700 revare, pre-1700 revear, pre-1700 revere, pre-1700 rewar, pre-1700 rewer, pre-1700 rewere, pre-1700 rewir, pre-1700 1700s rever, pre-1700 1700s– reaver, pre-1700 1800s raver, pre-1700 1800s revir, 1700s reavor, 1800s– reever; N.E.D. (1904) also records a form early Middle English ræuare. β. Middle English reyuer, Middle English reyuour, 1500s reyvar. γ. 1800s riever (English regional (northern)), 1800s– reiver; Scottish pre-1700 reifar, pre-1700 reiffare, pre-1700 reiuer, pre-1700 reivare, pre-1700 1700s reifer, pre-1700 1700s riefer, pre-1700 1700s– reiver, pre-1700 1800s reiffar, pre-1700 1800s reivar, pre-1700 1800s reyffar, 1800s– riever. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian rāvere , Middle Dutch rōver (Dutch rover ), Middle Low German rōver , Old High German roubāri (Middle High German roubære , röuber , German Räuber , †Rauber ) < the Germanic base of reave v.¹ + the Germanic base of -er suffix¹. Compare (all ultimately < Middle Low German rōver ) Old Icelandic raufari , reyfari , Old Swedish rövare (Swedish rövare ), Old Danish røfuære , røfuær (Danish røver ); compare likewise rover n.¹The γ. forms in ei may simply show a diacritic spelling indicating the presence of a long vowel. On modern use of the form reiver outside Scots and English regional (northern) use see note at reave v.¹ 1. A robber, a plunderer; a marauder, a raider. Also figurative.Frequently with reference to the groups of marauders that raided the border between Scotland and England from 13th–16th centuries. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > robber > sacker, raider, or looter > [noun] reavereOE forayerc1330 cateran1371 ransackerc1390 depopulatorc1440 rover1481 forager1489 river?a1500 riderc1550 wight-rider1569 predour1577 sacker1589 harrier1596 boot-haler1600 marauder1698 poligar1773 skinner1780 looter1860 raider1861 α. eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxxvii. 114 Gif þu on hwilcum men ongitst þæt he bið gitsere & reafere [L. alienarum opum uiolentus ereptor], ne scealt þu hine na hatan mon, ac wulf. OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xxii. 52 Quasi ad latronem existis cum gladiis et fustibus : suę uel to hreafere [OE Rushw. reofere] gie cuomon uel mið suordum & stencgum. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xix. 189 Sceaðan & reaferas, oððe reðe manslagan..nabbað godes rice. ?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Gif twa men..coman ridend to an tun, al þe tunscipe flugæn for heom, wenden ðat hi wæron ræueres. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 430 (MED) Reauers hit..robbið. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 (MED) He haueþ bi-tauht þe o tresur..And bit þe luke þine bur, & wilneþ þat þu hit wyte wel Wyþ þeoues, wiþ reueres, wiþ lechurs. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2205 Þis Nembrot..was..gret werrur; Reuer [Trin. Cambr. Robber], and man-queller. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 77 (MED) Clerkis now are fals witnes aȝen þer lawis and þefis and refars. c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 688 (MED) Ther were..Robbers, reuers, rauenouse ryfelers. 1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Induct. xlii [Sleep] Reuer of sight, and yet in whom we see Thinges oft that tide. 1615 T. Jackson Iustifying Faith iv. viii. §2 [Bodies politic] the one hath reavers the other only plain thieves. a1682 F. Sempill Banishm. Poverty in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 12 We fear'd no Reavers for our Money, Nor Whilly-whaes to grip our Gear. 1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 284 Reavers should not be Ruers. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iv. ii. 68 Carried by some Rever's Hand, Far frae his Wishes. a1801 R. Gall Poems & Songs (1819) 10 The lintie mournfully Sabs sair aneath the rowan tree, To see her nest an' young anes a' By thoughtless reaver borne awa. 1846 W. Hamilton in T. Reid Wks. 890 (note) This paper is remarkable for the sagacity which tracks the footsteps of the literary reaver. 1892 Times 12 Mar. 5/5 Royalist refugees, Jacobite conspirators,..and Cateran ‘reavers’ fill a full measure of excitement. 1936 Speculum 11 53 Was that [which he saw] merely reavers, or was it men in wolf-shape? 1982 M. Z. Bradley Mists of Avalon iii. viii. 560 Now that there are no more Saxons to slay, I suppose our Companions must go against dragons and bandits and reavers. 2006 Irish Independent (Nexis) 9 Aug. It was only when James VI of Scotland inherited the crown of England did a single sovereign rule over the land of the reavers. β. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 1798 (MED) Þov mayntenest þef [perh. read þes] reyuours her neȝ to þyn honde.a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 73^v A riȝtful loord..p[u]ttiþ of robboures & reyuers.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xxiii There is nother Englyshe, nor French, nor robbers, nor reyvars, y^t dothe them any hurte.γ. 1398 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 211/1 Manslaerys reiferis brynneris [etc.].1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xix. 671 [The fisher] said, ‘Reiffar [1487 St John's Cambr. tratour] yow mon her out.’1553 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. I. 148 The said Capitane of Norame reiffar of the said fyscheing.a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 66 To theif and reiver he was ane sicker targe.a1615 Balnagown MS in W. R. Baillie Breve Cron. Earlis of Ross (1850) 11 Scap~thriftis, alias reivars and sorneris.1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet II. xi. 249 Harry was none of your bold-speaking, ranting reivars.1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. xxxii. 62 The chiefs of Oudh were reivers and bandits; the king was the head reiver and bandit.1924 N. Munro New Road ix. 102 The rievers, spoiled in this way, in their turn, as they had spoiled Glen Lyon, hung about the inn.1954 Scots Mag. Mar. 467 Security from robbers and rievers when traversing Badenoch and Rannoch.2003 Sun (Nexis) 23 Sept. Police fear the reivers also used a sheepdog to herd..[the] sheep from Mealasta off the west coast of the Isle of Lewis during darkness. 2. A pirate. Cf. sea-reaver n. at sea n. Compounds 1o(a). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > piracy > [noun] > pirate sea-thiefc1050 skimmera1387 scummera1398 galliotc1425 reaver1434 piratea1475 freebooter1570 sea-rover1579 filibuster1591 water rat1600 water thief1600 picaroon1624 sea-rata1640 Algerine1657 marooner1661 rat1675 Likedeelers1764 Viking1807 sea-wolf1837 piratess1862 society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > pirate rovera1393 pirate?a1425 reaver1434 freebooter1570 filibuster1591 water thief1600 picaroon1624 marooner1661 Likedeelers1764 buccaneer1846 1434 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1835) IV. 194 (MED) Such robbers & revers by þe see of scippis, godes, or merchandises..shal be..arestid by..shirrefes. c1480 (a1400) St. Clement 305 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 382 Þare come in þe sithtware Reueris sayland. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ix. l. 211 The best wer-man in se is ws beforn..The Rede Reffayr thai call him. 1592 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) I. ii. 267 That nane..suffir or permitt ony Spanishe veshellis, Spanȝeartis, pyrottis, or revaris to have ressett..in ony of thair portis. 1610 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) III. 100 Notorious pirattis, revearis and sea-robberis..lowsed af Ireland, in this schip. 1722 W. Hamilton Life of Sir William Wallace ix. i The Reaver's Barge came then closs by their Side. 1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 48 Their reifers sail, wi' mony loads O'half stealt tea. 1824 J. Hogg Queen Hynde ii. 77 The stars were sprinkled o'er the night, With goggling and uncertain light, As if eventful watch to keep, Over these reavers of the deep. 1953 K. M. Briggs Personnel of Fairyland Gloss. 201 Some think him the ghost of a reiver who died bearing a secret of undisclosed treasure, and so could not rest. 2006 Denver Westword (Nexis) 14 Sept. It revels in the pirate image, sailing..under a grinning Jolly Roger... The good ship Ocean and her veteran crew are also the most cunning of reavers. Compounds General attributive and appositive. ΚΠ c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) iii. 23 A traytour thef or revare knycht. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 381 Than Wallace thus began to dyt in hast: ‘Thow [sc. Edward I] reyffar king [etc.].’ 1729 J. Harvey Life R. Bruce ii. 63 The royal Guest His great Ancestors ancient Pavement prest: There found his Brother..and the Reaver-Knight. 1832 A. Cunningham Maid of Elvar iv. xxxii. 65 The reaver-ship sailed from their sight, but still They stood till darkness grew to silver gray. 1864 J. C. Atkinson Stanton Grange 292 A gun might warn the reiver crow to be less audacious. 1992 G. M. Fraser Quartered Safe out Here 24 The lying-up perhaps in a ruined temple at what seemed the back of beyond, the feeling of being part of a reiver foray—the section seemed somehow easier, if not happier, at that kind of work. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOE
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