realismn.

Brit.

/ˈrɪəlɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈriəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; originally modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: real adj.², -ism suffix.

Etymology: < real adj.² + -ism suffix, originally after German Realismus (1781 in Kant; 1798 with reference to literature). Compare French réalisme (1801 with reference to Kantian philosophy, 1829 with reference to scholastic philosophy, 1875 with reference to Platonic philosophy; 1826 with reference to literature, 1843 with reference to art; 1855 in sense ‘pragmatism’). Compare earlier realist n., and also idealism n.

I. Philosophical uses.

a. The doctrine that matter as the object of perception has real existence ( natural realism) and is neither reducible to universal mind or spirit nor dependent on a perceiving agent. Cf. idealism n. 1, phenomenalism n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism

realism1797

realisma1820

descendentalism1833

1797 tr. J. S. Beck Princ. Crit. Philos. i. iv. 164 A transcendental realism precedes the empirical idealism, and ends in it, when it acts consequentially.

1872 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) II. vii. xix. 491 It cannot..construct its argument, without making many times over that assumption which Realism makes but once.

1881 R. Adamson Fichte 219 The opposition between Hegelianism on the one hand, and scientific naturalism or realism on the other.

1989 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 40 534 The standard distinctions between realism and non-realism in this article go back to the 18th century debate over George Berkeley's identification of the physical world with what he called ‘ideas’.

b. A philosophical theory reacting against 19th-cent. idealism which, while agreeing in affirming that external objects exist independently of the mind, differs in accounts of appearance, perception, and illusion; (more recently, opposed to verificationism): the theory that the world has a reality that transcends the mind's analytical capacity, and hence that propositions are to be assessed in terms of their truth to reality, rather than in terms of their verifiability. Cf. also anti-realism n. b, direct realism n. at direct adj. and adv. Compounds, naive realism n. at naive adj. Compounds, new realism n.The quotations are chosen to give some idea of the range and diversity of views in modern theories of realism.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > new realism

new realism1906

realism1906

1906 Mind 15 308 Some of the leading supporters of the new Realism (especially Mr. Moore and Mr. Russell) connect it with an extremely nominalistic type of Logic... This Logic, however, seems to be quite capable of recognising types such as those of Plato.

1920 D. Drake et al. Ess. Crit. Realism p. vi Our realism is not a physically monistic realism, or a merely logical realism... To find an adjective that should connote the essential features of our brand of realism seemed chimerical, and we have contented ourselves with the vague, but accurate, phrase critical realism.

1938 G. D. Hicks Crit. Realism p. xiii Realism, as Professor Perry has defined it, stands for the principle that ‘things may be, and are, directly experienced without owing either their being or their nature to that circumstance’.

1954 M. R. Cohen Amer. Thought ix. 271 The practical consequence of Peirce's realism is his sharp distinction between what is useful and what is true.

1972 K. R. Popper Objective Knowl. p. vii While I am prepared to uphold to the last the essential truth of commonsense realism, I regard the commonsense theory of knowledge as a subjectivist blunder.

1982 A. J. Ayer Philos. in 20th Cent. vii. 211 The destructive ‘realism’ of Cook Wilson and his school at Oxford,..a realism issuing from their blind acceptance of what Collingwood regarded as the senseless doctrine that ‘knowing makes no difference to what is known’.

1992 Mind 101 192 It might have served to raise the interesting question of the extent to which Putnam's internal realism can be bolstered by transcendental constraints.

2. The doctrine of the real existence of universals, independently of the mind (opposed to conceptualism n. 1), and as more than mere names (opposed to nominalism n. 2) (now chiefly historical). Also in later use: the attribution of objective existence to a subjective conception.Platonic realism, favoured by St Augustine, regarded universals as having an absolute existence, perfect and eternal, prior to particular things; Aristotelian realism, favoured by Thomas Aquinas, considered universals to exist in particular things and not otherwise.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > scholasticism > [noun] > scholastic realism

realisma1820

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism

realism1797

realisma1820

descendentalism1833

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism > of objective existence or subjective conception

realism1874

a1820 T. Brown Lect. Philos. (1830) xlvi. 297/1 These two eminent logicians, Roscelinus and Abelard,..coincided in rejecting wholly the Realism, which..had been the unquestioned doctrine.

1828 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 9 155 Their [sc. Aristotelian logicians'] classification of names according to the mode of their signification (of which the doctrine of the Predicables forms a part) when purified from the taint of Realism which adheres to the expression but without infecting the substance, constitutes a prodigious step in the theory of naming.

1846 T. Wright Ess. Middle Ages I. vi. 236 The struggle between nominalism and realism, under different forms, has continued even to the present day.

1874 J. Fiske Outl. Cosmic Philos. II. 401 By a subtle realism, he projects the idea of himself out upon the field of phenomena, and deals with it henceforth as an objective reality.

1948 C. Hartshorne Divine Relativity iii. 122 Even if one takes the ‘conceptualist’ solution of the problem of nominalism and realism, one need not therefore deny that God may have something corresponding to concepts.

1970 N. Wolterstorff On Universals vii. 170 Our position is that of realism and ‘nominalism’. Is rapprochement between two such ancient armies possible?

2007 Church Times 18 May 12/4 Realism accepts that universal essences, generally prevailing conditions, and constitutive relations are just as much real things as are individual existences.

II. General and other specialist uses.

a. Inclination or attachment to what is real; (hence) the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly; any view or system contrasted with idealism (idealism n. 2).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] > reality > attachment to

realism1817

naturalism1865

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 127 It is only so far idealism, as it is at the same time, and on that very account, the truest and most binding realism.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. ix. 264 Faithful assiduous studies..of which, knowing my stubborn realism,..he told me little.

1860 R. W. Emerson Worship in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 189 Let us replace sentimentalism by realism, and dare to uncover those simple and terrible laws which, be they seen or unseen, pervade and govern.

1903 H. James Ambassadors ii. iv. 50 He blushed for her realism, but gaped at her truth.

1928 Amer. Mercury Oct. 207/2 There was a salty realism in Cousin Am's attitude toward life that the gate-keeper of Paradise would surely not approve.

1963 E. Wilson Jrnl. July in Sixties: Last Jrnl. (1993) 243 His shrewd and unsanguine realism when you talk to him is a contrast to the intensity and eloquence of his speeches.

2002 S. Perera Do Right Thing 4 Chita's dream was no more and no less than that of most young women, but her sisters in the West would temper that romanticism with a large pinch of realism.

b. The principle of giving priority to practical subjects in education. Cf. Realschule n. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1836 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 420 One..with a stronger bias to realism, in the higher instruction, than is of late..easily to be found in Germany.

1907 P. Monroe Brief Course Hist. Educ. viii. 215 Realistic education. What is realism?—This term is applied to that type of education in which natural phenomena and social institutions rather than languages and literature are made the chief subjects of study.

c. Originally U.S. (a) In legal theory: the doctrine that the law is best understood with reference to prevailing social and political factors, in contrast to formal or abstract principles (also legal realism) (b) (in political theory) the view that the subject matter of politics should be actual political power, in contrast to principles of doctrine, law, rights, or justice (also political realism).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > theories or doctrines of the law

rule of law?c1500

epiky1508

equity1528

renvoi1675

legal positivism1870

positivism1927

realism1930

legalitarianism1962

critical race theory1989

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > [noun] > political theory > specific view of

realism1951

1925 Illinois Law Rev. 20 288 Doubtless legislative action is essential before the courts can release themselves from their own past disavowal of legal realism.]

1930 J. Frank Law & Mod. Mind v. 42 (heading) Legal realism.

1930 K. N. Llewellyn in Columbia Law Rev. 30 449 A sophisticated reversion to a sophisticated realism. Gone is the ancient assumption that law is because law is.

1951 J. H. Herz Polit. Realism & Polit. Idealism ii. 24 Political Realism has at all times insisted that the nature of politics is fundamentally determined by the struggle for power.

1961 O. Kirchheimer Polit. Justice v. 216 Through the psychological variant of legal realism we have become conscious of all the numerous factors in the judge's personality structure which might become determinative factors of judicial action.

1977 M. Clanchy in E. Attwooll Perspectives in Jurisprudence x. 176 Realism has been given a special meaning in jurisprudential thinking to distinguish between real rules of law and paper rules.

1992 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 27 Mar. 16/2 Niebuhr was anxious to link his espousal of realism with a search for ethical standards in international politics.

2006 Dædalus Spring 110/1 Realism demands that lawyers look up from their procedural fetishes and attend to the world as it is, with all its warts and injustices.

a. Esp. in reference to art, film, and literature: close resemblance to what is real; fidelity of representation, rendering the precise details of the real thing or scene. Also: an instance or example of this. Cf. (by contrast) idealism n. 2, surrealism n.While realism in art is often used in the same contexts as naturalism, implying a concern with accurate and objective representation, it also suggests a deliberate rejection of conventionally attractive or appropriate subjects in favour of sincerity and a focus on the unidealized treatment of contemporary life. Specifically, the term is applied to a late 19th-cent. movement in French painting and literature represented by Gustave Courbet in the former and Balzac, Stendhal, and Flaubert in the latter.dirty, hyper-, magic, neo-, photo-, social realism: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > work of art > qualities generally

decoruma1568

humoura1568

variety1597

strength1608

uniformity1625

barbarity1644

freedom1645

boldness1677

correctness1684

clinquant1711

unity1712

contrast1713

meretriciousness1727

airiness1734

pathos1739

chastity1760

vigour1774

prettyism1789

mannerism1803

serio-comic1805

actuality1812

largeness1824

local colour1829

subjectivitya1834

idealism1841

pastoralism1842

inartisticalitya1849

academicism1852

realism1856

colour contrast1858

crampedness1858

niggling1858

audacity1859

superreality1859

literalism1860

pseudo-classicism1861

sensationalism1862

sensationism1862

chocolate box1865

pseudo-classicality1867

academism1871

actualism1872

academicalism1874

ethos1875

terribilità1877

local colouring1881

neoclassicism1893

mass effect1902

attack1905

verismo1908

kitsch1921

abstraction1923

self-consciousness1932

surreality1936

tension1941

build-up1942

sprezzatura1957

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories

romanticism1821

romantism1828

naturalism1845

realism1856

sensationism1862

symbolism1866

classicisma1878

eroticism1881

impressionism1883

sensitivism1891

verism1892

neoclassicism1893

veritism1894

social realism1898

neo-realism1908

futurism1909

Félibrism1911

postmodernism1914

vorticism1914

Dada1918

Dadaism1918

Scythism1921

Scythianism1923

Russian Formalism1925

surrealism1927

Neue Sachlichkeit1929

populism1930

Sachlichkeit1930

dirty realism1931

ultraism1932

thingism1935

formalism1943

organicism1945

lettrism1946

New Wave1960

socialist realism1967

catastrophism1969

pointillism1972

po-mo1986

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > types of narrative or story generally > [noun] > realism of stories, etc.

mimesisa1586

actuality1812

realism1856

realizableness1886

1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters III. 103 To try by startling realism to enforce the monstrosity that has no terror in itself.

1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer 27 There is a curious realism in the difficulties which beset the re-establishment of Odusseus in his dominions.

1894 C. L. Morgan Psychol. for Teachers ix. 203 Realism..involves the introduction of such details as shall assimilate the representation to actual fact, and the incorporation of the results of generalisation in individual persons or concrete things.

1912 J. Bénédite et al. Gustave Courbet 51 Gautier was astonished at seeing Realism in a shed.

1937 H. Read Art & Society iv. 180 My underlying contention, that there is an inherent contradiction between art and vulgarism (or, to confine ourselves to æsthetic terms, between art and realism).

1970 F. Marti-Ibañez Adventure of Art xii. 571/1 Some interpreters regard personal intimacy as the catalyst for Picasso's return to realism.

1992 Apollo June 411/3 Opening of a new display bringing together one hundred and seventy works spanning the most significant movements in art from post-war realism to kinetic art and British Pop.

2007 Sight & Sound Mar. 10/3 Buñuel's realism—unlike the Italian neorealism of which he was partly critical—conjures a dark poetry that draws on surrealism.

†b. A real fact, experience, or situation. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia II. x. i. 558 A life-pilgrimage consisting..of realisms oftenest contradictory enough.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	realism
释义	realismn. Brit. /ˈrɪəlɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈriəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; originally modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: real adj.², -ism suffix. Etymology: < real adj.² + -ism suffix, originally after German Realismus (1781 in Kant; 1798 with reference to literature). Compare French réalisme (1801 with reference to Kantian philosophy, 1829 with reference to scholastic philosophy, 1875 with reference to Platonic philosophy; 1826 with reference to literature, 1843 with reference to art; 1855 in sense ‘pragmatism’). Compare earlier realist n., and also idealism n. I. Philosophical uses. 1. a. The doctrine that matter as the object of perception has real existence ( natural realism) and is neither reducible to universal mind or spirit nor dependent on a perceiving agent. Cf. idealism n. 1, phenomenalism n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism realism1797 realisma1820 descendentalism1833 1797 tr. J. S. Beck Princ. Crit. Philos. i. iv. 164 A transcendental realism precedes the empirical idealism, and ends in it, when it acts consequentially. 1872 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) II. vii. xix. 491 It cannot..construct its argument, without making many times over that assumption which Realism makes but once. 1881 R. Adamson Fichte 219 The opposition between Hegelianism on the one hand, and scientific naturalism or realism on the other. 1989 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 40 534 The standard distinctions between realism and non-realism in this article go back to the 18th century debate over George Berkeley's identification of the physical world with what he called ‘ideas’. b. A philosophical theory reacting against 19th-cent. idealism which, while agreeing in affirming that external objects exist independently of the mind, differs in accounts of appearance, perception, and illusion; (more recently, opposed to verificationism): the theory that the world has a reality that transcends the mind's analytical capacity, and hence that propositions are to be assessed in terms of their truth to reality, rather than in terms of their verifiability. Cf. also anti-realism n. b, direct realism n. at direct adj. and adv. Compounds, naive realism n. at naive adj. Compounds, new realism n.The quotations are chosen to give some idea of the range and diversity of views in modern theories of realism. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > new realism new realism1906 realism1906 1906 Mind 15 308 Some of the leading supporters of the new Realism (especially Mr. Moore and Mr. Russell) connect it with an extremely nominalistic type of Logic... This Logic, however, seems to be quite capable of recognising types such as those of Plato. 1920 D. Drake et al. Ess. Crit. Realism p. vi Our realism is not a physically monistic realism, or a merely logical realism... To find an adjective that should connote the essential features of our brand of realism seemed chimerical, and we have contented ourselves with the vague, but accurate, phrase critical realism. 1938 G. D. Hicks Crit. Realism p. xiii Realism, as Professor Perry has defined it, stands for the principle that ‘things may be, and are, directly experienced without owing either their being or their nature to that circumstance’. 1954 M. R. Cohen Amer. Thought ix. 271 The practical consequence of Peirce's realism is his sharp distinction between what is useful and what is true. 1972 K. R. Popper Objective Knowl. p. vii While I am prepared to uphold to the last the essential truth of commonsense realism, I regard the commonsense theory of knowledge as a subjectivist blunder. 1982 A. J. Ayer Philos. in 20th Cent. vii. 211 The destructive ‘realism’ of Cook Wilson and his school at Oxford,..a realism issuing from their blind acceptance of what Collingwood regarded as the senseless doctrine that ‘knowing makes no difference to what is known’. 1992 Mind 101 192 It might have served to raise the interesting question of the extent to which Putnam's internal realism can be bolstered by transcendental constraints. 2. The doctrine of the real existence of universals, independently of the mind (opposed to conceptualism n. 1), and as more than mere names (opposed to nominalism n. 2) (now chiefly historical). Also in later use: the attribution of objective existence to a subjective conception.Platonic realism, favoured by St Augustine, regarded universals as having an absolute existence, perfect and eternal, prior to particular things; Aristotelian realism, favoured by Thomas Aquinas, considered universals to exist in particular things and not otherwise. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > scholasticism > [noun] > scholastic realism realisma1820 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism realism1797 realisma1820 descendentalism1833 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > materialism > [noun] > realism > of objective existence or subjective conception realism1874 a1820 T. Brown Lect. Philos. (1830) xlvi. 297/1 These two eminent logicians, Roscelinus and Abelard,..coincided in rejecting wholly the Realism, which..had been the unquestioned doctrine. 1828 J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. 9 155 Their [sc. Aristotelian logicians'] classification of names according to the mode of their signification (of which the doctrine of the Predicables forms a part) when purified from the taint of Realism which adheres to the expression but without infecting the substance, constitutes a prodigious step in the theory of naming. 1846 T. Wright Ess. Middle Ages I. vi. 236 The struggle between nominalism and realism, under different forms, has continued even to the present day. 1874 J. Fiske Outl. Cosmic Philos. II. 401 By a subtle realism, he projects the idea of himself out upon the field of phenomena, and deals with it henceforth as an objective reality. 1948 C. Hartshorne Divine Relativity iii. 122 Even if one takes the ‘conceptualist’ solution of the problem of nominalism and realism, one need not therefore deny that God may have something corresponding to concepts. 1970 N. Wolterstorff On Universals vii. 170 Our position is that of realism and ‘nominalism’. Is rapprochement between two such ancient armies possible? 2007 Church Times 18 May 12/4 Realism accepts that universal essences, generally prevailing conditions, and constitutive relations are just as much real things as are individual existences. II. General and other specialist uses. 3. a. Inclination or attachment to what is real; (hence) the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly; any view or system contrasted with idealism (idealism n. 2). ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] > reality > attachment to realism1817 naturalism1865 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 127 It is only so far idealism, as it is at the same time, and on that very account, the truest and most binding realism. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. ix. 264 Faithful assiduous studies..of which, knowing my stubborn realism,..he told me little. 1860 R. W. Emerson Worship in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 189 Let us replace sentimentalism by realism, and dare to uncover those simple and terrible laws which, be they seen or unseen, pervade and govern. 1903 H. James Ambassadors ii. iv. 50 He blushed for her realism, but gaped at her truth. 1928 Amer. Mercury Oct. 207/2 There was a salty realism in Cousin Am's attitude toward life that the gate-keeper of Paradise would surely not approve. 1963 E. Wilson Jrnl. July in Sixties: Last Jrnl. (1993) 243 His shrewd and unsanguine realism when you talk to him is a contrast to the intensity and eloquence of his speeches. 2002 S. Perera Do Right Thing 4 Chita's dream was no more and no less than that of most young women, but her sisters in the West would temper that romanticism with a large pinch of realism. b. The principle of giving priority to practical subjects in education. Cf. Realschule n. Now rare. ΚΠ 1836 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 420 One..with a stronger bias to realism, in the higher instruction, than is of late..easily to be found in Germany. 1907 P. Monroe Brief Course Hist. Educ. viii. 215 Realistic education. What is realism?—This term is applied to that type of education in which natural phenomena and social institutions rather than languages and literature are made the chief subjects of study. c. Originally U.S. (a) In legal theory: the doctrine that the law is best understood with reference to prevailing social and political factors, in contrast to formal or abstract principles (also legal realism) (b) (in political theory) the view that the subject matter of politics should be actual political power, in contrast to principles of doctrine, law, rights, or justice (also political realism). ΘΚΠ society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > theories or doctrines of the law rule of law?c1500 epiky1508 equity1528 renvoi1675 legal positivism1870 positivism1927 realism1930 legalitarianism1962 critical race theory1989 society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > [noun] > political theory > specific view of realism1951 1925 Illinois Law Rev. 20 288 Doubtless legislative action is essential before the courts can release themselves from their own past disavowal of legal realism.] 1930 J. Frank Law & Mod. Mind v. 42 (heading) Legal realism. 1930 K. N. Llewellyn in Columbia Law Rev. 30 449 A sophisticated reversion to a sophisticated realism. Gone is the ancient assumption that law is because law is. 1951 J. H. Herz Polit. Realism & Polit. Idealism ii. 24 Political Realism has at all times insisted that the nature of politics is fundamentally determined by the struggle for power. 1961 O. Kirchheimer Polit. Justice v. 216 Through the psychological variant of legal realism we have become conscious of all the numerous factors in the judge's personality structure which might become determinative factors of judicial action. 1977 M. Clanchy in E. Attwooll Perspectives in Jurisprudence x. 176 Realism has been given a special meaning in jurisprudential thinking to distinguish between real rules of law and paper rules. 1992 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 27 Mar. 16/2 Niebuhr was anxious to link his espousal of realism with a search for ethical standards in international politics. 2006 Dædalus Spring 110/1 Realism demands that lawyers look up from their procedural fetishes and attend to the world as it is, with all its warts and injustices. 4. a. Esp. in reference to art, film, and literature: close resemblance to what is real; fidelity of representation, rendering the precise details of the real thing or scene. Also: an instance or example of this. Cf. (by contrast) idealism n. 2, surrealism n.While realism in art is often used in the same contexts as naturalism, implying a concern with accurate and objective representation, it also suggests a deliberate rejection of conventionally attractive or appropriate subjects in favour of sincerity and a focus on the unidealized treatment of contemporary life. Specifically, the term is applied to a late 19th-cent. movement in French painting and literature represented by Gustave Courbet in the former and Balzac, Stendhal, and Flaubert in the latter.dirty, hyper-, magic, neo-, photo-, social realism: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > work of art > qualities generally decoruma1568 humoura1568 variety1597 strength1608 uniformity1625 barbarity1644 freedom1645 boldness1677 correctness1684 clinquant1711 unity1712 contrast1713 meretriciousness1727 airiness1734 pathos1739 chastity1760 vigour1774 prettyism1789 mannerism1803 serio-comic1805 actuality1812 largeness1824 local colour1829 subjectivitya1834 idealism1841 pastoralism1842 inartisticalitya1849 academicism1852 realism1856 colour contrast1858 crampedness1858 niggling1858 audacity1859 superreality1859 literalism1860 pseudo-classicism1861 sensationalism1862 sensationism1862 chocolate box1865 pseudo-classicality1867 academism1871 actualism1872 academicalism1874 ethos1875 terribilità1877 local colouring1881 neoclassicism1893 mass effect1902 attack1905 verismo1908 kitsch1921 abstraction1923 self-consciousness1932 surreality1936 tension1941 build-up1942 sprezzatura1957 society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories romanticism1821 romantism1828 naturalism1845 realism1856 sensationism1862 symbolism1866 classicisma1878 eroticism1881 impressionism1883 sensitivism1891 verism1892 neoclassicism1893 veritism1894 social realism1898 neo-realism1908 futurism1909 Félibrism1911 postmodernism1914 vorticism1914 Dada1918 Dadaism1918 Scythism1921 Scythianism1923 Russian Formalism1925 surrealism1927 Neue Sachlichkeit1929 populism1930 Sachlichkeit1930 dirty realism1931 ultraism1932 thingism1935 formalism1943 organicism1945 lettrism1946 New Wave1960 socialist realism1967 catastrophism1969 pointillism1972 po-mo1986 society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > types of narrative or story generally > [noun] > realism of stories, etc. mimesisa1586 actuality1812 realism1856 realizableness1886 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters III. 103 To try by startling realism to enforce the monstrosity that has no terror in itself. 1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer 27 There is a curious realism in the difficulties which beset the re-establishment of Odusseus in his dominions. 1894 C. L. Morgan Psychol. for Teachers ix. 203 Realism..involves the introduction of such details as shall assimilate the representation to actual fact, and the incorporation of the results of generalisation in individual persons or concrete things. 1912 J. Bénédite et al. Gustave Courbet 51 Gautier was astonished at seeing Realism in a shed. 1937 H. Read Art & Society iv. 180 My underlying contention, that there is an inherent contradiction between art and vulgarism (or, to confine ourselves to æsthetic terms, between art and realism). 1970 F. Marti-Ibañez Adventure of Art xii. 571/1 Some interpreters regard personal intimacy as the catalyst for Picasso's return to realism. 1992 Apollo June 411/3 Opening of a new display bringing together one hundred and seventy works spanning the most significant movements in art from post-war realism to kinetic art and British Pop. 2007 Sight & Sound Mar. 10/3 Buñuel's realism—unlike the Italian neorealism of which he was partly critical—conjures a dark poetry that draws on surrealism. †b. A real fact, experience, or situation. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia II. x. i. 558 A life-pilgrimage consisting..of realisms oftenest contradictory enough. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1797
随便看	make advantage of make affiance make affray make after make again make against make agreement make aim make aliyah make all make all the running make allowance for make allowances for make alt make alto make amendment make amendments make amends make amends and sethe make an angel make an appeal make an appeal to make an arse of make an arse of oneself make an arse of someone