saturaten.
/ˈsatjᵿrət/, /ˈsatʃərət/, U.S. /ˈsætʃərət/ Chemistry.
A saturated organic compound; esp. a saturated fat or fatty acid. Cf. unsaturate n.
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1921 Q. Colorado School Mines Apr. 16 It is highly desirable to know the percentage and distribution of saturates and unsaturates.
1959 R. H. Potts in E. S. Pattison Industr. Fatty Acids ii. 13 In selecting a raw material, one always considers that more saturates can be made if required, but the unsaturated requirements must be purchased with the raw material.
2016 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 4 Aug. The consumer champion categorised any product with a red traffic light label for fat, saturates, sugars or salt as less healthy.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
saturateadj.
/ˈsatjᵿrət/, /ˈsatjᵿreɪt/, /ˈsatʃərət/, /ˈsatʃəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈsætʃərət/, /ˈsætʃəˌreɪt/ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > satiated or surfeited
sadOE
fullc1300
asadc1306
satiate1440
saturatea1450
glutteda1586
overcloyed1589
surfeit1597
cloyed1599
palled1607
jaded1631
sated1640
a1450 Musical Treat. in Speculum (1935) 10 265 (MED) Natural appetide not saturate sufficientli..feruentli desiriþe mo musical conclusions.
?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust Cron. Warre agaynst Iugurth xliv. f. 62v Whan they were full saturate and ingorged [L. onerati].
1541 Schole House of Women sig. Diii Salomon sayeth, three thinges there be Seldome, or neuer saturate.
1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Saturate, filled, or glutted.
1819 Times 10 Apr. We must immediately draw from all of them until we be full and saturate, and can hold no more.
2. Chemistry. Of a solution: saturated (saturated adj. 3a). Now rare.In quot. 1656 referring to acid in which as much gold as possible has been dissolved.
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the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > [adjective] > organic structure > saturated
saturate1656
saturated1798
1656 S. Boulton Medicina xiv. 80 Let them be well mingled, and then with the spirit of common salt saturate with gold, let there be made a paste.
1749 Quincy's Pharmacopœia Officinalis (ed. 12) i. i. xix. 32/2 The manner of performing it is, to make a saturate solution of the salts in boiling water.
1805 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 95 126 A single drop of a saturate solution of neutralized nitrate or muriate of mercury.
1905 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 6 170 The hypodermic injection of atropine and of the saturate solution of permanganate of potash should be considered.
1988 K. B. Kirby Studio Collotype iii. 83 A saturate solution of either salt will crystallize in most gelatin layers.
3. Of a colour or shade: intense, deep. Cf. saturated adj. 5, sad adj. 10.
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the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > intense
strongOE
richc1330
finea1387
stark1547
deep1555
full1599
saturate1669
generous1710
lush1744
saturated1791
lushy1821
robust1826
raised1846
high-keyed1879
acid1916
1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 121 It would yield a deep saturate green tincture.
1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 807 The quickness of cooling makes the Blood of a more saturate colour.
1700 Pharmacopœia Lemeriana Contracta 38 Succory helps to draw a more saturate Tincture from the Rhubarb.
1733 G. Cheyne Eng. Malady iii. iv. 317 The Urine was variable, of a deep saturate Colour.
1862 W. H. Harvey & O. W. Sonder Flora Capensis II. 403 Leaves saturate green.
1891 Cent. Dict. Saturate, in Entom., deep; very intense: applied to colors: as, saturate green, umber, black, etc.
1955 Jrnl. Mammalogy 36 5 The rich chestnut or ‘saturate’ color of saturatus is found to occur in varying proportions in other subspecies of S. cooperi.
2010 Science 17 Sept. 1508/2 (caption) The color map was chosen to highlight compositional variability of common lunar terrains and saturate blue or red for unusual compositions.
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the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > [adjective]
fulleOE
plenara1325
perfectc1350
completec1380
heala1399
plenary?a1425
absolute1531
explete1534
well-accomplished1568
quit1583
orbeda1657
orbicular1673
saturate1682
rounded1746
broad-blown1855
plene1867
choate1878
ten tenth1948
1682 H. More Annot. Lux Orientalis 112 in Two Choice & Useful Treat. All will be turned into a more full and saturate Brightness and Glory.
a. Soaked through, saturated with moisture. Chiefly poetic. Obsolete.
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the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > [adjective]
thorough wetOE
drunk1382
drunkenc1420
uliginosec1440
dung wetc1450
drookeda1522
wet through, to the skin1526
sogginga1552
washed1557
washy1566
muck-wet1567
wringing wet1570
drenched1589
dropsy1605
ydrenched1610
sobby1611
dropsieda1616
slocken1643
uliginous1650
dabbling1661
sodded1661
sobbing1664
sobbed1693
flashy1702
saturated1728
saturate1785
livereda1796
sappy1806
laving1812
sodden1820
sopped1822
soppy1823
soaked1829
dropsical1845
soddened1845
soaking wet1847
soggya1852
sogged1860
soaking1864
sopping1866
soaken1898
astream1929
1785 W. Cowper Task i. 494 The lark is gay, That dries his feathers, saturate with dew, Beneath the rosy cloud.
1798 R. Southey Sonnets xiii Earth asks thy presence, saturate with showers.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Will Waterproof's Monologue in Poems (new ed.) II. 186 A season'd brain..Unsubject to confusion, Though soak'd and saturate, out and out, Thro' every convolution.
1902 tr. M. Serao Conq. Rome iii. i. 198 He..was thinking of naught but that white face, half impregnate, half saturate with tears.
b. In extended use. Thoroughly permeated or infused. Obsolete.
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1799 R. Southey in Morning Post 28 June 3/1 Were it midnight, I should walk Self-lanthorn'd, saturate with sun-beams.
1868 R. Browning Ring & Bk. II. vi. 226 There she lay,..Wax-white, seraphic, saturate with the sun O' the morning.
1894 Athenæum 3 Mar. 285/1 ‘Calais Pier’, a silvery and limpid jewel, saturate with light, by D. Cox.
1912 W. de la Mare Listeners & Other Poems 13 Even her hands upon her lap Seemed saturate with sleep.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
saturatev.
/ˈsatjᵿreɪt/, /ˈsatʃəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈsætʃəˌreɪt/ I. General uses.† 1. transitive. To satisfy fully, satiate (esp. hunger or ambition). Obsolete.
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the mind > emotion > pleasure > contentment or satisfaction > be content or satisfied with [verb (transitive)] > content or satisfy > a desire or appetite
stanchc1315
queema1325
slakec1325
fill1340
servea1393
feedc1400
exploita1425
assuagec1430
astaunchc1430
slocken?1507
eslakec1530
sate1534
saturate1538
appease1549
glut1549
answer1594
exsatiate1599
embaitc1620
palliate1631
recreate1643
still1657
jackal1803
the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > excessive consumption of food or drink > eat or drink to excess [verb (transitive)] > feed (oneself) to excess
over-quatc1275
glutc1315
fill1340
stuffa1400
aglutc1400
agroten1440
grotenc1440
ingrotenc1440
sorporrc1440
replenisha1450
pegc1450
quatc1450
overgorgea1475
gorge1486
burst1530
cloy1530
saturate1538
enfarce1543
mast?1550
engluta1568
gull1582
ingurgitate1583
stall1583
forage1593
paunch1597
upbray1598
upbraid1599
surfeitc1600
surcharge1603
gormandize1604
overfeed1609
farcinate1634
repletiate1638
stodge1854
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Saturo, to saturate or fyl with any thing superfluousely, moste commonly in eating.
1596 T. Bell Suruey Popery ii. i. iv. 153 So to saturate their insatiable hunger.
1683 London Gaz. No. 1864/2 Cruel Persons whose Blood-thirsty minds nothing could Saturate, but the Sacrifice of two Princes at once.
1799 in Spirit of Public Jrnls. (1800) 3 271 These subaltern modes of chicane..could by no means saturate his ambition.
2. Frequently in passive with with.
a. transitive. To soak or imbue thoroughly.
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the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > make very wet [verb (transitive)]
drenchc1000
washc1275
drowna1300
drunkena1300
drunka1382
bewetc1400
bedrenchc1450
bucka1513
sowp1513
drooka1522
sousea1542
soaken1577
overdrown1579
soss1587
embay1590
steep1590
overdrencha1592
embathe1593
indrench1593
imbue1594
douse1606
besob1609
bucket1621
sob1625
dash1670
sop1682
saturate1696
float1729
water1754
sodden1812
douche1864
poach1881
tosh1883
sod1895
1696 T. Robinson New Observ. Nat. Hist. i. viii. 29 All the Veins and Pores of the Earth being now Saturated with sweet Water; the..underground Water-works began first to bubble up.
1734 Philos. Trans. 1733–4 (Royal Soc.) 38 276 If be a wet Season, the Bulbs are too soon saturated with Moisture, which rots them.
1838 New Monthly Mag. 53 32 This is done, on the approach of heavy rain, by digging a hole..and filling it with brushwood, to act as a sort of drain and prevent the water from saturating the ground.
1866 Rural Amer. (Utica, N.Y.) 15 Mar. 81/3 If sheep are healthy and fat, much more oil will flow from the pores of their skin, which will of course saturate the wool.
1931 J. A. Wilson & H. B. Merrill Anal. Leather xi. 382 The excess oil is pressed out after saturating the skins with water.
1991 E. Barker O Caledonia (1992) ii. 24 Bobby's face was covered in blood, blood which poured from his nose, saturating his Fair Isle jersey.
2018 Sc. Farmer (Nexis) 5 Jan. Early morning rain had saturated the field.
b. transitive. figurative. To fill to capacity, to permeate completely.
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the world > space > place > presence > fact of taking up space > take up (space or a place) [verb (transitive)] > fill > specifically in immaterial sense
fillOE
fulfila1300
replete1482
replenishc1529
stuff1531
install1577
charge1581
saturate1737
brim1844
supercharge1846
implete1862
earwig1880
infill1880
1737 D. Waterland tr. Tertullian in Rev. Doctr. Eucharist 504 He then declares that such kind of Prayer, so saturated with Psalmody, is like a well fed Sacrifice.
a1797 E. Burke Tracts Popery Laws in Wks. (1842) II. 441/1 To a mind not thoroughly saturated with the tolerating maxims of the gospel.
1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. ii. ii. 184 He had saturated his intellect with the Pactolus of old.
1895 Ld. Acton Lect. Study Hist. 58 Science had its share in saturating the age with historic ways of thought.
1989 V. Glendinning Grown-ups (1990) xvi. 176 The piano music saturating the air absolved him from making conversation.
2007 M. Plaut Hack xvi. 190 Then emergency vehicles came speeding along from all directions, saturating the area with strobing red and white.
c. transitive. Chiefly Economics and Business. To supply (a market) to a very full extent, esp. beyond the point regarded as necessary or desirable.
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society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [verb (transitive)] > flood market
saturate1827
flood1936
society > trade and finance > selling > sell [verb (transitive)] > expose or offer for sale > in excess
glut1624
overstock1648
saturate1827
1827 Co-operative Mag. Oct. 437 To supply that enormous waste, to saturate all the foreign markets open to your legal and contraband trade, and to over-supply the home markets.
1864 Scotsman 7 Mar. When we got the market saturated with the oil, we took to refining the paraffine.
1978 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Jan. 84/5 Man watching will saturate the market and maintain its well-deserved primacy.
2010 Guardian 13 July (G2 section) 8/3 The foundation has so much money, it worries about saturating particular areas of need with grants and so achieving diminishing returns.
d. transitive. Military. To overwhelm (an enemy target area) by aerial attack, esp. by intensive bombing. Cf. saturation bombing n. at saturation n. Compounds 3.
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society > armed hostility > hostilities in the air > attack with aircraft [verb (transitive)] > drop (bombs) > bomb > heavily
plaster1914
saturate1918
coventrate1940
paste1942
carpet-bomb1944
saturation-bomb1950
1918 Scotsman 7 Oct. 6/2 We hear from prisoners that Lille is saturated with explosives.
1944 Ann. Reg. 1943 i. 74 The ultimate possibility of saturating the enemy's defences both on the ground and in the air.
1991 in B. MacArthur Despatches from Gulf War 263 Cluster bombs are designed to break up into hundreds of little ‘bomblets’ to saturate the target area.
2005 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 21 May For the next four years Cambodia was saturated with bombs, napalm and anti-personnel mines.
II. In scientific and other technical uses.
3.
a. transitive. Chemistry. To cause (a substance) to combine with, absorb, or dissolve the greatest possible quantity of another substance, esp. so as to form a saturated solution (see saturated adj. 3a). Also: to neutralize (an acid, etc.). Often with with.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > subject to chemical reactions or processes [verb (transitive)] > subject to named chemical reaction or process > subject to saturation
sate1654
satiate1662
saturate1675
supercharge1846
1675 P. Bellon Potable Balsome of Life 11 Which Evidently shews that the said Menstruum is sufficiently saturated with the central sulphur of the Gold.
1788 Trans. Soc. Arts 6 143 The mineral Alkali saturates much more acid than an equal quantity of..vegetable Alkali.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (1862) III. 9 This process consists in saturating a portion of the acid liquid with potash or with soda.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 217 The waters covering this plain would be more or less completely saturated with the soluble materials.
1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xviii. 644 Lead tetra-acetate..is made by saturating hot glacial acetic acid with red lead.
1991 New Yorker 14 Oct. 76/1 Medieval metallurgists discovered that they could saturate their mercury with gold—much as water can be saturated with salt—to produce a kind of liquid gold.
b. transitive. Chemistry. In a molecule: to satisfy (bonding power) to the greatest extent by the formation of new bonds with one or more atoms. In later use: to convert (a multiple bond in an organic molecule) to a single bond by the formation of new bonds with atoms of a reactant; to convert (an unsaturated molecule, group, etc.) into a saturated one, esp. by addition of hydrogen. Cf. saturated adj. 3b.
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1866 Notices Proc. Royal Inst. Great Brit. 4 419 This new molecule—we call it hypochlorous acid—we open again: again two attraction units are liberated and saturated by a second atom of bivalent oxygen.
1935 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1094 The vinyl group has been saturated by the addition of hydrogen chloride.
1977 Lancet 20 Aug. 401/1 Many dietitians tell patients not to re-use the oil more than once because reheating is thought to saturate the double bonds.
2005 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 12 Sept. 17 In processing, hydrogen ions are added to saturate the fat, changing its nature and making it less flexible.
c. transitive. To increase the concentration of gas in (body fluids and tissues); spec. to fill (tissues) with the greatest concentration of inert gas possible at a given pressure, esp. in preparation for deep-water diving.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > of tissue: become diseased [verb (transitive)] > cause excess air or gas
saturate1885
1885 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 28 Nov. 596/1 The higher the tension is the quicker the blood is saturated with O.
1908 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Apr. 986/1 We have seen how slowly the tissues are saturated with gas.
1965 Jrnl. Appl. Physiol. 20 1269/2 The decompression schedule after and while breathing helium takes longer than with nitrogen because the helium saturates a greater proportion of the body tissues.
2007 N. Weissinger Bottom Time 143 A diver would absorb no more. His tissues would be saturated.
4. transitive. To cause (a gas) to hold as much vapour as possible suspended within it.Used frequently in meteorological contexts, with reference to water vapour suspended within air.
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the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > make very wet [verb (transitive)] > of air or vapour
saturate1771
the world > matter > gas > becoming or making into gas > make into gas or produce gas from [verb (transitive)] > make into vapour > charge vapour with maximum moisture
saturate1771
1771 Ess. & Observ. (Philos. Soc. Edinb.) III. iv. 89 When air is saturated with water, it attracts no more.
1880 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 37 243 The gas was brought into the eudiometer, at the top of which a drop of water had been placed to saturate the gas with moisture.
1952 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 3) i. vii. 93 Cloud produced in this way may form an almost unbroken sheet of stratus or stratocumulus, especially in the cooler months when less moisture is required to saturate the air.
2016 C. D. Ahrens & R. Henson Meteorol. Today (ed. 11) iv. 98/2 At higher temperatures, it takes more water vapor to saturate the air.
5. Magnetism.
a. transitive. Originally: †to magnetize (a body or substance) to the greatest degree which can be retained without the inductive action of a magnetic field (obsolete). In later use: to magnetize (a body or substance) to the greatest possible degree, so that any further increase in magnetizing force will not produce an appreciable increase in magnetism. See saturation n. 7.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > magnetism > magnetize [verb (transitive)] > saturate
saturate1839
1839 J. F. Daniell Introd. Study Chem. Philos. 258 Various modes of friction have been devised for saturating steel bars with magnetism.
1851 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 1 197 A force of 20°, however, seems sufficient to saturate the last bar.
2009 H. W. Ott Electromagnetic Compatibility Engin. (rev. ed.) vi. 265 The first shield reduces the magnitude of the magnetic field to a point that does not saturate the second shield.
b. intransitive. Of a magnetizable body or substance: to be magnetized to the greatest possible degree, so that any further increase in magnetizing force will not produce an appreciable increase in magnetism.
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the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > be complete [verb (intransitive)] > attain to fullness > so that no increase or change is possible
saturate1900
1900 U.S. Patent 651,664 2/1 The point at which the field-magnet saturates may be so adjusted as to limit the maximum current-delivery from the battery.
2012 R. M. Metzger Physical Chemist's Toolbox xi. 705 In an external magnetic field B, the magnet will saturate when aligned with that field and will be less easily saturated in opposition to it.
6.
a. transitive. To cause (an electrical current) to attain its maximum value, so that any further increase in voltage will not produce an appreciable increase in current. Somewhat rare.In later use, esp. with reference to transistors; cf. sense 7a.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric charge, electricity > charge [verb (transitive)] > to capacity
full-charge1768
saturate1901
1901 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 196 507 The E.M.F. applied to the conducting gas must suffice to ‘saturate’ the current.
2009 Nanotechnol. 20 5/2 The source-drain voltage has to be much larger than the gating voltage..to saturate the current.
b. intransitive. Of an electrical current: to attain its maximum value, so than any further increase in voltage will not produce an appreciable increase in current.In later use, esp. with reference to transistors; cf. sense 7b.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > phenomena [verb (intransitive)] > of current: reach or exhibit saturation
saturate1928
bottom1966
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > phenomena [verb (intransitive)] > of peak amplitude: reach or exhibit saturation
saturate1928
1928 Physical Rev. 31 432 For a clean tungsten filament the current saturates quite well.
2003 IEEE Electron Device Lett. 406/2 The current Jesaturates because the electric field at the source barrier is fixed by the voltage on the gate and isolate from the voltage on the drain.
7. Electronics.
a. transitive. To cause (a thermionic valve, transistor, etc.) to enter a state of saturation (saturation n. 12b), whereby the current at the anode, collector, or drain terminal is at a maximum.
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > phenomena [verb (transitive)] > cause or maintain saturation in
saturate1930
the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > transistor > use transistors in [verb (transitive)] > cause or maintain saturation in
saturate1962
1930 U.S. Patent 1,778,377 4/2 The method of attenuating all portions of said waves between an amplitude capable of saturating the tube and a predetermined lesser amplitude.
1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors xvi. 388 The base current chosen must be sufficient to saturate the transistor.
2002 A. Williams Microcontroller Projects Using Basic Stamp (ed. 2) iii. 175 Without going into too much transistor theory, you want to saturate the transistor.
b. intransitive. Of a thermionic valve, transistor, etc.: to enter a state of saturation (saturation n. 12b).
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the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [verb (intransitive)] > reach saturation
saturate1933
the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > transistor > reach or exhibit saturation [verb (intransitive)]
saturate1969
1933 U.S. Patent 1,934,322 2/1 A two element valve or tube saturates at about 50 volts.
1969 J. J. Sparkes Transistor Switching iii. 74 The circuit can be designed so that the output transistor saturates.
2007 J. Love Process Automation Handbk. vi. 31/1 Both transistors draw base current but, because of slight differences, one has a larger base current and saturates quickly.
8. transitive. To make the colours of (an image) more intense or vivid.Also with the colours of the image as the object.
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1982 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 29 1200/1 Shading is removed by the process which then allows contrast enhancement to be applied without saturating the image.
2004 Sport Diver Apr. 34 Underexposing scenes by one-third to one-half of an f-stop will help saturate the colors.
2014 J. G. Miles Instagram Power i. 7 The effects include things like making the picture black and white, cropping it, adding a border, or saturating the image so the colors pop.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1921adj.a1450
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