Songhain.adj.

Brit.

/ˈsɒŋˌɡʌɪ/, U.S.

/ˈsɑŋˌɡaɪ/, West African English

/ˈsɔŋˌɡai/

Forms:

α. 1600s–1800s Sungai, 1600s 1800s– Songay, 1800s– Songai, 1800s– Songhai, 1800s– Songhay, 1900s– Songhoi.

β. rare 1800s– Sonrai, 1800s– Sonrhai, 1800s– Sonrhay, 1900s– Sonrai.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Probably also partly either (i) a borrowing from Arabic. Or partly (ii) a borrowing from Songhai. Etymons: Latin Sungai; French Songay; Arabic sunġay.

Etymology: Partly (i) < post-classical Latin Sungai (1556 in the passage translated in quot. 1600 at sense A. 1; < Italian Sungai (Leo Africanus 1550: see note; now Songhai )), partly (ii) < French Songay (1658 in the passage translated in quot. 1660 at sense A. 1, with reference to Leo Africanus; now Songhaï ), both < Arabic sunġay , itself < a word in a Songhai language (compare Humburi Senni soŋay ), which probably originally denoted the ruling class of the Songhai Empire (compare note at sense A. 2), and probably partly (iii) (in later use) directly < Arabic sunġay or its Songhai etymon.The early (pre-19th cent.) evidence for the use of this word in Europe all appears to go back to the report of Johannes Leo Africanus (born al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammed al-Wazzān al-Fāsī), a Berber traveller and diplomat, who visited the Songhai Empire early in the 16th cent. His description of Africa, originally composed in Arabic, was published in Italian in 1550 and was soon translated into Latin and several other European languages, influencing other writers. Quot. 1600 at sense A. 1 is a translation of the Latin version, whereas quot. 1738 at sense A. 1 directly translates the Italian text. In the β. forms probably via French sonrhaï or German Sonrhai (both 1855 or earlier), where the r (which is an uvular r in those languages) is used to approximate the voiced velar fricative of the Arabic word.

A. n.

1. A language or group of languages (taken by some to be Nilo-Saharan) spoken in West Africa, esp. south-eastern Mali and western Niger; the language of the Songhai.The major Songhai languages in Mali and Niger are Koyra Chiini, Koroboro Senni, Zarma Chiini, and Humburi Senni.

ΚΠ

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. i. 9 The Negros haue diuers languages among themselues, among which they call one Sungai [L. Sungai].

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 178 The Whites of Africa..speak not Arabian, but use the tongue of Songay [Fr. du Songay], as they term it.

1691 L. Echard Compl. Compend. Geogr. 129 Their Language is for the most part that which is called Sungai, which has many Idioms.

1738 F. Moore tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. in Trav. into Inland Parts Afr. 28 The Negroes have a good many languages amongst them, of which one named Sungai [It. Sungai] is spoken in a great many of their Kingdoms.

1844 W. B. Hodgson Notes on Northern Afr., Sahara & Soudan 80 The three first kingdoms or races, may..be distinguished by their languages, radically different; as may be seen by the present vocabularies, of Sungai, Haoussa and Bornou.

1857 H. Barth Trav. & Discov. N. & Central Afr. I. xvii. 366 The language of A'gades is derived from and akin to the Songhay.

1963 J. H. Greenberg Lang. Afr. vi. 130 To the new grouping which consists of Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur and Coman in addition to Chari-Nile, the name Nilo-Saharan is given.

2001 fRoots Oct. 49/3 Habib sings in all the main languages of Mali—Bambara, Songhai, Peul, Bobo and Khassonke.

2. An ethnic group of West Africa living mainly in south-eastern Mali and western Niger; (also) the members of this group considered collectively.The Songhai were established on the northern bend of the Niger river as early as the 7th cent., and became a ruling elite. In the late 15th cent. the powerful Songhai Empire emerged, dominating a large territory until its decline in the late 16th cent. The term is now used esp. as a self-designation by speakers of Songhai in Mali.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [noun]

Fulbe1623

Mandingo1623

Akani1662

Gola1670

Ashanti1705

Beninese1705

Wolof1745

Igbo1757

Susu1786

Temne1791

Mossi1819

Ibibio1822

Koranko1825

Vaia1832

Sherbro1836

Yoruba1843

Akan1849

Songhai1851

Yoruban1853

Mitshi1854

Ijo1856

Igbirra1863

Soninke1869

Efik1876

Kanuri1876

Fante1879

Malinke1883

Mande1883

Kissi1884

Nupe1885

Mende1887

Ho1890

Benin1897

Limba1902

Munchi1905

Kono1909

Senufo1911

Tallensi1920

Yakö1926

Mandinka1957

Tiv1960

Togolese1962

Loma1964

1851 H. Barth in Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 21 218 The inhabitants of Konna belong to the Songhai.

1858 H. Barth Trav. & Discov. N. & Central Afr. IV. lix. 236 The Songhay in general are among the most inhospitable people I ever met.

1930 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. iii. 62 The Songhai are moderately tall, with a stature of about 67 inches.

1977 H. Greene FSO-1 xviii. 161 The Republic of Mali..with Bambara and Fulani tribes in the east, the Songhai and the Malinke and the wandering Tuaregs in the west.

2014 S. A. Harmon Terror & Insurgency in Sahara-Sahel Region vii. 173 The largest ethnic group of the north is the Songhai, who live mainly along the Niger River.

B. adj.

Of or relating to the Songhai people or the Songhai language; (also) designating this language. Now chiefly in Songhai Empire (see note at sense A. 2).

ΚΠ

1608 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World 169 The Gnabets, Zombati, Ghineans, the Mellids and Gagonti vse the Sungai language.

1847 Classical Museum 4 198 We have the following miscellaneous affinities between the Sungai glosses and the glosses of the Niger Vocabulary.

1857 Church Rev. Oct. 457 The population of Timbuctoo is made up of various races—of Sonrai negroes, (the majority), Arabs of different tribes, [etc.]

1930 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. iii. 60 Only in 1500, when Melle was captured by the Songhai king, Omar Askia, did the Melestine Empire cease to exist.

1986 Cahiers d'Études Africaines 26 83 Kabbi was a province of the Songhai empire.

2014 Afr. Today 61 50 This historic complex [sc. the tomb of Askia], located in the present-day city of Gao, was the fifteenth-century capital of the Songhai Empire.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	songhai
释义	Songhain.adj. Brit. /ˈsɒŋˌɡʌɪ/, U.S. /ˈsɑŋˌɡaɪ/, West African English /ˈsɔŋˌɡai/ Forms: α. 1600s–1800s Sungai, 1600s 1800s– Songay, 1800s– Songai, 1800s– Songhai, 1800s– Songhay, 1900s– Songhoi. β. rare 1800s– Sonrai, 1800s– Sonrhai, 1800s– Sonrhay, 1900s– Sonrai. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Probably also partly either (i) a borrowing from Arabic. Or partly (ii) a borrowing from Songhai. Etymons: Latin Sungai; French Songay; Arabic sunġay. Etymology: Partly (i) < post-classical Latin Sungai (1556 in the passage translated in quot. 1600 at sense A. 1; < Italian Sungai (Leo Africanus 1550: see note; now Songhai )), partly (ii) < French Songay (1658 in the passage translated in quot. 1660 at sense A. 1, with reference to Leo Africanus; now Songhaï ), both < Arabic sunġay , itself < a word in a Songhai language (compare Humburi Senni soŋay ), which probably originally denoted the ruling class of the Songhai Empire (compare note at sense A. 2), and probably partly (iii) (in later use) directly < Arabic sunġay or its Songhai etymon.The early (pre-19th cent.) evidence for the use of this word in Europe all appears to go back to the report of Johannes Leo Africanus (born al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammed al-Wazzān al-Fāsī), a Berber traveller and diplomat, who visited the Songhai Empire early in the 16th cent. His description of Africa, originally composed in Arabic, was published in Italian in 1550 and was soon translated into Latin and several other European languages, influencing other writers. Quot. 1600 at sense A. 1 is a translation of the Latin version, whereas quot. 1738 at sense A. 1 directly translates the Italian text. In the β. forms probably via French sonrhaï or German Sonrhai (both 1855 or earlier), where the r (which is an uvular r in those languages) is used to approximate the voiced velar fricative of the Arabic word. A. n. 1. A language or group of languages (taken by some to be Nilo-Saharan) spoken in West Africa, esp. south-eastern Mali and western Niger; the language of the Songhai.The major Songhai languages in Mali and Niger are Koyra Chiini, Koroboro Senni, Zarma Chiini, and Humburi Senni. ΚΠ 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. i. 9 The Negros haue diuers languages among themselues, among which they call one Sungai [L. Sungai]. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 178 The Whites of Africa..speak not Arabian, but use the tongue of Songay [Fr. du Songay], as they term it. 1691 L. Echard Compl. Compend. Geogr. 129 Their Language is for the most part that which is called Sungai, which has many Idioms. 1738 F. Moore tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. in Trav. into Inland Parts Afr. 28 The Negroes have a good many languages amongst them, of which one named Sungai [It. Sungai] is spoken in a great many of their Kingdoms. 1844 W. B. Hodgson Notes on Northern Afr., Sahara & Soudan 80 The three first kingdoms or races, may..be distinguished by their languages, radically different; as may be seen by the present vocabularies, of Sungai, Haoussa and Bornou. 1857 H. Barth Trav. & Discov. N. & Central Afr. I. xvii. 366 The language of A'gades is derived from and akin to the Songhay. 1963 J. H. Greenberg Lang. Afr. vi. 130 To the new grouping which consists of Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur and Coman in addition to Chari-Nile, the name Nilo-Saharan is given. 2001 fRoots Oct. 49/3 Habib sings in all the main languages of Mali—Bambara, Songhai, Peul, Bobo and Khassonke. 2. An ethnic group of West Africa living mainly in south-eastern Mali and western Niger; (also) the members of this group considered collectively.The Songhai were established on the northern bend of the Niger river as early as the 7th cent., and became a ruling elite. In the late 15th cent. the powerful Songhai Empire emerged, dominating a large territory until its decline in the late 16th cent. The term is now used esp. as a self-designation by speakers of Songhai in Mali. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of West Africa > [noun] Fulbe1623 Mandingo1623 Akani1662 Gola1670 Ashanti1705 Beninese1705 Wolof1745 Igbo1757 Susu1786 Temne1791 Mossi1819 Ibibio1822 Koranko1825 Vaia1832 Sherbro1836 Yoruba1843 Akan1849 Songhai1851 Yoruban1853 Mitshi1854 Ijo1856 Igbirra1863 Soninke1869 Efik1876 Kanuri1876 Fante1879 Malinke1883 Mande1883 Kissi1884 Nupe1885 Mende1887 Ho1890 Benin1897 Limba1902 Munchi1905 Kono1909 Senufo1911 Tallensi1920 Yakö1926 Mandinka1957 Tiv1960 Togolese1962 Loma1964 1851 H. Barth in Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 21 218 The inhabitants of Konna belong to the Songhai. 1858 H. Barth Trav. & Discov. N. & Central Afr. IV. lix. 236 The Songhay in general are among the most inhospitable people I ever met. 1930 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. iii. 62 The Songhai are moderately tall, with a stature of about 67 inches. 1977 H. Greene FSO-1 xviii. 161 The Republic of Mali..with Bambara and Fulani tribes in the east, the Songhai and the Malinke and the wandering Tuaregs in the west. 2014 S. A. Harmon Terror & Insurgency in Sahara-Sahel Region vii. 173 The largest ethnic group of the north is the Songhai, who live mainly along the Niger River. B. adj. Of or relating to the Songhai people or the Songhai language; (also) designating this language. Now chiefly in Songhai Empire (see note at sense A. 2). ΚΠ 1608 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World 169 The Gnabets, Zombati, Ghineans, the Mellids and Gagonti vse the Sungai language. 1847 Classical Museum 4 198 We have the following miscellaneous affinities between the Sungai glosses and the glosses of the Niger Vocabulary. 1857 Church Rev. Oct. 457 The population of Timbuctoo is made up of various races—of Sonrai negroes, (the majority), Arabs of different tribes, [etc.] 1930 C. G. Seligman Races of Afr. iii. 60 Only in 1500, when Melle was captured by the Songhai king, Omar Askia, did the Melestine Empire cease to exist. 1986 Cahiers d'Études Africaines 26 83 Kabbi was a province of the Songhai empire. 2014 Afr. Today 61 50 This historic complex [sc. the tomb of Askia], located in the present-day city of Gao, was the fifteenth-century capital of the Songhai Empire. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1600
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