withstandv.

Brit.

/wɪðˈstand/, U.S.

/wɪθˈstænd/,

/wɪðˈstænd/

Forms: Past tense and participle withstood. (Also Middle English past tense wiþstonded.)

Etymology: Old English wiþstandan , = Old Frisian withstonda , Old Norse viðstanda : see with- prefix and stand v. Compare Old Saxon wiðarstandan (Middle Low German wedderstân ), Old High German widarstân . For the separable form stand with see to stand with —— 1 at stand v. Phrasal verbs 2.

a. transitive. To stand or maintain one's or its position against; to offer resistance to, resist, oppose: often with implication that the resistance is successful or effectual.

(a) a person, his will, desire, power, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist

withstandc888

withsake971

forstanda1000

to stand again ——OE

withsetc1000

again-standOE

to stand againOE

warnc1175

wiþerhaldec1175

atstandc1220

astand1250

withsitc1300

sitc1325

asitc1330

(it) may well withc1395

reversea1400

resist1417

ofstandc1425

onstandc1425

gainstand?c1450

endure1470

obsista1475

repugna1513

recountera1525

occur1531

desist1548

impugn1577

obstrigillate1623

counter-stand1648

stem1675

repique1687

to make face to1807

to fight off1833

to stick up1838

bay1848

withstay1854

buck1857

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. vi. §1 Swa doð nu ða þeostro þinre gedrefednesse wiðstandan minum leohtum larum.

971 Blickl. Hom. 161 Hi cyningum & yfelum ricum ealdormannum wiþstandan mihtan.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 434 Nis nan ðing þe his mihte wiðstande.

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Introd. 3 Gif hwa eow wiðstent, we eow fultumiað.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16143 & tatt all forr to cwemenn godd & defell to wiþþstanndenn.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 194 Þet we muȝe wið stonden þe deofles ferd. þet is se stronc up on us.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 156 Myȝte we wiþ any witte his wille withstonde.

c1386 G. Chaucer Monk's Prol. 32 I dar hire [sc. my wife] nat withstonde For she is bigg in Armes.

1434 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 111 To with~stand your enemyes in tyme of nede.

c1450 Brut 432 She withstode the Duke of Burgoyne and alle his malice.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 783/2 All the worlde can nat withstande the wyll of God.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 212 Seeing that not their willes, but Gods predestination withstandeth them so, that they cannot be able to come.

1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 iv. v. 4 They haue wonne the bridge, Killing all those that withstand them.

1642 J. Taylor Mad Fashions sig. A2^v Thou Lord of Hosts,..Thy foes (Thine Antichristian foes) withstand.

a1721 M. Prior Turtle & Sparrow (1723) 106 Grim Pluto will not be withstood By Force or Craft.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. vi. 296 His might nothing was able to withstand.

1882 M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal II. v. 104 You have not the will to withstand your aunt.

(b) a blow, force, attack, impulse; a destructive, oppressive, or hostile agency or influence.

ΚΠ

OE Wanderer 15 Ne mæg werig mod wyrde wiðstondan, ne se hreo hyge helpe gefremman.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 236 Þisse adle eac wiþstandeþ tosnidenre hreaþemuse blod.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 68 He was noght of such myht The strengthe of love to with~stonde.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19105 Yur sin witstand, þat yee mai rise Wit þat parti þat es rightwise.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 10523 Ioseph..þat styward was and wele widstode þe hunger þat egipt ouer-ȝode.

1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1558) viii. vii. 4 b The stroke of fortune withstant no creatures.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos v. sig. N.ij^v And sturdy strokes he did withstand.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. i. 173 Rage must be withstoode .

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 509 It valiantly withstood the siege.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 253 Such destruction to withstand He hasted.

1741 Bp. J. Butler Serm. before House of Lords 16 The Love of Liberty..carries us to withstand Tyranny.

1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes I. viii. 287 Having withstood such strong attacks upon my fortitude.

1852 Malpas Builder's Pocket-bk. 56 The pressure is..withstood by the abutments.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xi. 76 Ground to mud by an agency which the hardest rocks cannot withstand.

1912 Sphere 28 Dec. 326/2 Armour to withstand the terrific hitting power of the latest naval gun.

ΚΠ

a1400 Octouian 1120 He ne fond neuer boon ne lyre Hys ax withstent.

1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ii. 22 Yet they our Machins haue withstoode.

1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 209 An oxe doth withstand the yoke, and a horse doth with~stand the bridle.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis viii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 445 Nor thy resistless Arm the Bull withstood.

1721 M. Prior Predestination 332 A Casual Fabric built upon the sand Which can nor winds nor falling rains withstand.

1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. iv. 130 Their limbs Are not of stone or iron to withstand The trenchant steel ye wield.

†b. To oppose in statement; to controvert, contradict, deny. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > speak against or contradict [verb (transitive)]

withsake971

withsayc1175

forbidc1275

withtellec1275

counterplead1377

again-saya1382

withsaya1382

contrary1382

countersay1393

withstand1513

transverse1532

cross1589

contradict1596

controvert1596

respire1629

scruple1639

contravene1722

oppugn1781

countervene1825

to stand down1869

1513 Thomas Ld. Howard in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. I. 160 Trustyng that ye woll..withstonde all ill reports undeserved made of me.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Siii To w^tstande and stoppe the tonges of them that..sclaundreth them.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 170 b This withstandeth our disputation of Necessitie nothyng at all.

c. To resist the attraction, influence, or cogency of; occasionally to abstain from (doing something).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist > the attraction or influence of

withstand1725

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)]

holdc897

forgoa1000

oversitOE

forbearc1200

letc1330

to let bec1385

to lay apart1526

refrain1528

to let pass1530

retainc1540

abstain1578

restrain1594

stay1599

nurture1627

withhold1650

waive1653

inhold1655

withstand1852

skip1961

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 127 A Curiosity..that I could scarce withstand.

1781 W. Cowper Charity 31 The wretch that slighted or withstood The tender argument of kindred blood.

1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne ii. 25 Religious disputes were subjects of ridicule too tempting to be withstood.

1852 B. Disraeli Ld. G. Bentinck 18 He could scarcely have withstood contemplating what might perhaps have been his own position.

1877 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 3) I. App. 753 It seems impossible to withstand this evidence.

†2.

a. To refuse to allow (a person) the possession of (something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another > keep (a person) from possession of something

withstanda1400

stay1643

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24772 [William] sloh þe king þat Harald hiht Þat born was of þe danis blod For qui þe land he him wit stod.

†b. Const. infinitive or clause: To prevent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)]

forbidc1000

forrunc1275

forbar1303

before-comec1384

withstanda1400

withholdc1400

prevenec1485

supprime1490

interrupt1497

resist?a1513

prevent1522

discourage1528

prohibit1531

stop1534

forleta1555

bar1559

to bar by and main1567

disbar1567

to cut off1576

embar1577

forestall1579

obvent1588

cancel1594

waylay1625

suppress1651

antevene1655

arceate1657

exarceate1657

interpel1722

stump1858

estop1876

plug1887

pre-empt1957

deter1961

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6973 Þai fand strang folk..þat..wit-stode þam þe land to win.

c1400 Rom. Rose 3807 He myght not his tunge withstonde Worse to reporte than he fonde.

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes 278 (margin) What..Caesar saied vnto Metellus withstandyng that he should not take any money out of the treasourie [L. Metello obsistenti ne pecunias ab aerario tolleret].

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 177 b Nothyng withstandeth truely, but that both may bee true.

†c. To keep off or away, withhold, withdraw.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm

withhold13..

defendc1330

to bear offc1380

withstand1398

shielda1400

repela1450

to keep off1548

repulse1560

warda1586

fence1589

shelter1621

ward1759

fend-off1830

to fend back1877

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > turn aside from > cause to

writhea1400

wrya1400

reflecta1500

reverta1500

withstand1508

reversec1540

declinea1555

evert1569

deflecta1575

divert1609

bias1628

blank1640

avert1697

shunt1858

sidetrack1887

ride1908

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxiv He haþ bondes and obstacles to withstonde & lette þe poudre.

c1485 Digby Myst. iii. 284 Lord, with-stond þis duresse!

1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. hh.i He may noo more withdrawe from them the bemes of his grace..than the sonne may withstonde his bemes out of wyndowes whan they be open.

d. To stand in the way of; to oppose or hinder the performance, operation, or progress of. Obsolete or merged in sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hinder [verb (transitive)]

letc888

shrenchc897

forstanda1000

amarOE

disturbc1290

impeachc1380

stopc1380

withstandc1385

hinder1413

accloy1422

hindc1426

to hold abackc1440

appeachc1460

impeditec1535

inhibit1535

obstacle1538

damp1548

trip1548

embarrass1578

dam1582

to clip the wings ofa1593

unhelp1598

uppen1600

straiten1607

rub1608

impediment1610

impedea1616

to put out1616

to put off1631

scote1642

obstruct1645

incommodiate1650

offend1651

sufflaminate1656

hindrance1664

disassist1671

clog1679

muzzle1706

squeeze1804

to take the wind out of the sails of1822

throttle1825

block1844

overslaugh1853

snag1863

gum1901

slow-walk1965

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 1183 Hyre systir Anne as she that coude hire good Seyde as hire thoughte & sumdel it with stod.

a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 51 When þer growed..any superflue flesch.., I withstode it or mette it with poudre of creoferoboron.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. j^v He spared no mannes deathe whose life withstode his purpose.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cix. 97 Raysons..concoct rawe humors and withstande putrefaction.

1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis v. 120 His sword withstood Their re-ascent.

c1680 in Roxburghe Ballads (1891) VII. 358 Then prethee Love make no delay, let's not our precious time withstand.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 239 The Wintry Seas, and Southern Winds, Withstood their passage home.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 228 Leonidas awake! Shall these withstand The public safety? Lo! thy country calls.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. iv. 173 I hope you will not withstand your own Preferments.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. iv. 86 His frantic mood Was scarcely by the news withstood, That Morag shared his sister's flight.

1825 W. Scott Talisman iv, in Tales Crusaders IV. 51 The entrance of Queen Berengaria..was withstood..by the chamberlains.

3. intransitive. To offer resistance or opposition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)] > resist

withstandc950

to make debatea1375

repugna1382

resista1547

reluct1547

reluctate1640

recalcitrate1647

renite1647

to fight back1890

c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xi. 53 Ongunnun ða ældu..hefiglice wiðstonda.

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1070 Þa utlaga..woldon into þam mynstre, & þa munecas wið~stoden þæt hi na mihton in cumen.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 131 Ne mihte þer [in hell] nan wiðstonden, ne prophete ne patriarche.

c1200 Vices & Virtues 39 Strengþe to wiðstanden aȝeanes dieules fondinges.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2649 Ðe king wið-stod.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 22 Huanne þe man wyþstant to alle ham þet guod him wolde.

a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 2062 Þise shulden wiþstonde hard And sauen al þe forme ward.

?a1400 Morte Arth. 1747 Ȝife we in the stour withstondene the better.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 456 Quhar God helpys, quhat may withstand?

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 781/2 Agaynst the wyll of God no man may withstande.

1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. 274 The citie was encouraged to withstand vpon the newes of Lucullus his approach.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 610 They..wish..to reach The..stream,..But fate withstands .

1676 S. Sewall Diary (1876) I. 31 He was here with Mr. Broughton earnestly urging [etc.]... Mr. Broughton with~stood.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iii. §2. 122 Langton prepared to withstand and rescue his country from the tyranny of John.

†4. To come to a stand, halt, stop. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > cease to move or become motionless > come to a stand or stop

abideOE

atstandc1000

steveneta1225

atstuntc1230

to make, take, etc., stallc1275

stema1300

astandc1314

withstanda1325

stintc1374

arrestc1400

stotec1400

stayc1440

steadc1475

stop short1530

disadvance1610

come1611

consist1611

check1635

halt1656

to bring to1697

to draw up1767

to bring up1769

to pull up1781

to fetch up1838

to come to a standstill1852

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3646 Ðre dages and nigtes faren it gan, And wið-stod in ðe deserd pharan.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12780 Þey come & passed to þe wodes side, & þere wyþstode for to abyde.

c1450 Pistel of Swete Susan (Calig.) 285 Alle were a-stonyed and with-stood.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	withstand
释义	withstandv. Brit. /wɪðˈstand/, U.S. /wɪθˈstænd/, /wɪðˈstænd/ Forms: Past tense and participle withstood. (Also Middle English past tense wiþstonded.) Etymology: Old English wiþstandan , = Old Frisian withstonda , Old Norse viðstanda : see with- prefix and stand v. Compare Old Saxon wiðarstandan (Middle Low German wedderstân ), Old High German widarstân . For the separable form stand with see to stand with —— 1 at stand v. Phrasal verbs 2. 1. a. transitive. To stand or maintain one's or its position against; to offer resistance to, resist, oppose: often with implication that the resistance is successful or effectual. (a) a person, his will, desire, power, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist withstandc888 withsake971 forstanda1000 to stand again ——OE withsetc1000 again-standOE to stand againOE warnc1175 wiþerhaldec1175 atstandc1220 astand1250 withsitc1300 sitc1325 asitc1330 (it) may well withc1395 reversea1400 resist1417 ofstandc1425 onstandc1425 gainstand?c1450 endure1470 obsista1475 repugna1513 recountera1525 occur1531 desist1548 impugn1577 obstrigillate1623 counter-stand1648 stem1675 repique1687 to make face to1807 to fight off1833 to stick up1838 bay1848 withstay1854 buck1857 c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. vi. §1 Swa doð nu ða þeostro þinre gedrefednesse wiðstandan minum leohtum larum. 971 Blickl. Hom. 161 Hi cyningum & yfelum ricum ealdormannum wiþstandan mihtan. c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 434 Nis nan ðing þe his mihte wiðstande. a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Introd. 3 Gif hwa eow wiðstent, we eow fultumiað. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16143 & tatt all forr to cwemenn godd & defell to wiþþstanndenn. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 194 Þet we muȝe wið stonden þe deofles ferd. þet is se stronc up on us. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 156 Myȝte we wiþ any witte his wille withstonde. c1386 G. Chaucer Monk's Prol. 32 I dar hire [sc. my wife] nat withstonde For she is bigg in Armes. 1434 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. I. 111 To with~stand your enemyes in tyme of nede. c1450 Brut 432 She withstode the Duke of Burgoyne and alle his malice. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 783/2 All the worlde can nat withstande the wyll of God. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 212 Seeing that not their willes, but Gods predestination withstandeth them so, that they cannot be able to come. 1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 iv. v. 4 They haue wonne the bridge, Killing all those that withstand them. 1642 J. Taylor Mad Fashions sig. A2^v Thou Lord of Hosts,..Thy foes (Thine Antichristian foes) withstand. a1721 M. Prior Turtle & Sparrow (1723) 106 Grim Pluto will not be withstood By Force or Craft. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. vi. 296 His might nothing was able to withstand. 1882 M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal II. v. 104 You have not the will to withstand your aunt. (b) a blow, force, attack, impulse; a destructive, oppressive, or hostile agency or influence. ΚΠ OE Wanderer 15 Ne mæg werig mod wyrde wiðstondan, ne se hreo hyge helpe gefremman. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 236 Þisse adle eac wiþstandeþ tosnidenre hreaþemuse blod. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 68 He was noght of such myht The strengthe of love to with~stonde. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19105 Yur sin witstand, þat yee mai rise Wit þat parti þat es rightwise. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 10523 Ioseph..þat styward was and wele widstode þe hunger þat egipt ouer-ȝode. 1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1558) viii. vii. 4 b The stroke of fortune withstant no creatures. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos v. sig. N.ij^v And sturdy strokes he did withstand. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. i. 173 Rage must be withstoode . View more context for this quotation 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 509 It valiantly withstood the siege. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 253 Such destruction to withstand He hasted. View more context for this quotation 1741 Bp. J. Butler Serm. before House of Lords 16 The Love of Liberty..carries us to withstand Tyranny. 1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes I. viii. 287 Having withstood such strong attacks upon my fortitude. 1852 Malpas Builder's Pocket-bk. 56 The pressure is..withstood by the abutments. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xi. 76 Ground to mud by an agency which the hardest rocks cannot withstand. 1912 Sphere 28 Dec. 326/2 Armour to withstand the terrific hitting power of the latest naval gun. (c) a material thing. ΚΠ a1400 Octouian 1120 He ne fond neuer boon ne lyre Hys ax withstent. 1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ii. 22 Yet they our Machins haue withstoode. 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 209 An oxe doth withstand the yoke, and a horse doth with~stand the bridle. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis viii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 445 Nor thy resistless Arm the Bull withstood. 1721 M. Prior Predestination 332 A Casual Fabric built upon the sand Which can nor winds nor falling rains withstand. 1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. iv. 130 Their limbs Are not of stone or iron to withstand The trenchant steel ye wield. †b. To oppose in statement; to controvert, contradict, deny. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > speaking against or contradiction > speak against or contradict [verb (transitive)] withsake971 withsayc1175 forbidc1275 withtellec1275 counterplead1377 again-saya1382 withsaya1382 contrary1382 countersay1393 withstand1513 transverse1532 cross1589 contradict1596 controvert1596 respire1629 scruple1639 contravene1722 oppugn1781 countervene1825 to stand down1869 1513 Thomas Ld. Howard in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. I. 160 Trustyng that ye woll..withstonde all ill reports undeserved made of me. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Siii To w^tstande and stoppe the tonges of them that..sclaundreth them. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 170 b This withstandeth our disputation of Necessitie nothyng at all. c. To resist the attraction, influence, or cogency of; occasionally to abstain from (doing something). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > resist > the attraction or influence of withstand1725 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] holdc897 forgoa1000 oversitOE forbearc1200 letc1330 to let bec1385 to lay apart1526 refrain1528 to let pass1530 retainc1540 abstain1578 restrain1594 stay1599 nurture1627 withhold1650 waive1653 inhold1655 withstand1852 skip1961 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 127 A Curiosity..that I could scarce withstand. 1781 W. Cowper Charity 31 The wretch that slighted or withstood The tender argument of kindred blood. 1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne ii. 25 Religious disputes were subjects of ridicule too tempting to be withstood. 1852 B. Disraeli Ld. G. Bentinck 18 He could scarcely have withstood contemplating what might perhaps have been his own position. 1877 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 3) I. App. 753 It seems impossible to withstand this evidence. †2. a. To refuse to allow (a person) the possession of (something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another > keep (a person) from possession of something withstanda1400 stay1643 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24772 [William] sloh þe king þat Harald hiht Þat born was of þe danis blod For qui þe land he him wit stod. †b. Const. infinitive or clause: To prevent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)] forbidc1000 forrunc1275 forbar1303 before-comec1384 withstanda1400 withholdc1400 prevenec1485 supprime1490 interrupt1497 resist?a1513 prevent1522 discourage1528 prohibit1531 stop1534 forleta1555 bar1559 to bar by and main1567 disbar1567 to cut off1576 embar1577 forestall1579 obvent1588 cancel1594 waylay1625 suppress1651 antevene1655 arceate1657 exarceate1657 interpel1722 stump1858 estop1876 plug1887 pre-empt1957 deter1961 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6973 Þai fand strang folk..þat..wit-stode þam þe land to win. c1400 Rom. Rose 3807 He myght not his tunge withstonde Worse to reporte than he fonde. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes 278 (margin) What..Caesar saied vnto Metellus withstandyng that he should not take any money out of the treasourie [L. Metello obsistenti ne pecunias ab aerario tolleret]. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 177 b Nothyng withstandeth truely, but that both may bee true. †c. To keep off or away, withhold, withdraw. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm withhold13.. defendc1330 to bear offc1380 withstand1398 shielda1400 repela1450 to keep off1548 repulse1560 warda1586 fence1589 shelter1621 ward1759 fend-off1830 to fend back1877 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > turn aside from > cause to writhea1400 wrya1400 reflecta1500 reverta1500 withstand1508 reversec1540 declinea1555 evert1569 deflecta1575 divert1609 bias1628 blank1640 avert1697 shunt1858 sidetrack1887 ride1908 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxiv He haþ bondes and obstacles to withstonde & lette þe poudre. c1485 Digby Myst. iii. 284 Lord, with-stond þis duresse! 1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. hh.i He may noo more withdrawe from them the bemes of his grace..than the sonne may withstonde his bemes out of wyndowes whan they be open. d. To stand in the way of; to oppose or hinder the performance, operation, or progress of. Obsolete or merged in sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hinder [verb (transitive)] letc888 shrenchc897 forstanda1000 amarOE disturbc1290 impeachc1380 stopc1380 withstandc1385 hinder1413 accloy1422 hindc1426 to hold abackc1440 appeachc1460 impeditec1535 inhibit1535 obstacle1538 damp1548 trip1548 embarrass1578 dam1582 to clip the wings ofa1593 unhelp1598 uppen1600 straiten1607 rub1608 impediment1610 impedea1616 to put out1616 to put off1631 scote1642 obstruct1645 incommodiate1650 offend1651 sufflaminate1656 hindrance1664 disassist1671 clog1679 muzzle1706 squeeze1804 to take the wind out of the sails of1822 throttle1825 block1844 overslaugh1853 snag1863 gum1901 slow-walk1965 c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 1183 Hyre systir Anne as she that coude hire good Seyde as hire thoughte & sumdel it with stod. a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 51 When þer growed..any superflue flesch.., I withstode it or mette it with poudre of creoferoboron. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. j^v He spared no mannes deathe whose life withstode his purpose. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cix. 97 Raysons..concoct rawe humors and withstande putrefaction. 1621 G. Sandys tr. Ovid First Five Bks. Metamorphosis v. 120 His sword withstood Their re-ascent. c1680 in Roxburghe Ballads (1891) VII. 358 Then prethee Love make no delay, let's not our precious time withstand. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 239 The Wintry Seas, and Southern Winds, Withstood their passage home. 1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 228 Leonidas awake! Shall these withstand The public safety? Lo! thy country calls. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. iv. 173 I hope you will not withstand your own Preferments. View more context for this quotation 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iii. iv. 86 His frantic mood Was scarcely by the news withstood, That Morag shared his sister's flight. 1825 W. Scott Talisman iv, in Tales Crusaders IV. 51 The entrance of Queen Berengaria..was withstood..by the chamberlains. 3. intransitive. To offer resistance or opposition. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)] > resist withstandc950 to make debatea1375 repugna1382 resista1547 reluct1547 reluctate1640 recalcitrate1647 renite1647 to fight back1890 c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xi. 53 Ongunnun ða ældu..hefiglice wiðstonda. a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1070 Þa utlaga..woldon into þam mynstre, & þa munecas wið~stoden þæt hi na mihton in cumen. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 131 Ne mihte þer [in hell] nan wiðstonden, ne prophete ne patriarche. c1200 Vices & Virtues 39 Strengþe to wiðstanden aȝeanes dieules fondinges. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2649 Ðe king wið-stod. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 22 Huanne þe man wyþstant to alle ham þet guod him wolde. a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 2062 Þise shulden wiþstonde hard And sauen al þe forme ward. ?a1400 Morte Arth. 1747 Ȝife we in the stour withstondene the better. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 456 Quhar God helpys, quhat may withstand? 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 781/2 Agaynst the wyll of God no man may withstande. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. 274 The citie was encouraged to withstand vpon the newes of Lucullus his approach. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 610 They..wish..to reach The..stream,..But fate withstands . View more context for this quotation 1676 S. Sewall Diary (1876) I. 31 He was here with Mr. Broughton earnestly urging [etc.]... Mr. Broughton with~stood. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iii. §2. 122 Langton prepared to withstand and rescue his country from the tyranny of John. †4. To come to a stand, halt, stop. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > cease to move or become motionless > come to a stand or stop abideOE atstandc1000 steveneta1225 atstuntc1230 to make, take, etc., stallc1275 stema1300 astandc1314 withstanda1325 stintc1374 arrestc1400 stotec1400 stayc1440 steadc1475 stop short1530 disadvance1610 come1611 consist1611 check1635 halt1656 to bring to1697 to draw up1767 to bring up1769 to pull up1781 to fetch up1838 to come to a standstill1852 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3646 Ðre dages and nigtes faren it gan, And wið-stod in ðe deserd pharan. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12780 Þey come & passed to þe wodes side, & þere wyþstode for to abyde. c1450 Pistel of Swete Susan (Calig.) 285 Alle were a-stonyed and with-stood. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.c888
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