callousadj.

Brit.

/ˈkaləs/, U.S.

/ˈkæləs/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin callōsus.

Etymology: < classical Latin callōsus hard-skinned, tough, made hard or tough by use, (in medical context) indurated, in post-classical Latin also obstinate (4th cent.) < callum (also callus ) hardened skin (see callus n.) + -ōsus -ous suffix. Compare Middle French calleux , callose (both 1478; 14th cent. as cailleuse ; French calleux ), Spanish calloso (a1450 or earlier), Catalan callós (15th cent.), Portuguese caloso (1570), Italian calloso (1314). Compare callose adj.

a. Of animal tissue: hardened, thickened, indurated; spec. (of the skin) having a thickened horny layer (stratum corneum), typically resulting from repeated friction or pressure; having calluses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [adjective] > hardening or thickening > afflicted with

callosea1400

callousa1400

brawny1613

warded1658

imperspirable1668

callused1714

calloused1746

waulked1786

hoofed1828

horn-fisted1929

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 225 (MED) If..þe wei of þe festre þat goiþ in & out be bicome hard & callous.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 4^v With gowmes, which flesh is made so callous, and indurated.

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 180 Callous and hollow ulcers.

1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar vi. §7 The flesh of beasts grows callous by stripes and the pressure of the yoke.

1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iv. i. 68 With lab'ring Callous Hands.

1797 R. Beilby & T. Bewick Hist. Brit. Birds I. 293 A callous protuberance, of a conical form.

1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 129 Hard and callous skins under their feet.

1921 Boys' Life Dec. 6/3 His feet..had protective pads of callous skin nearly an inch thick.

2009 D. G. Pierson Persuaded of Better Things iv. 40 The black and callous knees remind us that faith and perseverance can get you through anything.

b. Botany. Of plant tissue: harder or thicker than adjacent tissue.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > appearance of plant > defined by texture > [adjective] > hardened

callosea1400

callous1721

sclerosed1881

sclerotic1884

1721 R. Bradley tr. G. A. Agricola Philos. Treat. Husbandry 147 There appear'd upon one of the Branches a callous Matter [Ger. eine callose materia].

1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xvi. 186 The tips of the leaves being callous.

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 174 The condition termed by Hanstein callous..consists in the thickening of the bands of membrane in all directions.

1923 B. L. Robinson in Contrib. Gray Herbarium Harvard Univ. 68 30 The specific name alludes of course to the callous tips of the leaves.

2002 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 89 471/2 The base of each leaf is surrounded by a callous pad, termed a spine-shield.

2. figurative. Not easily moved or affected emotionally; hard, unfeeling; (in later use) esp. showing a disregard for the feelings or welfare of others; characterized by such disregard.Now the usual sense.Originally typically with explicit allusion to sense 1a, referring to hard-heartedness or insensitivity caused by repeated damage to the feelings, conscience, etc.; in later use metaphorical reference to sense 1a is usually entirely absent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > hard-heartedness > [adjective]

hard hearteOE

hateleOE

hard-heartedc1225

cruel1297

dure1412

flinty1536

heartless1556

flint-hearted1560

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

unbowelled1592

blunt1594

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

brassy1600

unfeeling1600

cold-blooded1602

cold-hearteda1616

flinty-hearted1629

callous1647

unsympathizing1735

cool-hearted1748

pebble-hearted1816

unsympathetic1823

cold1849

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

1647 C. Harvey Schola Cordis xii. 50 My callous conscience is cauteriz'd.

1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pardoned i. iv. 106 The frequent injuries done to it [sc. conscience] render it callous and insensible.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vii. 127 Totally hard and callous to Impressions of Religion.

a1776 D. Hume Life (1777) 24 I was now callous against the impressions of public folly.

1833 T. Arnold Let. 25 Feb. in Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1844) I. vii. 343 It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. ix. 97 The callous bustle of fashionable saloons.

1895 J. M. Falkner Lost Stradivarius (1896) x. 127 He obviously grew worse from week to week, and his treatment of his wife became colder and more callous.

1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl ii. xi. 188 She might be detached, and even callous; but she was not brazen.

1955 B. Pym Less than Angels x. 118 She spoke with an almost callous detachment.

1972 Daily Mirror 2 Nov. 7/1 You behaved like savages with callous disregard for the feelings of a fourteen-year-old girl.

2003 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 Mar. (Books section) j5 A self-absorbed and callous man who combined greed with parsimony.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

callousv.

Brit.

/ˈkaləs/, U.S.

/ˈkæləs/

Forms: 1700s– callous, 1800s– callus.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: callous adj.

Etymology: < callous adj. Compare earlier calloused adj., later callus v.

1. transitive. to callous over: to make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion; to harden, desensitize; to protect or cover up (emotional pain or vulnerability) by becoming unfeeling or callous. Also occasionally intransitive.Sometimes (especially in the form callus) with figurative allusion to callus v., referring to hard-heartedness or lack of sensitivity caused by repeated damage to or strain on the feelings, conscience, etc. Cf. note at callous adj. 2.

ΚΠ

1769 Hist. Amintor & Teresa 84 They learned..to be contented, though not happy; for time had in a manner calloused over the sense of their afflictions into an incapacity of feeling them too sharply.

1783 W. Hutton Hist. Birmingham (ed. 2) 344 What must then be the feelings of a mind, susceptible of impression by nature, but weakly calloused over by art?

1856 M. J. Holmes 'Lena Rivers vi. 65 Way down in the depths of his heart, calloused over as it was by worldly selfishness, there was yet a tender spot.

1947 E. Welty Golden Apples 233 Virgie had often felt herself at some moment callous over, go opaque.

1972 Raleigh (W. Va.) Reg. 7 Dec. 4/2 I know I must care about death and suffering in the real world..because every time I don't, I callous over a corner of my soul.

1998 Telegram & Gaz. (Worcester, Mass.) 6 Mar. c3 He kind of discovers a humanity that has been pretty much callused over by his experiences and his life.

2012 J. Alvis N. Hawthorne as Polit. Philosopher iv. 177 Dimmesdale's private agonies over his conscience..are supposed to attest his superiority to the sort of mind that could callous over its sin.

2. transitive. To make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion, to desensitize; to render (a person) hard or unfeeling, to make callous.Sometimes with figurative allusion to callus v.; see note at sense 1.

ΚΠ

1792 Paddy Whiskey's Christmas Box 35 No shameless, slave-like prostitution..calloused their feelings against these most important truths.

1823 I. Hill Ess. on Educ. 32 Let them not be accustomed to slavish fear, nor their nerves be calloused by repeated blows.

1851 M. M. Ballou Gipsey Daughter xii. 55/1 Her early education had never been able to callus or harden the natural delicacy of her nature.

1903 R. H. Savage Last Traitor of Long Island (1904) xvi. 236 Rum had calloused his conscience.

1912 H. Jeffs Concerning Conscience iii. 45 The heart is callused, and the conscience develops blind spots and in time is wholly blind.

1928 PMLA 43 p. v He succeeded in temporarily callousing his sensibility.

2004 A. Miles From Cuenca to Queens i. 6 Their parents, calloused by a lifetime of dashed expectations, are somewhat less optimistic.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	callous
释义	callousadj. Brit. /ˈkaləs/, U.S. /ˈkæləs/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin callōsus. Etymology: < classical Latin callōsus hard-skinned, tough, made hard or tough by use, (in medical context) indurated, in post-classical Latin also obstinate (4th cent.) < callum (also callus ) hardened skin (see callus n.) + -ōsus -ous suffix. Compare Middle French calleux , callose (both 1478; 14th cent. as cailleuse ; French calleux ), Spanish calloso (a1450 or earlier), Catalan callós (15th cent.), Portuguese caloso (1570), Italian calloso (1314). Compare callose adj. 1. a. Of animal tissue: hardened, thickened, indurated; spec. (of the skin) having a thickened horny layer (stratum corneum), typically resulting from repeated friction or pressure; having calluses. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [adjective] > hardening or thickening > afflicted with callosea1400 callousa1400 brawny1613 warded1658 imperspirable1668 callused1714 calloused1746 waulked1786 hoofed1828 horn-fisted1929 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 225 (MED) If..þe wei of þe festre þat goiþ in & out be bicome hard & callous. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 4^v With gowmes, which flesh is made so callous, and indurated. 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 180 Callous and hollow ulcers. 1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar vi. §7 The flesh of beasts grows callous by stripes and the pressure of the yoke. 1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iv. i. 68 With lab'ring Callous Hands. 1797 R. Beilby & T. Bewick Hist. Brit. Birds I. 293 A callous protuberance, of a conical form. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 129 Hard and callous skins under their feet. 1921 Boys' Life Dec. 6/3 His feet..had protective pads of callous skin nearly an inch thick. 2009 D. G. Pierson Persuaded of Better Things iv. 40 The black and callous knees remind us that faith and perseverance can get you through anything. b. Botany. Of plant tissue: harder or thicker than adjacent tissue. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > appearance of plant > defined by texture > [adjective] > hardened callosea1400 callous1721 sclerosed1881 sclerotic1884 1721 R. Bradley tr. G. A. Agricola Philos. Treat. Husbandry 147 There appear'd upon one of the Branches a callous Matter [Ger. eine callose materia]. 1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xvi. 186 The tips of the leaves being callous. 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 174 The condition termed by Hanstein callous..consists in the thickening of the bands of membrane in all directions. 1923 B. L. Robinson in Contrib. Gray Herbarium Harvard Univ. 68 30 The specific name alludes of course to the callous tips of the leaves. 2002 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 89 471/2 The base of each leaf is surrounded by a callous pad, termed a spine-shield. 2. figurative. Not easily moved or affected emotionally; hard, unfeeling; (in later use) esp. showing a disregard for the feelings or welfare of others; characterized by such disregard.Now the usual sense.Originally typically with explicit allusion to sense 1a, referring to hard-heartedness or insensitivity caused by repeated damage to the feelings, conscience, etc.; in later use metaphorical reference to sense 1a is usually entirely absent. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > hard-heartedness > [adjective] hard hearteOE hateleOE hard-heartedc1225 cruel1297 dure1412 flinty1536 heartless1556 flint-hearted1560 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 unbowelled1592 blunt1594 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 brassy1600 unfeeling1600 cold-blooded1602 cold-hearteda1616 flinty-hearted1629 callous1647 unsympathizing1735 cool-hearted1748 pebble-hearted1816 unsympathetic1823 cold1849 the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 1647 C. Harvey Schola Cordis xii. 50 My callous conscience is cauteriz'd. 1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pardoned i. iv. 106 The frequent injuries done to it [sc. conscience] render it callous and insensible. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vii. 127 Totally hard and callous to Impressions of Religion. a1776 D. Hume Life (1777) 24 I was now callous against the impressions of public folly. 1833 T. Arnold Let. 25 Feb. in Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1844) I. vii. 343 It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. ix. 97 The callous bustle of fashionable saloons. 1895 J. M. Falkner Lost Stradivarius (1896) x. 127 He obviously grew worse from week to week, and his treatment of his wife became colder and more callous. 1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl ii. xi. 188 She might be detached, and even callous; but she was not brazen. 1955 B. Pym Less than Angels x. 118 She spoke with an almost callous detachment. 1972 Daily Mirror 2 Nov. 7/1 You behaved like savages with callous disregard for the feelings of a fourteen-year-old girl. 2003 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 Mar. (Books section) j5 A self-absorbed and callous man who combined greed with parsimony. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). callousv. Brit. /ˈkaləs/, U.S. /ˈkæləs/ Forms: 1700s– callous, 1800s– callus. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: callous adj. Etymology: < callous adj. Compare earlier calloused adj., later callus v. 1. transitive. to callous over: to make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion; to harden, desensitize; to protect or cover up (emotional pain or vulnerability) by becoming unfeeling or callous. Also occasionally intransitive.Sometimes (especially in the form callus) with figurative allusion to callus v., referring to hard-heartedness or lack of sensitivity caused by repeated damage to or strain on the feelings, conscience, etc. Cf. note at callous adj. 2. ΚΠ 1769 Hist. Amintor & Teresa 84 They learned..to be contented, though not happy; for time had in a manner calloused over the sense of their afflictions into an incapacity of feeling them too sharply. 1783 W. Hutton Hist. Birmingham (ed. 2) 344 What must then be the feelings of a mind, susceptible of impression by nature, but weakly calloused over by art? 1856 M. J. Holmes 'Lena Rivers vi. 65 Way down in the depths of his heart, calloused over as it was by worldly selfishness, there was yet a tender spot. 1947 E. Welty Golden Apples 233 Virgie had often felt herself at some moment callous over, go opaque. 1972 Raleigh (W. Va.) Reg. 7 Dec. 4/2 I know I must care about death and suffering in the real world..because every time I don't, I callous over a corner of my soul. 1998 Telegram & Gaz. (Worcester, Mass.) 6 Mar. c3 He kind of discovers a humanity that has been pretty much callused over by his experiences and his life. 2012 J. Alvis N. Hawthorne as Polit. Philosopher iv. 177 Dimmesdale's private agonies over his conscience..are supposed to attest his superiority to the sort of mind that could callous over its sin. 2. transitive. To make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion, to desensitize; to render (a person) hard or unfeeling, to make callous.Sometimes with figurative allusion to callus v.; see note at sense 1. ΚΠ 1792 Paddy Whiskey's Christmas Box 35 No shameless, slave-like prostitution..calloused their feelings against these most important truths. 1823 I. Hill Ess. on Educ. 32 Let them not be accustomed to slavish fear, nor their nerves be calloused by repeated blows. 1851 M. M. Ballou Gipsey Daughter xii. 55/1 Her early education had never been able to callus or harden the natural delicacy of her nature. 1903 R. H. Savage Last Traitor of Long Island (1904) xvi. 236 Rum had calloused his conscience. 1912 H. Jeffs Concerning Conscience iii. 45 The heart is callused, and the conscience develops blind spots and in time is wholly blind. 1928 PMLA 43 p. v He succeeded in temporarily callousing his sensibility. 2004 A. Miles From Cuenca to Queens i. 6 Their parents, calloused by a lifetime of dashed expectations, are somewhat less optimistic. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.a1400v.1769
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