Vanguard project

Vanguard project

Part of the US program for the International Geophysical Year, in which three small satellites were orbited. Vanguard 1, launched on Mar. 17 1958, was the first satellite powered by solar cells: it continued transmitting for six years and long-term tracking of it later revealed the slight pear shape of the Earth. Two other Vanguards launched in 1959 completed the program, which provided information not only on the Earth's shape but on its surface and interior, its magnetic field and radiation belts, and its space environment.