roof

R0298100 (ro͞of, ro͝of)n.1. a. The exterior surface and its supporting structures on the top of a building.b. The upper exterior surface of a dwelling as a symbol of the home itself: three generations living under one roof.2. The top covering of something: the roof of a car.3. The upper surface of an anatomical structure, especially one having a vaulted inner structure: the roof of the mouth.4. The highest point or limit; the summit or ceiling: A roof on prices is needed to keep our customers happy.tr.v. roofed, roof·ing, roofs To furnish with a roof or cover.Idioms: go through the roof Slang 1. To grow, intensify, or rise to an enormous, often unexpected degree: Operating costs went through the roof last year.2. To become extremely angry: When I told her about breaking the window, she went through the roof. raise the roof Slang 1. To be extremely noisy and boisterous: They raised the roof at the party.2. To complain loudly and bitterly: Angry tenants finally raised the roof about their noisy neighbors.

[Middle English, from Old English hrōf.]

roof

(ruːf) n, pl roofs (ruːfs; ruːvz) 1. (Architecture) a. a structure that covers or forms the top of a buildingb. (in combination): the rooftop. c. (as modifier): a roof garden. 2. the top covering of a vehicle, oven, or other structure: the roof of a car. 3. (Anatomy) anatomy any structure that covers an organ or part: the roof of the mouth. 4. a highest or topmost point or part: Mount Everest is the roof of the world. 5. a house or other shelter: a poor man's roof. 6. (Mountaineering) mountaineering the underside of a projecting overhang7. hit the roof go through the roof informal a. to get extremely angry; become furiousb. to rise or increase steeply8. raise the roof a. to create a boisterous disturbanceb. to react or protest heatedlyvb (tr) to provide or cover with a roof or rooflike part[Old English hrōf; related to Middle Dutch, Old Norse hrōf] ˈroofer n ˈroofless adj ˈroofˌlike adj

roof

(ruf, rʊf)

n., pl. roofs,
n. 1. the external upper covering of a house or other building. 2. a frame for supporting this: an open-timbered roof. 3. the highest part or summit of anything: the roof of the world. 4. something that covers in the manner of a roof, as the top of a car or the upper part of the mouth. 5. a house. v.t. 6. to provide or cover with a roof. Idioms: go through the roof, a. (esp. of costs) to increase dramatically. b. Also, hit the roof. to lose one's temper; become enraged. [before 900; Middle English; Old English hrōf; c. Dutch roef cover, cabin, Old Norse hrōf boat shed] roof′like`, adj.

roof

Past participle: roofed
Gerund: roofing

Imperative
roof
roof

Present
I roof
you roof
he/she/it roofs
we roof
you roof
they roof

Preterite
I roofed
you roofed
he/she/it roofed
we roofed
you roofed
they roofed

Present Continuous
I am roofing
you are roofing
he/she/it is roofing
we are roofing
you are roofing
they are roofing

Present Perfect
I have roofed
you have roofed
he/she/it has roofed
we have roofed
you have roofed
they have roofed

Past Continuous
I was roofing
you were roofing
he/she/it was roofing
we were roofing
you were roofing
they were roofing

Past Perfect
I had roofed
you had roofed
he/she/it had roofed
we had roofed
you had roofed
they had roofed

Future
I will roof
you will roof
he/she/it will roof
we will roof
you will roof
they will roof

Future Perfect
I will have roofed
you will have roofed
he/she/it will have roofed
we will have roofed
you will have roofed
they will have roofed

Future Continuous
I will be roofing
you will be roofing
he/she/it will be roofing
we will be roofing
you will be roofing
they will be roofing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been roofing
you have been roofing
he/she/it has been roofing
we have been roofing
you have been roofing
they have been roofing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been roofing
you will have been roofing
he/she/it will have been roofing
we will have been roofing
you will have been roofing
they will have been roofing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been roofing
you had been roofing
he/she/it had been roofing
we had been roofing
you had been roofing
they had been roofing

Conditional
I would roof
you would roof
he/she/it would roof
we would roof
you would roof
they would roof

Past Conditional
I would have roofed
you would have roofed
he/she/it would have roofed
we would have roofed
you would have roofed
they would have roofed

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	roof - a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a buildingbuilding, edifice - a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice"curb roof - a roof with two or more slopes on each side of the ridgedome - a hemispherical roofeaves - the overhang at the lower edge of a roofgable roof, saddle roof, saddleback roof, saddleback - a double sloping roof with a ridge and gables at each endhip roof, hipped roof - a roof having sloping ends as well as sloping sideshousetop - the roof of a house; "shout it from the housetops"protective cover, protective covering, protection - a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; "they had no protection from the fallout"; "wax provided protection for the floors"roof peak - the highest point of a roofslate roof - a roof covered with slatesunroof, sunshine-roof - an automobile roof having a sliding or raisable panel; "`sunshine-roof' is a British term for `sunroof'"thatched roof, thatch - a house roof made with a plant material (as straw)tile roof - a roof made of fired clay tilesvault - an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof
	2.	roof - protective covering on top of a motor vehicleautobus, bus, charabanc, double-decker, jitney, motorbus, motorcoach, passenger vehicle, omnibus, coach - a vehicle carrying many passengers; used for public transport; "he always rode the bus to work"auto, automobile, car, motorcar, machine - a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine; "he needs a car to get to work"hood - the folding roof of a carriageprotective cover, protective covering, protection - a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; "they had no protection from the fallout"; "wax provided protection for the floors"motortruck, truck - an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling
	3.	roof - the inner top surface of a covered area or hollow space; "the roof of the cave was very high"; "I could see the roof of the bear's mouth"cave - a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the seacovering, natural covering, cover - a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover"
	4.	roof - an upper limit on what is allowed; "he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him"; "there was a roof on salaries"; "they established a cap for prices"ceiling, capcontrol - the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"glass ceiling - a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions
Verb	1.	roof - provide a building with a roof; cover a building with a roofthatch - cover with thatch; "thatch the roofs"shingle - cover with shingles; "shingle a roof"cover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"slate - cover with slate; "slate the roof"

roof

nounhit or go through the roof be furious, go mad (Brit.), be very angry, be livid, go ballistic (informal), lose your temper, blow a fuse (informal), go ape (informal), go spare (Brit. informal), go off the deep end (informal), blow a gasket (informal), go into a rage, blow your top (informal), lose your rag (informal), flip your lid (informal) He will hit the roof when I tell him.

roof

nounThe highest point:apex, cap, crest, crown, height, peak, summit, top, vertex.

Translations

屋顶给...盖上屋顶

roof

(ruːf) noun the top covering of a building etc. a flat roof; a tiled roof; the roof of a car.屋顶 verb to cover with a roof. They'll finish roofing the house next week.给...盖上屋顶go through the roof / hit the roof to become very angry. 勃然大怒roof of the mouth the upper part of the mouth. 上颚

roof

→ 屋顶zhCN

The roof leaks → 屋顶漏雨

Roof

roof,

overhead covering of a building with its framework support. Various methods of construction, such as are suited to different climates, have diversified exterior and interior architectural effects. A roof may be flat, as in hot, dry areas where the shedding of rain and snow does not present a problem, e.g., in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and in the SW United States. Modern structural materials and methods have made flat-roof construction practical in nearly any climate, with the development of concrete slabs, efficient drains, and waterproofing materials. On the other hand, steeply sloping roofs are still commonly found in N New England, in the Scandinavian countries, and in other regions where it is necessary to shed snow. Variations of the pitched roof are in gable, gambrel, mansard, or hip (having four sides sloping from a short ridge or center) form. The pitched roof may be of the lean-to type, as in a simple shed, or it may achieve the dignity and aspiration of a domedome,
a roof circular or (rarely) elliptical in plan and usually hemispherical in form, placed over a circular, square, oblong, or polygonal space. Domes have been built with a wide variety of outlines and of various materials.
..... Click the link for more information. or spirespire,
high, tapering structure crowning a tower and having a general pyramidal outline. The simplest spires were the steeply pitched timber roofs capping Romanesque towers and campaniles. In later Romanesque architecture the spire was commonly octagonal, topping a square tower.
..... Click the link for more information. and embody such features as the dormer window, cupola, or minaret. Pointed-roof construction includes the tie-beam, trussed-rafter, collar-beam, and hammer-beam types. English churches and halls afford many examples of these various methods, some of which have highly decorative open-timber interiors. The simplest roof covering is thatch (of straw, palm leaves, or other fibers) used by the peasants of many lands. Other finishing materials include wood (usually shingles), tile, slate, tin, lead, zinc, copper, felt, and tar. A roof's ridge is the point where the rafters meet; its principals, the purlins, resting on center or side posts, support the rafters; a valley or trough is formed by the junction of two slopes (e.g., where an ell joins the main structure). The eaves, or overhang, carry gutters or themselves drain water beyond the walls, and in the chalet and bungalow they are very wide. The concave curve of East Asian roofs is said to follow the graceful lines of a sagging tent. The classical Greek roof was of marble slabs upon timber framing and sloped gently. Early Roman roofs also were timber framed (as in the basilicas), but vault and dome construction (as in the Pantheon) were prominent in later buildings. The pointed arch and vaulting gave the slope to the Gothic roofs of Europe, while roofs in Renaissance Italy, except those with domes, were concealed, but France and Germany of this period emphasized the gable. Stepped gables are characteristic of Dutch and German roofs. Cone-topped turrets are common on the steep roofs of French châteaus. Roof ornamentation consisted of finials, crockets, crestings, gable crosses, bosses, and fantastic gargoyles (that also served as waterspouts). Roof decoration was particularly elaborate in early Asian and Gothic architecture. In contemporary architecture, roofs can span great distances with little material and few supports because of advances in the methods of using concrete and steel. Green roofs, which have used mainly since the late 1980s, lessen the environmental impact of traditional roofs, especially in urban areas. The roof surface of a building is covered with soil or another growing medium that is planted with grasses, flowers, or other plants. Green roofs reduce storm water runoff, reduce roof heating (mitigating urban "heat islands" and lowering cooling costs) and insulate the building (lowering heating and cooling costs).

Bibliography

See T. Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture (1952).

Roof

The external covering on the top of a building, usually of wood shingles, slates, or tiles on pitched slopes, or a variety of built-up membranes for flat roofs. Roofs offer a variety of architectural expression,

barrel roof

A roof of semicylindrical section capable of spanning long distances, parallel to the axis of the cylinder.

bell roof

A roof whose cross section is shaped like a bell.

bell-cast roof

A form of mansard roof in which the lower roof slopes downward in a straight line, then curves outward at the eaves.

built-up roofing

Flat roof covered with multiple layers of roofing felt, secured with layers of hot tar, and topped with a layer of crushed stone.

butterfly roof

A roof shape that has two surfaces that rise from a valley at the roof’s centerline to the eaves.

canopy roof

A roof that is in the shape of a suspended cloth canopy; often used over a balcony or porch.

compass roof

A convex-shaped roof formed either by curved rafters or by a combination of beams arranged in a vault.

conical roof

A roof in the shape of an inverted cone on top of a cylindrical tower; used in the Chateauesque and Queen Anne styles; also called a witch’s hat.

curb roof

A pitched roof that slopes away from the ridge in two successive planes, as a gambrel or mansard roof.

double-gable roof

A roof composed of two parallel gables forming the shape of the letter M on the end wall.

double-hipped roof

A hipped roof having a double slope.

double-pitched roof

A roof having two flatter slopes on each side of a steep central ridge; similar to a gambrel roof.

Dutch gambrel roof

A type of gambrel roof that has two flat surfaces on each side of the ridge, each at a different pitch; the top slope is the flatter of the two, while the lower slopes often end in a flared eave.

Dutch roof

A gable roof divided into two sections of unequal slope; the flatter slope is from the top of the ridge, and the steeper slope connects to the top plate.

flat roof

A roof having no slope, or one with only a slight pitch so as to drain rainwater; a roof with only sufficient slope to effect drainage.

gable roof

A roof having a gable at one or both ends; a roof sloping downward in two opposite directions from a central ridge, so as to form a gable at each end.

gambrel roof

A roof with two pitches on each side.

hammer-beam roof

A roof without a tie beam at the top of the wall.

helm roof

Four faces rest diagonally between the gables and converge at the top.

hip roof

A roof which slopes upward from all four sides of a building, requiring a hip rafter at each corner.

hip-and-valley roof

A hip roof on a building with an irregular plan, with valleys at the inside corners.

hyperbolic roof

A shell roof in the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid, generated by two systems of straight lines.

jerkinhead roof

A combination of a gable roof and a hipped roof; the gable rises about halfway up the ridge, then the roof is tilted back at a steep incline.

lamella roof

A roof frame consisting of a series of skewed arches, made up of relatively short members, fastened together at an angle so that each is intersected by two similar adjacent members at its midpoint, forming a network of interlocking diamonds.

M roof

A roof formed by the junction of two parallel gable roofs with a valley between them.

mansard roof

A roof with a steep lower slope and a flatter upper slope on all sides, either of convex or concave shape.

ogee roof

A roof whose section is an ogee.

open-timbered roof

A roof construction in which there is no ceiling so that the rafters and roof sheathing are visible from below.

pavilion roof

A roof hipped equally on all sides, giving it a pyramidal form

pent roof

A small sloping roof, the upper end of which butts against a wall of a house, usually above the first-floor window. If carried completely around the house, it is called a skirt roof.

pitched roof

A roof having one or more slopes or surfaces.

polygonal roof

A pavilion roof having more than four sides is a polygonal roof.

pyramidal hipped roof

Same as a pavilion roof.

rotunda roof

A circular roof with a low slope and overhanging eaves.

saddle roof

A roof having a concave-shaped ridge with gables at each end of the roof, suggesting a saddle.

saddleback roof

A ridged roof, with short gable ends and a straight ridge, typically found on the top of a tower.

sawtooth roof

A roof system having a number of small parallel roof surfaces with a profile similar to the teeth in a saw; usually the steeper side is splayed and faces north; usually asymmetrical with the shorter slope glazed.

shed roof

A roof shape having only one sloping plane.

single-pitched roof

A roof having only a single slope on each side of a central ridge, compared to a shed roof, which has a single slope, but without a central ridge.

sod roof

A roof composed of a thick layer of grassland containing roots; frequently it is pitched or barrel-shaped and supported by logs or other wall structure.

square roof

A roof where rafters on opposite sides of the ridge meet at a 90-degree angle; each side of the roof has a slope of 45 degrees.

stepped roof

A roof constructed of stones which are arranged in a stair-stepped fashion, diminishing toward the top in a peak.

suspended roof

A roof whose load is carried by a number of cables which are under tension from columns or posts that are in compression and that transmit the loads to the ground.

terrace roof

A roof that has been truncated so as to form a flat horizontal surface without a ridge.

thatched roof

A roof made of straw, reed, or similar materials fastened together to shed water and sometimes to provide thermal insulation.

translucent roof

A roof comprised of a structural system wherein the voids are filled with a material that lets light pass through, but is not transparent.

transparent roof

A structural system that is composed with an all glass infill, similar to those used in greenhouses.

truncated roof

A roof with sloped sides and a flat top for a terrace; may have a balustrade around the flat center section.

umbrella shell roof

A shell roof formed by four hypar shells.

undulating roof

A roof that exhibits a wavy.

visor roof

A relatively small section of roof that projects on brackets from a flat wall surface; sometimes it appears below a parapet, as in the Mission style.

Roof

the top enclosing structure of a building. It consists of a supporting element (rafters, trusses, purlins, panels, and so on), which transmits the load from snow, wind, and the weight of the roof itself to the walls and separate supports, and an outer envelope, or roofing.

Roofs are made with or without attics or lofts. A roof with a loft may be heated or unheated. An unheated roof protects a building only from atmospheric precipitation; thermal protection of the upper floor spaces is provided by the attic ceiling. In roofs without lofts or attics, the roof itself fulfills the function of the attic ceiling; in this case, the roof is called a ceiling floor, covering, or combined roof. The inclined surface (for water runoff) of the roof is called the slope (pitch); the line of intersection of the two slopes that form the outer slope angle is called the rib, and the line of intersection forming the inner slope angle is called the valley; the upper horizontal rib of the roof is called the ridge, or crest. The pitch of a roof is determined by the roofing material, the climatic conditions, and architectural and service requirements.

Roof

(in mining), rock located above a mineral seam. A thin layer of barren rock that lies directly above a mineral seam and crumbles spontaneously soon after its removal is known as a false roof. In coal mining, a distinction is also made between the nether roof (layers of barren rock located directly above a coal seam, whose controlled destruction occurs after the face advances) and the main roof (layers of rock located above the nether roof, whose destruction is virtually uncontrollable and takes place over long intervals of time, depending on the strength and thickness of the rock).

Roof

(in Russian, pokrytie), the upper structure that separates the rooms of a building from the outside and protects them from the outside environment. The term pokrytie is used mainly to designate the roof of industrial buildings, whereas in the construction of residential and public buildings the term krysha is used more frequently. As a rule, a roof consists of the roofing material, insulation, moistureproofing, and a supporting structure. Some parts of the structure, such as decking constructed of light or cellular concrete, may also provide thermal insulation and, sometimes, moistureproofing.

The supporting structure is the most important component of a roof, since it determines the shape (flat, domed, or vaulted) of the roof and the internal and external appearance of the building. There are many different types of supporting structures, including horizontal slabs (flat, corrugated, or hollow) resting on beams; rafters (flat or spatial); thin-walled shells; and folding, suspended, pneumatic, and other structures. The supporting structures of a roof can be made of reinforced concrete (precast or cast at the construction site), metal, asbestos cement, and, less frequently, wood. In modern construction engineering, supporting structures are being produced that are longer, wider, and lighter than those produced previously. Their erection is also less labor-intensive. Among the methods being introduced is the use of metal intersective structures; large, prefabricated, thin-walled shells; suspended structures; long panels; and contoured metal slabs.

The insulation usually consists of sheeting (lightweight aggregate concrete, perlite concrete, or foam concrete) or loose materials (clay filler, blast furnace slag, or microporous rubber). Cellular concrete, cast at the building site, is used less frequently. Moistureproofing is usually provided to protect the insulation from being penetrated by the moisture in the rooms (particularly in industrial buildings). It usually consists of one or two layers of tar paper applied over bituminous cement. The accumulation of moisture can also be prevented by the use of ventilated roofs, which have openings and vents leading to the outside.

The uses of a building determine whether the roof has skylights, one or several spans, or interior or exterior drainage. Some roofs are designed as flat decks with parking facilities, restaurants, playing fields, solaria, or pools.

REFERENCES

Konstruktsii grazhdanskikh zdanii. Edited by M. S. Tupolev. Moscow, 1968.
Konstruktsii promyshlennykh zdanii. Edited by A. N. Popov. Moscow, 1972. Z. A. Kazbek-Kaziev

What does it mean when you dream about a roof?

A roof symbolizes a cover for that which needs protecting. It can also indicate a barrier between two states of consciousness. A leaking roof sometimes means that there is new information dripping through.

roof

[rüf] (building construction) The cover of a building or similar structure. (geology) The rock above an orebody. The country rock bordering the upper surface of an igneous intrusion. (mining engineering) The rock immediately above a coal seam; corresponds to a hanging wall in metal mining.

roof

timbers in a roof:a, wall plate; b, tie beam; c, king post; d, strut; e, principal rafter; f, pole plate; g, purlin; h, ridgeboard The top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights; provides protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. For definitions and illustrations of the different types, see barrel roof, bellcast roof, bonnet roof, bowed roof, broken-pitch roof, bunker fill roof, butterfly roof, candle-snuffer roof, canopy roof, collar beam roof, compass roof, conical roof, curb roof, deck roof, double-gable roof, double-hipped roof, double-pitched roof, dropped roof, dual-pitched roof, Dutch gambrel roof, Dutch hipped roof, Dutch roof, Dutch slice-hip roof, earth roof, English gambrel roof, flat roof, Flemish roof, flounder roof, French roof, gable-onhip roof, gable roof, gambrel roof, Gothic roof, helm roof, hip-on-gable roof, hipped-gable roof, hipped roof, hip-on-gable roof, hyperbolic paraboloid roof, Italian roof, jack roof, jerkinhead roof, kick roof, knee roof, landscaped roof, lean-to roof, mansard roof, monitor roof, M-roof, New England gambrel roof, ogee roof, open roof, pavilion roof, pent roof, pigeon roof, pitched roof, ponded roof, principal roof, purlin roof, pyramidal roof, queen-post roof, rainbow roof, ridge roof, round roof, saddle-back roof, saltbox roof, segmental roof, shed roof, ship’s bottom roof, single-pitched roof, skirt-roof, slice-hip roof, sod roof, span roof, square roof, Swedish gambrel roof, terrace roof, thatched roof, truncated roof, umbrella roof, visor roof, wagon roof, whaleback roof.

roof

1. a. a structure that covers or forms the top of a building b. (as modifier): a roof garden 2. Anatomy any structure that covers an organ or part 3. Mountaineering the underside of a projecting overhang

Roof

(dreams)At times, a roof represents the crown choker. It may represent a barrier between states of consciousness or be symbolic of your ideology and philosophy. If you are dreaming about a leaky roof, new information may be trying to get into your conscious awareness. On a more pragmatic note, the roof in your dreams could be bringing up issues of protection and materialistic comfort (a roof over your head).

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Roof

roof,

Bibliography

Roof

barrel roof

bell roof

bell-cast roof

built-up roofing

butterfly roof

canopy roof

compass roof

conical roof

curb roof

double-gable roof

double-hipped roof

double-pitched roof

Dutch gambrel roof

Dutch roof

flat roof

gable roof

gambrel roof

hammer-beam roof

helm roof

hip roof

hip-and-valley roof

hyperbolic roof

jerkinhead roof

lamella roof

M roof

mansard roof

ogee roof

open-timbered roof

pavilion roof

pent roof

pitched roof

polygonal roof

pyramidal hipped roof

rotunda roof

saddle roof

saddleback roof

sawtooth roof

shed roof

single-pitched roof

sod roof

square roof

stepped roof

suspended roof

terrace roof

thatched roof

translucent roof

transparent roof

truncated roof

umbrella shell roof

undulating roof

visor roof

Roof

Roof

Roof

REFERENCES

What does it mean when you dream about a roof?

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ROOF