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单词 deoxyribonucleic acid
释义

deoxyribonucleic acid


de·ox·y·ri·bo·nu·cle·ic acid

D0139700 (dē-ŏk′sē-rī′bō-no͞o-klē′ĭk, -klā′-, -nyo͞o-)n. DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid

(diːˌɒksɪˌraɪbəʊnjuːˈkleɪɪk) or

desoxyribonucleic acid

n (Biochemistry) the full name for DNA

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule arranged as a double helix that is the main constituent of the chromosome and that carries the genes as segments along its strands: found chiefly in the chromatin of cells and in many viruses. [1930–35]

de·ox·y·ri·bo·nu·cle·ic acid

(dē-ŏk′sē-rī′bō-no͞o-klē′ĭk) See DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid

1. (DNA) A molecule found in a cell nucleus that carries genetic information.2. (DNA) A nucleic acid in the cell’s chromosomes, which contains the cell’s coded genetic instructions. See gene.
Thesaurus
Noun1.deoxyribonucleic acid - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helixdeoxyribonucleic acid - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules"desoxyribonucleic acid, DNAcistron, gene, factor - (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors"operon - a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory genebiochemistry - the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistrybase pair - one of the pairs of chemical bases joined by hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary strands of a DNA molecule or of an RNA molecule that has two strands; the base pairs are adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA and adenine with uracil and guanine with cytosine in RNAadenine, A - (biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNAcDNA, complementary DNA - single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptaseepisome - DNA that is not incorporated into the genome but is replicated together with the genome (especially in bacterial cells)cytosine, C - a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guaninecoding DNA, exon - sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures; "exons are interspersed with introns"intron, noncoding DNA - sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a proteinjunk DNA - stretches of DNA that do not code for genes; "most of the genome consists of junk DNA"recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid, recombinant DNA - genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organismssticky end - an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the otherjumping gene, transposon - a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole)guanine, G - a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosinenucleic acid - (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cellspolymer - a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomersT, thymine - a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine
Translations

deoxyribonucleic acid


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The material that carries genetic information in all organisms, except for some families of viruses that use ribonucleic acid (RNA). The set of DNA molecules that contains all genetic information for an organism is called its genome. DNA is found primarily in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid of bacteria. Small amounts of DNA are also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts and in autonomously maintained DNAs called plasmids. See Nucleic acid

DNA is composed of two long polymer strands of the sugar 2-deoxyribose, phosphate, and purine and pyrimidine bases. The backbone of each strand is composed of alternating 2-deoxyribose and phosphate linked together through phosphodiester bonds. A DNA strand has directionality; each phosphate is linked to the 3′ position of the preceding deoxyribose and to the 5′ position of the following deoxyribose (Fig. 1). The four bases found in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Each 2-deoxyribose is linked to one of the four bases via a covalent glycosidic bond, forming a nucleotide. The sequence of these four bases allows DNA to carry genetic information. Bases can form hydrogen bonds with each other. Adenine forms two bonds with thiamine, and cytosine forms three bonds with guanine. These two sets of base pairs have the same geometry, allowing DNA to maintain the same structure regardless of the specific sequence of base pairs. See Deoxyribose, Purine, Pyrimidine

Diagram of the nucleic acid backbone, a repeating sugar-phosphate polymer chain with base side chainsDiagram of the nucleic acid backbone, a repeating sugar-phosphate polymer chain with base side chains

Structure

DNA is composed of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix. The two strands are held together by base pairing and are antiparallel. Thus if one strand is oriented in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the other strand will be 3′ to 5′. This double-helical structure of DNA was first proposed in 1954 by J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick. The most common form of DNA is the B-form, which is a right-handed double helix with 10.4 base pairs per turn. Less common forms of DNA include A-form, which is a right-handed double helix that has 11 base pairs per turn and has wider diameter than B-form, and Z-form, which is a narrow, irregular left-handed double helix.

For cells to live and grow, the genetic information in DNA must be (1) propagated and maintained from generation to generation, and (2) expressed to synthesize the components of a cell. These two functions are carried out by the processes of DNA replication and transcription, respectively. See Genetic code

Replication

Each of the two strands of a DNA double helix contains all of the information necessary to make a new double-stranded molecule (Fig. 2). During replication the two parental strands are separated, and each is used as a template for the synthesis of a new strand of DNA. Synthesis of the nascent DNA strands is carried out by a family of enzymes called DNA polymerases. Base incorporation is directed by the existing DNA strand; nucleotides that base-pair with the template are added to the nascent DNA strand. The product of replication is two complete double-stranded helices, each of which contains all of the genetic information (has the identical base sequence) of the parental DNA. Each progeny double helix is composed of one parental and one nascent strand. DNA replication is very accurate. In bacteria the mutation rate is about 1 error per 1000 bacteria per generation, or about 1 error in 109 base pairs replicated. This low error rate is due to a combination of the high accuracy of the replication process and cellular pathways which repair misincorporated bases. See Mutation

 Replication of DNA: A = adenine, C = cytosine, G = guanine, and T = thymineReplication of DNA: A = adenine, C = cytosine, G = guanine, and T = thymine

Transcription

In transcription, DNA acts as a template directing the synthesis of RNA. RNA is single-stranded polymer similar to DNA except that it contains the sugar ribose instead of 2-deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymidine. The two strands of DNA separate transiently, and one of the two single-stranded regions is used as a template to direct the synthesis of an RNA strand. As in DNA replication, base pairing between the incoming ribonucleotide and the template strand determines the sequence of bases incorporated into the nascent RNA. Thus, genetic information in the form of a specific sequence of bases is directly transferred from DNA to RNA in transcription. After the RNA is synthesized, the DNA reverts to double-stranded form. Transcription is carried out by a family of enzymes called RNA polymerases. Following transcription, newly synthesized RNA is often processed prior to being used to direct protein synthesis by ribosomes in a process called translation. See Protein, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Ribosomes

Genetic variation

There is a great deal of variation in the DNA content and sequences in different organisms. Because of base pairing, the ratios of adenine to thiamine and cytosine to guanine are always the same. However, the ratio of adenine and thymine to guanine and cytosine in different organisms ranges from 25 to 75%. There is also large variation in the amount of DNA in the genome of various organisms. The simplest viruses have genomes of only a few thousand base pairs, while complex eukaryotic organisms have genomes of billions of base pairs. This variation partially reflects the increasing number of genes necessary to encode more complex organisms, but mainly reflects an increase in the amount of DNA that does not encode proteins (known as introns). A large percentage of the DNA in multicellular eukaryotes is in introns or is repetitive DNA (sequences that are repeated many times). In most eukaryotes the DNA sequences that encode proteins (known as exons) are not continuous but have introns interspersed within them. The initial transcript synthesized by RNA polymerase contains both exons and introns and can be many times the length of the actual coding sequence. The RNA is then processed and the introns are removed through a mechanism called RNA splicing to yield messenger RNA (mRNA), which is translated to make protein.

Recombinant technology

Techniques have been developed to allow DNA to be manipulated in the laboratory. These techniques have led to a revolution in biotechnology. This revolution began when methods were developed to cleave DNA at specific sequences and to join pieces of DNA together. Another major component of this technology is the ability to determine the sequence of the bases in DNA. There are two general approaches for determining DNA sequence. Either chemical reactions are carried out which specifically cleave the sugar-phosphate bond at sites which contain a certain base, or DNA is synthesized in the presence of modified bases that cause termination of synthesis after the incorporation of a certain base. These methods can now be automated so that it is practical to determine the DNA sequences of the entire genome of an organism. Currently, the complete sequences of several bacterial and fungal genomes are known, drafts exist for the complete mouse and rat genomes, and 99% of the gene-containing part of the human sequence has been determined. See Human Genome Project

In the cell

The full genome of DNA must be substantially compacted to fit into a cell. For example, the full human genome has a total length of about 3 m (10 ft). This DNA must fit into a nucleus with a diameter of 10-5 m. This immense reduction in length is accomplished in eukaryotes via multiple levels of compaction in a nucleoprotein structure termed chromatin. The first level involves spooling about 200 base pairs of DNA onto a complex of basic proteins called histones to form a nucleosome. Nucleosomes are connected like beads on a string (Fig. 3) to form a 10-nanometer diameter fiber, and this is further coiled to form a 30-nm fiber. The 30-nm fibers are further coiled and organized into loops formed by periodic attachments to a protein scaffold. This scaffold organizes the complex into the shape of the metaphase chromosome seen at mitosis. See Nucleoprotein

Electron micrograph of the minichromosome of a virus that infects monkey cellsElectron micrograph of the minichromosome of a virus that infects monkey cells

The nucleosome is the fundamental structural unit of DNA in all eukaryotes. Nucleosomes reduce the accessibility of the DNA to DNA-binding proteins such as polymerases and other protein factors essential for transcription and replication. Consequently, nucleosomes tend to act as general repressors of transcription. See Nucleosome

deoxyribonucleic acid

[dē¦äk·sē‚rī·bō·nü¦klē·ik ′as·əd] (biochemistry) A linear polymer made up of deoxyribonucleotide repeating units (composed of the sugar 2-deoxyribose, phosphate, and a purine or pyrimidine base) linked by the phosphate group joining the 3′ position of one sugar to the 5′ position of the next; most molecules are double-stranded and antiparallel, resulting in a right-handed helix structure kept together by hydrogen bonds between a purine on one chain and a pyrimidine on another; carrier of genetic information, which is encoded in the sequence of bases; present in chromosomes and chromosomal material of cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and also present in some viruses. Abbreviated DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid


deoxyribonucleic acid

 (DNA) [de-ok″sĭ-ri″bo-nu-kle´ik] a nucleic acid of complex molecular structure occurring in cell nuclei as the basic structure of the genes. DNA is present in all body cells of every species, including unicellular organisms and DNA viruses. The structure of DNA was first described in 1953 by J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick.
DNA molecules are linear polymers of small molecules called nucleotides, each of which consists of one molecule of the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose bonded to a phosphate group and to one of four heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds referred to as bases. A single strand of DNA is made by linking the nucleotides together in a chain with bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides. It thus consists of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with a base attached to each sugar as a side chain. The four bases are two purines, adenine (A) and guanine (G), and two pyrimidines, cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Single-stranded DNA can be synthesized with any specified sequence of bases, but in living cells the base sequence has a meaning: it specifies the amino acid sequence of all of the polypeptides and proteins made by the cell. And since all of the enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions are proteins, the DNA contains the specifications for all of the biochemistry and structure of the cell.
The chemical basis of the genetic code lies in the ability of the bases to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Unlike the covalent bonds holding together the atoms of a single strand of DNA, hydrogen bonds are weak and easily broken and reformed. Hydrogen bonding is governed by the base pairing rule: A always bonds with T, and C always bonds with G. A and T (or C and G) are called complementary bases. The genetic information is read and preserved by the matching up of complementary bases.
In cells, the DNA is double-stranded. The configuration of the DNA molecule resembles a ladder in which the sides are the sugar-phosphate backbones, which are antiparallel (they run in opposite directions), and the rungs are hydrogen-bonded complementary bases; thus, the entire sequence along the two strands is complementary. This whole structure is twisted so that the two strands form a double helix. Once before each cell division, a group of proteins splits the two strands apart, and as complementary nucleotides bond to the bases of each strand they are joined to form a new strand. This process is called replication. It results in the exact duplication of the DNA molecule, because each strand serves as a template (pattern) for the synthesis of its complementary strand. When the cell divides, one copy goes to each daughter cell. Thus, the genetic information is passed on from generation to generation without change except for rare mutations, which result from copying errors or incorrectly repaired breaks in the DNA molecule that change the base sequence.
The reading of the genetic code involves two processes: transcription and translation. In transcription, a length of DNA is used as a template to make a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid like DNA. The only differences are that the sugar, ribose, has an extra oxygen atom, and the pyrimidine base, uracil (U), which also pairs with adenine, replaces thymine. In translation, the mRNA molecule is read by a structure called a ribosome, which produces the polypeptide specified by the mRNA message.
The genetic code is a triplet code. Every triplet of bases along the strand specifies a single amino acid. There are 64 possible triplets (codons) that can be formed from the four bases. Each one specifies that one of 20 different amino acids be inserted in a growing polypeptide chain or marks either the start or the end of a chain.
Two other types of RNA are involved in translation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms a large part of the ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the means by which codons are matched with amino acids. tRNAs are small molecules with several self-complementary sections so that they fold up into a compact structure owing to bonding between complementary bases. One end of the molecule is a three-base anticodon, which bonds to its complementary codon on mRNA molecules. The other end is recognized by a specific enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to it. During translation, the ribosome proceeds along the mRNA molecule and, as each codon is matched by a specific tRNA, the amino acid it carries is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain, and the process is repeated until the “stop” codon is reached. Like the mRNA molecules, rRNA and tRNA molecules are formed on DNA templates; the genetic material contains the information not only for polypeptide sequences but also for rRNA and tRNA sequences.
There is an enormous amount of information stored in the DNA of a cell. The 48 chromosomes of a human cell contain a total length of about 6 billion base pairs of DNA. This is enough to code for the thousands of enzymes and structural proteins in the cell. DNA is the molecule that directs all of the activities of living cells, including its own reproduction and perpetuation in generation after generation.The basic building blocks of DNA. The helical, double-stranded structure of the gene. The outside strands are composed of phosphoric acid and the sugar deoxyribose. The internal molecules that connect the two strands of the helix are purine and pyrimidine bases; these determine the code of the gene.

de·ox·y·ri·bo·nu·cle·ic ac·id (DNA),

(dē-oks'ē-rī'bō-nū'klē'ik as'id), The type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component and found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) and mitochondria of animal and plant cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein); considered to be the autoreproducing component of chromosomes and of many viruses, and the repository of hereditary characteristics. Its linear macromolecular chain consists of deoxyribose molecules esterified with phosphate groups between the 3'- and 5'-hydroxyl groups; linked to this structure are the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidines cytosine (C) and thymine (T). DNA may be open ended or circular, single or double stranded. Many forms are known, the most commonly described of which is double stranded, wherein the pyrimidines and purines cross-link through hydrogen bonding in the schema A-T and C-G, bringing two antiparallel strands into a double helix. Chromosomes are composed of double-stranded DNA; mitochondrial DNA is circular.

deoxyribonucleic acid

(dē-ŏk′sē-rī′bō-no͞o-klē′ĭk, -klā′-, -nyo͞o-)n. DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid

See DNA.

de·ox·y·ri·bo·nu·cle·ic ac·id

(DNA) (dē-oks'ē-rī'bō-nū-klē'ik as'id) The type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component; found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) and mitochondria of animal and plant cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein); considered to be the autoreproducing component of chromosomes and of many viruses, and the repository of hereditary characteristics. Its linear macromolecular chain consists of deoxyribose molecules esterified with phosphate groups between the 3'- and 5'-hydroxyl groups; linked to this structure are the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidines cytosine (C) and thymine (T). DNA may be open ended or circular, single or double stranded. Many forms are known, the most commonly described of which is double-stranded, wherein the pyrimidines and purines cross-link through hydrogen bonding in the schema A-T and C-G, bringing two antiparallel strands into a double helix. Chromosomes are composed of double-stranded DNA; mitochondrial DNA is circular.

acid

(as'id) [L. acidus, sour] 1. Any substance that liberates hydrogen ions (protons) in solution; a hydrogen ion donor. An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. 2. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons; a Lewis acid. See: alkali; base; indicator; Lewis acid; pH3. A sour substance. 4. Slang term for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

acetic acid

C2H4O2, the acid that gives the sour taste to vinegar. It is also used as a reagent. Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. CAS # 64-19-7

acetoacetic acid

C4H6O3, a ketone body formed when fats are incompletely oxidized. It was formerly called acetylacetic acid. Synonym: diacetic acid; diacetic acidCAS # 541-50-4

acetylacetic acid

See: acetoacetic acid

acetylsalicylic acid

Abbreviation: ASA
Aspirin (1).

acrylic acid

C3H4O2, a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. CAS # 79-10-7

adenylic acid

Adenosine monophosphate.

alpha-hydroxy acid

Abbreviation: AHA
Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. AHAs are used in chemical peels and other skin care products to remove the outer layer of the epidermis. This chemical exfoliation is promoted for its cosmetic effects on wrinkled or sun-damaged skin.

alpha-linolenic acid

C18H30O2, an omega-3 fatty acid derived from plants, esp. seeds (canola oil, flaxseed, walnuts and pumpkins) and from some fish (salmon and mackerel). CAS # 463-40-1

alpha-lipoic acid

C8H14O2S2, a natural coenzyme and antioxidant, used for short-term treatment of peripheral neuropathies. CAS # 1200-22-2

amino acid

See: amino acid

aminoacetic acid

Glycine.

aminobenzoic acid

Para-aminobenzoic acid.

aminocaproic acid

C6H13NO2, a hemostatic drug. It is a specific antidote for an overdose of a fibrinolytic agent. CAS # 60-32-2

aminoglutaric acid

Glutamic acid.

aminosalicylic acid

Para-aminosalicylic acid.

aminosuccinic acid

Aspartic acid.

arachidonic acid

C20H32O2, an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. The acid is found in many foods. It is metabolized primarily by the cyclo-oxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase pathways to produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammation. Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as salicylates, indomethacin, and ibuprofen inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. CAS # 506-32-1

argininosuccinic acid

C10H18N4O6, a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. CAS # 2387-71-5

aristolochic acid

C17H11NO7, an acid derived from Aristolochia, a genus of flowering plants, and used as an herbal remedy. It is promoted as an aphrodisiac, a weight loss agent, and an anticonvulsant. CAS # 313-67-7

CAUTION!

The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped.

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C.

aspartic acid

C4H7NO4, a nonessential amino acid that is a product of pancreatic digestion. Synonym: aminosuccinic acidCAS # 617-45-8

barbituric acid

C4H4N2O3, a crystalline acid from which phenobarbital and other barbiturates are derived. CAS # 67-52-7

benzoic acid

C7H6O2, a white crystalline acid having a slight odor. It is used in keratolytic ointments and in food preservation. Saccharin is a derivative of this acid. CAS # 65-85-0

bile acid

Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. They give bile its foamy character, are important in the digestion of fats in the intestine, and are reabsorbed from the intestine to be used again by the liver. See: enterohepatic circulation

binary acid

An acid containing hydrogen and one other element.

boric acid

H3BO3, a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. See: boric acid poisoningCAS # 10043-35-3

CAUTION!

Boric acid is toxic and should be used only rarely. It is particularly dangerous because it can be accidentally swallowed by children or used in food because of its resemblance to sugar.

butyric acid

C4H8O2, a viscous fatty acid with a rancid odor, derived from butter but rare in most fats. It is used in disinfectants, emulsifying agents, and pharmaceuticals. CAS # 107-92-6

carbolic acid

Phenol (1).

carbonic acid

H2CO3, an acid formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. CAS # 463-79-6

carboxylic acid

Any acid containing the carboxyl group –COOH. The simplest examples are formic and acetic acids.

cell-free fetal nucleic acid

Free fetal nucleic acid.

cholic acid

C24H40O5, a bile acid formed in the liver by hydrolysis of other bile acids. It is formed from the breakdown of cholesterol and helps digest consumed fats. CAS # 81-25-4

cinnamic acid

C9H8O2, an insoluble white powder derived from cinnamon. It is used as a flavoring agent in cooking and in the preparation of perfumes and medicines. CAS # 140-10-3

citric acid

C6H8O7, an acid found naturally in citrus fruits or prepared synthetically. It acts as a sequestrant, helping to preserve food quality. CAS # 77-92-9

conjugated linoleic acid

Abbreviation: CLA
Any of the isomers of linoleic acid effective against cancer, obesity, diabetes, and atheromata in laboratory rodents. CLAs have not been shown to have similar beneficial effects in humans.

cysteic acid

C3H7NO5S, an acid produced by the oxidation of cysteine. Further oxidation produces taurine. CAS # 498-40-8

deoxycholic acid

C24H40O4, a crystalline acid found in bile. CAS # 83-44-3

deoxyribonucleic acid

, desoxyribonucleic acid See: DNA

diacetic acid

Acetoacetic acid.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-D.

p-dichlorosulfamoyl benzoicacid

Halazone.

4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acid

Xanthurenic acid.

docosahexaenoic acid

, docosahexanoic Abbreviation: DHA
C22H32O2, an omega-3 fatty acid found in the oils of cold-water fish and in algae. DHA plays a role in the development of nerve cell membranes and is required for the normal growth and development of the infant brain. Lack of DHA has been linked to growing numbers of people suffering from depression. CAS # 6217-54-5

domoic acid

C15H20NO6, a toxin that resembles glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid of the brain. When ingested, it may cause continuous seizures. CAS # 14277-97-5

eicosapentaenoic acid

Abbreviation: EPA
C20H30O2, an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oils, containing 20 carbons and five double bonds. CAS # 10417-94-4

endogenous uric acid

Uric acid derived from purines undergoing metabolism from the nucleic acid of body tissues.

essential fatty acid

Abbreviation: EFA
A fatty acid (alpha-linoleic and linoleic) that is essential for health and must be present in the diet because it cannot be synthesized in the body. See: digestion

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Abbreviation: EDTA
C10H16N2O8, a chelating agent that, in its calcium or sodium salts, is used to remove metallic ions such as lead and cadmium from the body and as a food preservative. See: chelationCAS # 60-00-4

exogenous uric acid

Uric acid derived from purines from food made up of free purines and nucleic acids. See: urate; uraturia

fatty acid

Any of numerous monobasic acids with the general formula CnH2n+1-COOH (an alkyl radical attached to a carboxyl group).

Fatty acids are insoluble in water. This insolubility would prevent their being absorbed from the intestines, but the action of bile salts on the fatty acids enable thems to be absorbed. Fatty acids include acetic, butyric, capric, caproic, caprylic, formic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. They include those of the oleic series (oleic, tiglic, hypogeic, and palmitoleic) and the linoleic or linolic series (linoleic, linolenic, clupanodonic, arachidonic, hydrocarpic, and chaulmoogric). See: fat

folic acid

C19H19N7O6, a water-soluble B complex vitamin needed for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism. It is present in green leafy vegetables, beans, and yeast. It is used to treat megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias and to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) and cardiovascular disease in adults. The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women of childbearing age who may become or are pregnant should consume 0.8 mg of folic acid daily to reduce their risk of having a child affected with spina bifida or other NTDs. See: neural tube defect Synonym: folate; vitamin B9CAS # 59-30-3

CAUTION!

Folic acid should not be used to treat pernicious anemia (a vitamin B12 deficiency) because it does not protect patients against the development of changes in the central nervous system that accompany this type of anemia.

folinic acid

C20H23N7O7, the active form of folic acid. It is used to counteract the effects of folic acid antagonists and to treat folic acid deficiency anemia. CAS # 1492-18-8

formic acid

HCOOH, the first and strongest member of the monobasic fatty acid series. It occurs naturally in certain animal secretions, e.g., the sting of insects such as bees and ants, and in muscle, but it is also prepared synthetically. CAS # 64-18-6

formiminoglutamic acid

C6N2O4H10, an intermediate product in the metabolism of histidine. CAS # 816-90-0

free fatty acid

Abbreviation: FFA
The form in which a fatty acid leaves the cell to be transported for use in another part of the body. FFAs are not esterified and may be unbound (not bound to protein). In the plasma, the nonesterified fatty acids released immediately combine with albumin to form bound free fatty acids.

free fetal nucleic acid

Abbreviation: ffNA
Fetal RNA or DNA in blood or body fluids. It is used to determine the sex of the fetus (as in pregnancies in which X-linked inherited diseases are a concern) or to identify other genetically transmitted illnesses, e.g., trisomies. Synonym: cell-free fetal nucleic acid

fumaric acid

C4H4O4, one of the organic acids in the Krebs cycle. It is used as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powders. CAS # 110-17-8

fuming nitric acid

Concentrated nitric acid (more than 86% nitric acid) that emits toxic fumes that cause choking if inhaled. See: fumes

gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid

Abbreviation: Gd-DTPA
A radiographic contrast agent, used in magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the appearance of blood vessels.

CAUTION!

Contrast agents containing gadolinium should not be given to patients with diminished renal function. CAS # 86050-77-3

gallic acid

C6H2(OH)3COOH, a colorless crystalline acid. It occurs naturally as an excrescence on the twigs of trees, esp. oaks, as a reaction to the deposition of gall wasp eggs. It is used as a skin astringent and in the manufacture of writing inks and dyes. CAS # 149-91-7

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Abbreviation: GABA
C4H9NO2, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain. CAS # 56-12-2

gamma-linolenic acid

Abbreviation: GLA
C18H30O2, an essential fatty acid promoted by alternative medicine practitioners as a treatment for skin and inflammatory disorders, cystic breast disease, and hyperlipidemia. CAS # 506-26-3

glucuronic acid

CHO(CHOH)4COOH, an oxidation product of glucose that is present in the urine. Toxic products (salicylic acid, menthol, phenol) that have entered the body through the intestinal tract are detoxified in the liver by conjugation with glucuronic acid. CAS # 6556-12-3

glutamic acid

HOOC·(CH2)2·CH(NH2)·COOH, an amino acid formed in protein hydrolysis and an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Synonym: aminoglutaric acidCAS # 617-65-2

glyceric acid

CH2OH·CHOH·COOH, an intermediate product of the oxidation of fats. CAS # 473-81-4

glycocholic acid

C26H43NO6, a bile acid that hydrolizes to glycine and cholic acid. CAS # 475-31-0

glycolic acid

C2H4O3, an alpha-hydroxy acid derivative used to remove the outer layer of skin to rejuvenate its appearance. CAS # 79-14-1

glyoxylic acid

C2H2O3, an acid produced by the action of glycine oxidase on glycine or sarcosine. CAS # 298-12-4

hippuric acid

C6H5CONHCH2COOH, an acid formed and excreted by the kidneys. It is formed from the combination of benzoic acid and glycine. The synthesis takes place in the liver and, to a limited extent, in the kidneys. CAS # 495-69-2

guanidoacetic acid

An acid formed in the liver, kidney, and other tissues. It is metabolized to form creatine.

hexafluorosilicic acid

Silicofluoride.

homogentisic acid

C8H8O4, an intermediate product of tyrosine catabolism. It is found in the urine in alkaptonuria. Synonym: alkaptonCAS # 451-13-8

hyaluronic acid

Abbreviation: HA
(C14H21NO11)n, an acid mucopolysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue that acts as a binding and protective agent. It is found in synovial fluid and in the vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye. Patients with osteoarthritis have elevated serum levels of HA. Synonym: hyaluronanCAS # 9004-61-9

hydriodic acid

HI, an acid used in solution in various forms of chemical analyses. Synonym: hydrogen iodideCAS # 10034-85-2

hydrochloric acid

HCl, an inorganic acid normally present in gastric juice. It destroys fermenting bacteria that might cause intestinal tract disturbances.

CAS# 7647-01-0

hydrocyanic acid

HCN, a colorless, extremely poisonous, highly volatile acid that occurs naturally in plants but is also produced synthetically. It acts by preventing cellular respiration. Hydrocyanic acid is used in electroplating, fumigation, and in producing dyes, pigments, synthetic fibers, and plastic. Exposure of humans to 200 to 500 parts of hydrocyanic acid per 1,000,000 parts of air for 30 min is fatal. Synonym: hydrogen cyanideCAS # 74-90-8

hydrofluoric acid

HF, a corrosive solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It can be used in dentistry to etch composites and porcelain surfaces and is used industrially to etch glass. See: hydrogen fluoride

CAUTION!

Exposure to the skin and aerodigestive tract causes severe burns with local necrosis and systemic manifestations resulting from disordered calcium and potassium metabolism. Treatments with calcium gluconate can be beneficial. CAS # 7664-39-3

hydrosulfuric acid

Hydrogen sulfide.

hydroxy acid

Any of the acids containing one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups in addition to the carboxyl (–COOH) group, e.g., lactic acid, CH3COHCOOH).

hydroxy-iminodiacetic acid

Abbreviation: HIDA
A chemical that, when bound to radioactive technetium, is used to demonstrate the formation and flow of bile. See: HIDA scan

hydroxybutyric acid

C4H8O3, any of the acids present in the urine, esp. in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases.

hydroxycitric acid

C6H8O8, an herbal extract promoted for the treatment of weight loss. Placebo-controlled studies have not found any benefit to the treatment. CAS # 6205-14-7

hypochlorous acid

HClO, an acid used as a disinfectant, deodorant, and bleaching agent. It is usually used in the form of one of its salts. CAS # 7790-92-3

imino acid

An acid formed as a result of oxidation of amino acids in the body.

inorganic acid

An acid containing no carbon atoms. Synonym: mineral acid

iocetamic acid

C12H13I3N2O3, a radiopaque agent formerly used in cholecystography. CAS # 16034-77-8

iopanoic acid

C11H12I3NO2 , a radiopaque contrast medium used in radiographic studies of the gallbladder. CAS # 96-83-3

keto acid

Any organic acid containing the ketone CO (carbonyl radical).

lactic acid

C3H6O3, an organic acid formed in muscles during anaerobic cell respiration in strenuous exercise. It is also formed during anaerobic muscle activity when glucose cannot be changed to pyruvic acid in glycolysis. It contributes to muscle aches and fatigue. Synonym: lactacidCAS # 50-21-5

levulinic acid

CH3COCH2CH2COOH, an acid formed when certain simple sugars are acted on by dilute hydrochloric acid. CAS # 123-76-2

lignoceric acid

C24H48O2, a saturated, naturally occurring fatty acid present in certain foods, including peanuts. It is also found in wood tar, various cerebrosides, and in small amounts in most natural fats. The acid is also a by-product of lignin production. CAS # 557-59-5

linoleic acid

C18H32O2, an omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, fruits and their oils. Oils rich in linoleic acid include (in descending order) safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean and cottonseed. CAS # 60-33-3

linolenic acid

C18H30O2, an omega-6 fatty acid, thought to be cardioprotective. It reduces the production of cytokines and down-regulates serum cell adhesion molecules thought to be intermediates in atherosclerosis. CAS # 506-26-3

lithic acid

An obsolete term for uric acid.

lysergic acid

C16H16N2O2, a crystalline acid derived from ergot. Its derivative, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is a potent hallucinogen. See: LSDCAS # 82-58-6

lysophosphatidic acid

Abbreviation: LPA
C21H41O7P, an acid purified from the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer. LPA stimulates the growth of ovarian cancer and may be a useful screening test for the disease. CAS # 22002-87-5

malic acid

C4H6O5, an acid found in sour fruits such as apples and apricots and active in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates. CAS # 6915-15-7

malonic acid

C3H4O4, a dibasic acid formed by the oxidation of malic acid and active in the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism. Malonic acid is found in beets. Its inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase is the classic example of competitive inhibition. CAS # 141-82-2

mandelic acid

C8H8O3, a colorless hydroxy acid. Its salt is used to treat urinary tract infections. Synonym: phenylglycolic acidCAS # 90-64-2

mineral acid

Inorganic acid.

methacrylic acid

C4H6O2, a colorless acid used to make methyl methacrylate. CAS # 79

monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid containing one double bond between carbon atoms. It is found in olive oil and is the predominant fat in the Mediterranean diet. It is thought to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels without affecting high-density lipoprotein levels. See: Mediterranean diet

muriatic acid

A nontechnical term for hydrochloric acid. CAS # 7647-01-0

n-3 fatty acid

Omega-3 fatty acid.

n-6 fatty acid

Omega-6 fatty acid.

nicotinic acid

Niacin.

nitric acid

HNO3, a colorless, poisonous, fuming corrosive acid, widely used in industry and in chemical laboratories. CAS # 7697-37-2

nitrous acid

HNO2, a weak acid chemical reagent used in biological laboratories. CAS # 7782-77-6

nonvolatile acid

An acid, such as lactic acid or sulfuric acid, that accumulates in the body as a result of digestion, disease, or metabolism. It cannot be excreted from the body by ventilation but must be excreted by organs other than the lungs, e.g., by acidification of the urine. NUCLEIC ACID: DNA and RNA

nucleic acid

Any of the high-molecular-weight molecules that carry the genetic information crucial to the replication of cells and the manufacturing of cellular proteins. They have a complex structure formed of sugars (pentoses), phosphoric acid, and nitrogen bases (purines and pyrimidines). Most important are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See: illustration

octadecanoic acid

Stearic acid.

okadaic acid

C44H68O13, a toxic acid found in shellfish. The toxin is produced by oceanic phytoplankton consumed by filter-feeding marine animals such as clams, crabs, and mussels and is the cause of diarrheal shellfish poisoning. Ingestion of these shellfish by humans results in profuse watery diarrhea. CAS # 78111-17-8

oleic acid

C18H34O2, a monounsaturated fatty acid found in most organic fats and oils. CAS # 112-80-1

omega-3 fatty acid

, ?-3 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the oils of some saltwater fish, and in canola, flaxseed, walnuts, and some vegetables. These acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha-linolenic acid (found in flaxseed and chia) can be metabolically converted to omega-3 fatty acids in the body. People whose diets are rich in omega-3 fatty acids have a reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease. Synonym: n-3 fatty acid

omega-6 fatty acid

, ?-6 fatty acidAny of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, thought to influence cardiovascular and growth function when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids in eicosanoid production. Linoleic acids are derived from vegetable oils; arachidonic acids, from animal fats. Synonym: n-6 fatty acid

omega-9 fatty acid

, ?-9 fatty acidAny of the nonessential unsaturated fatty acids that have a double carbon bond in the ninth position from the end of their fatty acid tail. They include oleic acid (present in olive oil), stearic acid, and erucic acid.

organic acid

An acid containing the carboxyl radical, –COOH. Organic acids include acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, and all fatty acids.

orotic acid

C5H4N2O4 , a crystalline acid occurring in milk. It is a precursor in the formation of pyrimidine nucleotides. CAS # 65-86-1

osmic acid

Osmium tetroxide.

oxalic acid

C2H2O4, the simplest dibasic organic acid. Its potassium or calcium salts occur naturally in rhubarb, wood sorrel, and other plants. It is the strongest organic acid and is poisonous. When properly diluted, it removes ink or rust stains from cloth. It is used also as a reagent. CAS # 144-62-7

oxaloacetic acid

, oxalacetic acidC4H4O5, a product of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from oxidation of malic acid during the Krebs cycle. It may be derived from other sources. CAS # 328-42-7

palmitic acid

C16H32O2, a saturated fatty acid occurring as esters in most natural fats and oils. CAS # 57-10-3

pantothenic acid

C9H17NO5, an acid of the vitamin B complex, occurring naturally in yeast, liver, heart, salmon, eggs, and various grains. It is part of coenzyme A, which is necessary for the Krebs cycle and for conversion of amino acids and lipids to carbohydrates. Synonym: vitamin B5CAS # 137-08-6

para-aminobenzoic acid

Abbreviation: PABA
NH2C6H4COOH, an acid of the vitamin B complex, used as a dietary supplement, an antirickettsial drug, a reagent, and a sunscreen agent. Synonym: aminobenzoic acidCAS # 150-13-0

para-aminohippuric acid

Abbreviation: PAH, PAHA
C9H10N2O3, a derivative of aminobenzoic acid. The salt, para-aminohippurate, is used to test the excretory capacity of the renal tubules. CAS # 61-78-9

para-aminosalicylic acid

Abbreviation: PAS, PASA
C7H7NO3, a white or nearly white, practically odorless powder that darkens when exposed to air or light. It is a second-line drug used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Synonym: aminosalicylic acidCAS # 65-49-6

pectic acid

C17H24O16, an acid derived from pectin by hydrolyzing its methyl ester group.

pentanoic acid

Valeric acid.

peptide nucleic acid

Abbreviation: PNA
A synthetic nucleic acid analog in which natural nucleotide bases are linked to a peptide-like backbone instead of the sugar-phosphate backbone found in DNA and RNA. PNA has numerous uses in gene regulation, splicing, and therapy; in hybridization; and as a molecular diagnostic assay.

perchloric acid

HClO4, a colorless unstable liquid compound. It is the highest oxygen-containing acid of chlorine, strong and dangerously corrosive. CAS # 7601-90-3

phenylglycolic acid

Mandelic acid.

phosphoric acid

An acid formed by oxidation of phosphorus. The phosphoric acids are orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4; pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7; metaphosphoric acid, HPO3; and hypophosphoric acid, H4P2O6. The salts of these acids are phosphates. Orthophosphoric acid, a tribasic acid, is used as a 30% to 50% solution to etch enamel of teeth in preparation for bonding of resin dental restorations. CAS # 7664-38-2

phosphorous acid

H3PO3, a crystalline acid formed when phosphorus is oxidized in moist air. CAS # 13598-36-2

phytic acid

C6H18P6O24, a pale, water-soluble acid that is found in cereal grains and, if ingested, may interfere with the absorption of calcium and magnesium. CAS # 83-86-3

picric acid

C6H2(NO2)3OH, a yellow crystalline powder that precipitates proteins and explodes when heated or charged. It is used as a dye and a reagent. Its salts are used in the Jaffé reaction (used to measure serum creatinine). Synonym: trinitrophenolCAS # 88-89-1

poly DL lactic acid

Polyglactin.

polyglycolic acid

(C2H2O2)n, a polymer of glycolic acid anhydride units. It is used to manufacture surgical sutures, clips, and mesh. CAS # 26009-03-0

polylactic acid

Polylactide.

propionic acid

C3H6O2, a carboxylic acid present in sweat. CAS # 79-09-4

4-pyridoxic acid

C8H9NO4, a crystalline acid that is the principal end product of pyridoxine metabolism, excreted in human urine.

pyruvic acid

C3H4O3, an organic acid that plays an important role in the Krebs cycle. It is an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. Its quantity in the blood and tissues increases in thiamine deficiency because thiamine is essential for its oxidation. CAS # 127-17-3

quinic acid

C7H12O6, a crystalline acid present in some plants, including cinchona bark, and berries. CAS # 77-95-2

retinoic acid

C20H28O2, a metabolite of vitamin A used in the treatment of cystic acne. CAS # 302-79-4

ribonucleic acid

See: RNA

ricinoleic acid

C18H34O3, an unsaturated hydroxy acid making up about 80% of fatty acids in the glycerides of castor oil. It has a strong laxative action. CAS # 141-22-0

salicylic acid

C7H6O3, a white crystalline acid derived from phenol used to make aspirin, as a preservative and flavoring agent, and in the topical treatment of some skin conditions such as warts and wrinkles. See: chemical peelingCAS # 69-72-7

salicyluric acid

C9H9NO4, an acid found in the urine after ingestion of salicylic acid or its derivatives.

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by single bonds. See: fatty acid; unsaturated fatty acid

silicic acid

Any of a family of acids containing silica, such as H2SiO3 (metasilicic acid), H2SiO4 (orthosilicic acid), or H2SiO7 (pyrosilicic acid). When silicic acid is precipitated, silica gel is obtained. CAS # 10193-36-9

stearic acid

C18H36O2, a monobasic fatty acid occurring naturally in plants and animals. It is used in the manufacture of soap and pharmaceutical products such as glycerin suppositories. Synonym: octadecanoic acidCAS # 57-11-4

succinic acid

C4H6O4, an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. CAS # 110-15-6

sulfonic acid

Any of the organic compounds having the general formula SO2OH, derived from sulfuric acid by replacement of a hydrogen atom.

sulfosalicylic acid

C7H6O6S3, a crystalline acid soluble in water or alcohol. It is used as a reagent for precipitating proteins, as in testing for albumin in urine. CAS # 97-05-2

sulfuric acid

H2SO4, a colorless, corrosive, oily, viscous acid prepared from sulfur dioxide and used in many industrial processes and in clinical laboratories. Industrial accidents involving sulfuric acid through contact with skin or inhalation of aerosols are common. CAS # 7664-93-9

sulfurous acid

H2SO3, an inorganic acid and a powerful chemical reducing agent used commercially, esp. for as a bleach. CAS # 7782-99-2

tannic acid

C76H52O46, a mixture of digallic acid esters of d(+) glucose prepared from oak galls and sumac. It yields gallic acid and glucose on hydrolysis. CAS # 1401-55-4

tartaric acid

C4H6O6, an acid obtained from by-products of wine fermentation. It is widely used in industry in the manufacture of carbonated drinks, flavored gelatins, dyes, and metals. It is also used as a reagent. It is thought to be an allergen. CAS # 526-83-0

taurocholic acid

C26H45NO7S, a bile acid that hydrolyzes to cholic acid and taurine. CAS # 81-24-3

teichoic acid

Any of the polymers found in the cell walls of some gram-positive bacteria, such as the staphylococci.

tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2, an antifibrinolytic drug that has approx. 10 times the potency of and more sustained activity than aminocaproic acid. It is used to decrease bleeding time during surgical procedures. Loss of blood is decreased when this drug is used. CAS # 1197-18-8

trans-fatty acid

The solid fat produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen and certain metal catalysts. Partial hydrogenation changes some of the unsaturated bonds to saturated ones. The more trans-fatty acids in the diet, the higher the serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

trichloroacetic acid

Abbreviation: TCA
A drug used as a caustic to destroy certain types of warts, condylomata, keratoses, and hyperplastic tissue.

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4,5-T.

unsaturated fatty acid

An organic acid in which some of the carbon atoms are linked to other carbon atoms by double bonds, thus containing less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, e.g., unsaturated oleic and linoleic acids as compared with the saturated stearic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids include linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid. See: fatty acid; saturated fatty acidCLUMP OF URIC ACID CRYSTALS (×400)

uric acid

C5H4N4O3, a crystalline acid occurring as an end product of purine metabolism. It is formed from purine bases derived from nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It is a common constituent of urinary stones and gouty tophi. See: illustrationCAS # 69-93-2

Output

Uric acid must be excreted because it cannot be metabolized. Uric acid output should be between 0.8 and 1g/day if the patient is on an ordinary diet.

Increased elimination is observed after ingestion of proteins and nitrogenous foods, after exercise, after administration of cytotoxic agents, and in gout and leukemia. Decreased elimination is observed in kidney failure, lead poisoning, and in those who eat a protein-free diet.

valeric acid

C5H10O2, an oily fatty acid having a distinctly disagreeable odor, existing in four isomeric. Synonym: pentanoic acidCAS # 109-52-4

valproic acid

Abbreviation: VPA
C8H16O2, an acid used to treat seizure disorders. CAS # 99-66-1

vanillylmandelic acid

, vanilmandelic acid Abbreviation: VMA
C9H10O5, a principal metabolic product of catecholamines. VMA makes up approx. 90% of the metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and is secreted in the urine. People with pheochromocytoma produce excess amounts of catecholamines; therefore there are increased amounts of VMA in their urine. CAS # 55-10-7

volatile acid

An acid produced from carbon dioxide (CO2). It can be excreted by the body by ventilation (colloquially, “blowing off CO2”).

xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4, an acid excreted in the urine of pyridoxine-deficient animals after they have been fed tryptophan. Synonym: 4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acidCAS # 59-00-7

deoxyribonucleic acid

See DNA.

deoxyribonucleic acid

see DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The genetic material in cells that holds the inherited instructions for growth, development, and cellular functioning.Mentioned in: Gene Therapy, Genetic Testing, Von Willebrand Disease, Wilson Disease

de·ox·y·ri·bo·nu·cle·ic ac·id

(DNA) (dē-oks'ē-rī'bō-nū-klē'ik as'id) The type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component; found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) and mitochondria of animal and plant cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein).
AcronymsSeeDNA

deoxyribonucleic acid


  • noun

Synonyms for deoxyribonucleic acid

noun (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix

Synonyms

  • desoxyribonucleic acid
  • DNA

Related Words

  • cistron
  • gene
  • factor
  • operon
  • biochemistry
  • base pair
  • adenine
  • A
  • cDNA
  • complementary DNA
  • episome
  • cytosine
  • C
  • coding DNA
  • exon
  • intron
  • noncoding DNA
  • junk DNA
  • recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
  • recombinant DNA
  • sticky end
  • jumping gene
  • transposon
  • guanine
  • G
  • nucleic acid
  • polymer
  • T
  • thymine
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