| 释义 |
▪ I. fowl, n.|faʊl|
Forms: 1 fuᵹel, -ol, -ul, 2–3 fuȝel, -hel, -wel, south. vuhel, 3–4 foȝel, south. voȝel, (3 feoȝel, fohȝel), 4– 5 foghel, -il(l, -ul, (4 fughil, foxl, -ul, fouxl, -ul, fuxl, fuxol, -ul, 5 foghle), 3–7 foul(e, 3–4 fou-, fowel, (south. vowel), fuel, 4 fule, (fouul), 5 f(e)wle, -ylle, 4–7 fowle, 6– fowl.
[Com. Teutonic; OE. fuᵹel, fuᵹol, fuᵹul str. masc. = OFris. fugel, OS. fugol (Du. vogel), OHG. fogal (MHG. and Ger. vogel), ON. fugl (Sw. fogel, Da. fugl), Goth. fugls:—OTeut. *foglo-z, fuglo-z; usually believed to be a dissimilated form of *floglo-, fluglo-, f. flug- to fly; cf. the OE. adj. fluᵹol ‘fugax’, and the form fluᵹlas heofun in the Rushworth Gloss. Matt. xiii. 32, rendering volucres cæli; the Lindisf. gloss has fleᵹende, the Wessex gospel fuhlas.
The forms containing x are from the Cotton MS. of the Cursor Mundi; perh. miscopied from an original which had ȝ (or possibly þ).]
1. a. Any feathered vertebrate animal; = bird n. 2 (q.v. with note attached). Now rare exc. collect.
Beowulf 218 (Gr.) Gewat þa ofer wæᵹholm winde ᵹefysed flota famiᵹheals fuᵹle ᵹelicost. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. viii. 20 Foxas habbað holu and heofenan fuᵹlas [c 1160 Hatton fuᵹeles] nest. c1175Lamb. Hom. 81 A vuhel com flon from houene into orðe. a1225Ancr. R. 298 We speken of fuwelene cunde, þet beoð iefned to ancre. a1300Cursor M. 621 Fiss on sund, and fouxl on flight. 1340Ayenb. 254 Þe herte is ase þe uoȝel þet wolde vly to his wylle. 1375Barbour Bruce vii. 188 Tharfor he slepit as foul on twist. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 1002 Thi son wham we..seke als foghil the day. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 2 b, Fowles, & all other creatures..hath place deputed..to them. 1597Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 460, I leuir haue euer Ane foule in hand, or tway, Nor seand ten fleand About me. 1599Shakes. Much Ado ii. iii. 95 Stalke on, stalke on, the foule sits. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 213 To defend them from Eagles and other ravening Fowls. 1640Fuller Joseph's Coat, David's Punishm. xxii. (1867) 235, I for your fowls of Phasis do not care. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. xxv, I saw a great fowl, like a hawk, sit upon a tree. 1791Cowper Iliad xvii. 293 And the fowls sate with his flesh.
collect.1603Drayton Bar. Wars vi. lxv, The fearefull Fowle all prostrate to her power. 1605Camden Rem. (1637) 1 Stored with infinite delicate fowle. 1769Goldsm. Rom. Hist. (1786) II. 273 In this was served up..seven thousand fowl of the most valuable kinds. 1865Kingsley Herew. xvi, All the fowl of heaven were flocking to the feast.
†b. In narrower sense: Winged game. Obs.
1646Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 252 Sometimes we shot at fowls and other birds: nothing came amiss. 1763H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. III. 85 In the great anti⁓chamber [at Chatsworth] are several dead fowl over the chimney finely executed.
†c. With some modifying addition; as, fowl of chase, flight, game, prey, ravin. Obs.
c1381Chaucer Parl. Foules 323 The foules of ravyne Were hyest set. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xii. vi. (1495) 416 The owle semyth lyke to foules of pray. c1420Chron. Vilod. 280 Wyld bestes and folys of flyȝt. 1485Caxton Paris & V. 26 Faulcens and many other fowles of chace. 1671Milton P.R. ii. 342 Beasts of chase, or fowl of game In pastry built.
fig.a1300Cursor M. 21276 (Gött.) Þe firth Iohn, fowel of [Cotton MS. on] flight.
d. A troublesome sailor, one unamenable to discipline. slang.
1937in Partridge Slang Dict. 1938‘Giraldus’ Merry Matloe Again 145, I was a ‘fowl’ of the first water. I was always getting ‘run-in’, always in trouble and had no zeal for the Navy whatsoever.
†2. In wider sense: Winged creatures. Also collect. in plural sense. Obs.
1382Wyclif Ecclus. xi. 3 Short in foules [Vulg. in volatilibus] is a bee. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xii. Introd. (Tollem. MS.), To þe ornament of þe eyer parteyneþ briddes and foules [volatilia]. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage viii. x. 789 They offered to him [the Sunne] Fowles, from the Butter-flie to the Eagle. 1648Gage West Ind. xii. (1655) 45 Battes, or Rear-mice and other fowle.
3. The prevailing sense: A ‘barn-door fowl’, a domestic cock or hen; a bird of the genus Gallus. In the U.S. applied also to ‘a domestic duck or turkey’ (Cent. Dict.). Often with some modifying word prefixed: as, barn-door-fowl, game-fowl, guinea-fowl, for which see those words.
1580Sidney Arcadia iii. (1590) 311 As folkes keep foul when they are not fat enough for their eating. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. iv. 76 The Inhabitants plant Corn..and breed a few Fowls. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 123 Fowls simply roasted or boiled. 1879Farrar St. Paul (1883) 43 The Talmud..devotes one whole treatise..to the method of killing a fowl.
4. a. The flesh of birds used for food. Now only in the phrases fish, flesh, and fowl, etc. b. In narrower sense: The flesh of the ‘barn-door’ or domestic fowl.
1673O. Walker Educ. (1677) 169 A feast suggests..Fish, Foul, Flesh. 1861Beeton Bk. Househ. Man. §978 Fricasseed Fowl. Ingredients—The remains of cold roast fowl [etc.].
5. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as fowl-flight, fowl-house, fowl-net, fowl-yard.
b. objective, as fowl-keeping, fowl-rearing, fowl-stealer, fowl-stealing.
c. Special comb., as fowl-cholera = chicken-cholera: see cholera 4; fowl-foot, the plant Ornithopus perpusillus; fowl-grass, fowl-meadow-grass, Poa trivialis; fowl paralysis, Marek's disease, a type of cancer affecting poultry; fowl pest, (a) = fowl plague; (b) = Newcastle disease; fowl plague, an acute, highly contagious virus disease of the domestic fowl and other birds that is usually fatal; fowl pox, a virus disease of the domestic fowl and other birds, in which lesions appear on feather-free parts of the body or on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or throat; fowl-run, a place where fowls may run, an establishment for breeding fowls.
1883Gd. Words 179 The epidemic among fowls, called *fowl-cholera.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3321 At euen cam a *fuȝel-fliȝt, fro-ward arabie.
1578Lyte Dodoens iv. xxix. 487 Ornithopodium..This wild herbe is called in Brabant Uoghelvoet, that is to say in English, Birdes foote, or *Fowle foote, bycause his huskes or cods are lyke to a birdes foote.
1839Lincoln, etc. Gaz. 12 Feb. 3/4 They went to Mr. F.'s; whose *fowl-house they broke open.
1894Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. June 303 It is *fowl-keeping on this modest scale that pays.
1774J. Q. Adams Diary 28 Feb., Shall I try to introduce *fowl-meadow, and herds-grass into the meadows? 1786M. Cutler in Life, Jrnls. & Corr. (1888) II. 264 Fowl meadow-grass is cultivated in wet meadows.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xiii. 134 Tinkering over..*fowl⁓nets or other household-gear.
1932Ann. Reg. Scientific Poultry Breeders' Assoc. 75 There seems little doubt that there is a special condition affecting poultry which, for want of a better name, is termed *fowl paralysis. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder Suppl. 22 Mar. 1/2 An outstanding feature is the resistance to leucosis and fowl paralysis.
1909Webster, *Fowl pest. 1912J. R. Mohler et al. tr. Hutyra & Marek's Spec. Path. Dis. Dom. Animals I. i. xiii. 290 Fowl pest is an acute, contagious, infectious disease of fowls. 1953‘M. Innes’ Christmas at Candleshoe x. 110 The other gentlemen had fallen into a grave discourse of fowl-pest, hard-pad and foot-and-mouth disease. 1970Times 21 Oct. 10/1 The current upsurge of fowl pest is at its most destructive in the factory farming units.
1937Poultry World Ann. 82 *Fowl plague or pest is a very highly infectious disease caused by a virus... The so-called Newcastle Disease closely resembles Fowl plague in many respects, but is caused by a different virus. 1970Q. Poultry Bull. (Brit. Oil & Cake Mills) Dec. 13 The Fowl Pest Order of 1936 with amendments lays down the legislation governing both Newcastle Disease and Fowl Plague.
1908M. H. Hayes tr. Friedberger & Fröhner's Vet. Path. (ed. 6) II. 425 The causative agents in *fowl-pox belong to the group of so-called filtrable agents of infection. 1932Gaiger & Davies Vet. Path. & Bact. xxvii. 388 Fowl-pox occurs naturally in fowls, turkeys and other birds. 1953L. Robinson Mod. Poultry Husbandry xx. 551 Fowl pox is extremely contagious.
1894Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. June 302 A point of cardinal importance..in..*fowl-rearing.
1886H. F. Lester Under Two Fig Trees 179 In one corner of the little estate is a *fowl-run.
1825Sporting Mag. XVI. 336 Have we..no *fowl stealers.
1892Pall Mall G. 24 Mar. 2/1 Poaching is closely allied to *fowl-stealing.
1889Ibid. 27 May 2/3 The lack of interest displayed in their *fowl-yards by..British farmers.
▪ II. fowl, v.|faʊl|
[OE. fuᵹ(e)lian, f. fuᵹel fowl.]
intr. To catch, hunt, shoot, or snare wildfowl.
c1000ælfric Gram. xxv. (Z.) 146 Aucupor, ic fuᵹlie. 1399Langl. Rich. Redeles ii. 157 Thus ffoulyd this ffaukyn on ffyldis abouȝte. 1519Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1888) 32 Þt no man fyshe nor fewle in the dam. 1530Palsgr. 557/2, I fowle after byrdes, Je vas a la pipée. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. vii. 192 The Tenour of them [Commissions] is, to give a Liberty to fish, fowl, and hunt. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. xxvii. 419 Such persons as may thus lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 86 He went out fowling in a small skiff.
†b. fig. with after, for.
a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2442 But tonge of man..Nat may be tamed..And after repreef fissheth, clappeth, fouleth. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 314 Heir hes thou a commodious and meit place for the slauchtir, that thou foules for.
†c. quasi-trans. To hunt over, beat (a bush).
1611B. Jonson Catiline i. i, They..Fowl every brook and bush to please Their wanton taste.
▪ III. fowl(e
obs. forms of foal, foul. |